SEQUENCE & INFINITE SERIES 18.19 Illustrative Examples. Example, 1, Show that the series 1+ Ase ar ++ is convergent. Solution. Let , ("= 1,2,...) denote the -th term of the given series. Then for 1=1,2,... Uy 1 13.5... ton number of factors 1 “135...(2n—1)" 1 le 2" (n= 1) number of factors u, $V,» for n=1,2,... But the series Y v, = > + is convergent iad (G~$) tf Ad [-- it is a geometric series with common ratio 5 < 1]. Hence by comparison. test the series 5, ie. the given series is convergent. Example. 2. Test the convergence of the series ied aiats, 2h 14+=4+—4+—+—+ MWB! jadhrs Al Solution. Let u,(7=1,2,..-) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n= 1,2,... 1 at "n= Now, Qirig2 4, =—.—. n-ln-2n- for n>4, Now, 2 nal 2 So by comparison test the series D 4, is convergent nal ie., the given series is convergent. n-3 x (3) is convergent since itis a GP. series with common ratio 2 < 1a ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 Se Example. 3, Test the convergence of the s 6 8 10 CoN ee 7 5.7.9 .) denote the n-th term of the given series, [WB.U.T.2008,2016] Then for = = 1,2, b Solution. Let 1, (1 an+4 ig = a "(20 =1)(2n+1) (2 +3) * Now, in the ratio #,,, Degree of the expression in the denominator — Degree of the expression in numerator = 3-1=2. 1 ¢ So we consider a series © v, where v, is Then lim “= jim ——™2n+4) noe Vv, nv (2n—1)(2n +1) (2n +3) yet Eg lp heegraih oni ot m7 (2-2)2+1)(3+3) Ab —0)(2 +0) (2 +0) r = Gy 2 finite number. Hence by comparison test, > u, is convergent or divergent if D v,, convergent or divergent, . iD F 1. . eI - A But ¥ v, i.e., > —> is a convergent series (being a p-series with n p=2>1). Therefore the series Yu, ie. the given series is convergent, 2 Example. 4, Test the series z ia Solution. Let #, (n = 2,3,...) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 2, 3,... logn erp Consider a series >’v, where v, logn cry Mpc as Now, lim + = lim NOV, 10 and the series v,SEQUENCE & INFI S 597 ee a ie DJ is divergent (being a p-scries with p = 0. Solution. Let u,(7=1,2,.. Then for 7 = 1, 2, vn ant sh We see in the fraction u,,, (the degree of the expression in denominator) 4, — (the degree of the expression in numerator) = 3 => Fi ; 1 So we consider a series )"v,, where v, = ee ndn__ nt But lim “*= tim 1 a finite number. 20 60 ¥ ~ o ¥ a ar ae aa is In Cahn pee Now >o¥, ie. > ;, is a divergent series (being a p-series with p = 1). Therefore by comparison test the series Du, i.e., the given series is divergent. Example. 6. Test the convergence of the series Yu, where uy, = (0 +14 =n. [B.U.T.2003,2007| Solution. Here 2 } ++ upto ®|—nson Consider a series Sv, where v, ng lim “* = tim [2-4 nso Vy, a@l3 9'n Hence by comparison test, Cw, and Xv, will either both converge or ‘ ; 1. ‘ a . both diverge. But Dv, ie., 2—> is a convergent series (being a p-series n G i ~uplove) =, @ rite number, with p =2> 1). Therefore the series Yu, i.e., the given series is convergent. Example. 7 : 1 2 3 44 ‘xample. 7. Test the convergence of the series | tor tae at me [WB.U.T. 2005,2016] Solution. Omitting the first term, let u,, (” = 1, 2, . . .) be the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 1, 2, (a4 Since the difference of degree of the denominator and numerator is 1, . : 1 so we consider a series )'v, where v, =—. n n+l In n a Uy ge lim = lim ———— nov, no (n+))"! F 1 = lim no iby aie 1+— n = lim : 1 tf tim (144) e'(1+0) | n+0 n 1 = a non-zero finite number, F ie. Now, Dv, ie., LF is a divergent series (being a p-series with p=1). Therefore by comparison test the series Dw, i.e., the given series is divergent,SEQUENCE & INFINITE sx; 599 2 Example, 8. Test the series > “2=! nt Solution. Let w, (n= 1,2, Then for n=1,2,.., ++) denote the n-th term of the given series. 2n-1 Qn 2 Ma Ss mt nt (w=at [-@-D!s@-n 2), 1>2.2...22=277], u, <=. 2" 1 Let v, = 55. Then u, <8y, forn=1,2,... : 1 But the series Dv, = > oo ie,, the series ; A357 7 +++ is convergent [- it is a geometric series with common ratio 7h Hence by comparison test the series Du, i.e., the given series is convergent. Example. 9. Test the convergence of the series 12.3 lution: Let, >> u, =— Sate Solu Lona 35°57 n So, here = Un (2n-1)(2n+1) Let us compare the given series with another series I Drs, where vp a . ty Now, — lim— = lim—>— = lim 292 V_ moe Ay? | nae Since <1 ”, converge or both of the diverge 4 1 1 But x» De diverges, for Der diverges when p=1 Hence the given series is divergent.#00 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC! 1 1 1 E 2. 10. P nerles mm bee Hi xample, 10. Prove that the series 133557 I Uy) L } S i Here, ty = ———~—, “2 |2n=1- ‘olution : Here, 1, (2n=1) (2041) Ht ant) is convergent. =3{('-4)*G- =H{-su}+d as noo. 1 Hence the series is convergent, and its sum is 2 : a 1p 2 430 Example. 11. Examine the series for convergence ztetst pe _w _ (ati? Solution : Here, ty = 5 gut = ae 2 ai So, wath (n+1) Zaa{i-4) Uy gml 22 A Therefore, fim Mat 1 2; 1° Uy 2 , ; wv . Hence the given series ys ad ae is convergent. Example. 12. Show that the series), , where 4m convergent. I Solution : “ee Uy “y 43 vo then w,, ¥, iS convergent, Hence 7 is also convergent.gxample.13. Examine the Convergence of the Xerics Du, , where orn ea) - tin nla 2)(n45) solution : Let us consider a series Sv, , where v= — ns n= lim“ ore, lit Heres 5-50 y, sie Met P a Di, being a p-series with p= 1is divergent, Hence 4, is also divergent, Example. 14. Show that the series 1 Jn+1—Jn_ ‘8 not convergent. an+i+dn 1 n Solution : Here, 4, === = —___~—— = "Ans 1—dn~ (Une ~dn)(dn1 +n) = n+l+vn im, = lim n+1+n)=+4040 where “n Hence the series x is not convergent. : § n(n+l) , Example. 15.Show that the series i(n+2)(n+3) is properly divergent. n(n+1) Solution : Here, 4, “tae 2ne3) n(n+1) . (i+) 2 lim 4, = lim —S2> > — = tim —Y_ 4 _ $9 aS +2) G3) ad CE) n We find that the condition for convergence of Sus , viz, lim w, =0 is not satisfied. rn Also each term of the given series is positive, so it cannot be oscillatory, Hence the given series is properly divergent.ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 ) on . 5 ‘ ! 2 3 Example, 16, Show that the series: ty ta 2) Nae Va Solution : Here, 1, © ii a (ney is divergent Let, Yn =— n Then >", is a divergent series, =140 tim |, (3) a Unl , Since the limit of the sequence {2+} is anon-zero number, 4, and n Gee te Now, lim —*= lim ns Vy, tn) 7 are both convergent or both divergent. But “ is divergent. Hence the given series u, is divergent. F . Bil 4.0 5 Example. 17. Examine the convergence of the series 2 + = + — + 8 27 64 n+l Solution : If we denote the given series by My, then u, =~ 1” Let us compare ‘1, with the series Y'v,, where Vp Evidently)", , being a p-series with p=2>1, is convergent, 4, ntl og 1 lim —* = lim] —- xn° | = lim] 1+—]=1 n Hence, the given series is convergent, since vy is so. Example. 18. Test the convergence of the series > [CP 1998) logn Solution : Since logn 1, 3) for alt w>2 logn onPM INFINITE Seip, skQu! Let us comp 0s © the given a *S with the divergent series Vy = ! x» The totd . 4 fa Each (erm of the given serie. , BIVEN Series exceeds the correspondi f the divergent series Mn, esponding term of Hence, the given series ig also divergent, z crgent, Example. 19. Test the Convergence of the seri > 1, } series = Solution : Denoting the given Series by XY I EL We have u,=—=+—1_ dn=l+vn Se Let us introduce a comparison series Dyn, where v Mimi +n lim 4 tim! Example 20. Examine whether th i amas an SSS 1333" Ba 45 convergent. Solution : Denoting the given series by 51, , we have, 4, =(-1)"" n(n +1) 5, Dhul=(1-3)+(} So, lim S, =1 no Thus the series Yu, is absolutely convergent, so it is convergent, “= —— Nie ' whe + 3 — 3 = z ce nel Example 21. Obtain the sum of the series aay [CP 2006] (n+3)(n Solution : Denoting the given series by vu , we have 1 Gn +3) (n+4)ING MATHEMATICS 1 = ENGINEE 1S, denote the nth partial sum of ty « Sy OM EM My bybdeqadie 2 1 4S S60 67 (14 3)(n 44) 11), (t th (1 3 (—5--G)-t--4 laos) ls o) le 7)" nia nt4) 4 nea ee sax at] So lim S, = 3) Hence the sum of series is 7+ Example 22. Test for convergence of the serics : 1 1 a (+a tah a Vii Solution : (i) If'we denote the given series by "+ Uy = : as nt we notice that n!22""! for all n22. 1 “pS Spat forall n22 gl eeerele 2 2 - being an infinite geometric se- P poll A ries with common ratio — <1, is convergent. I Hence the given series ye is also convergent. (ii) we know, nt>2""! for all 722 n-l or, vnl>2 2 , for all n22 |, forall n22 I F F Ps roel . >» ar being a geometric series with common ratio a7) <1 is con- 2 1 vergent. Hence, Lae is also convergent. n!pQUENCE & INFINITE SERIES, -gample 23, Test cach of the fottowi Series Owing series f , ‘ les for convergence: 23° 234" 345° (ii) yi LE iat . 2° a3" Ga’ solution = (i) Denoting the given Series by __ ae y Yu, n(n +1) (n+2) Let us compare > uy with Sv, , where > ns Where y, n 2n-1)n? vow, 2 go n )(n-1) { , \f2-! 'n )(n+2) (net nar *|—7 + 1 n Uy = 1+ n so, lim “2 =2#0, and finite 192 Vy Then vu and >», converge or diverge together. But 1%) = 5 —>, being a p-seriers with p=2>1 is convergnet. Hence 4% is convergent, (ii) Ifthe given series is represented by tm . 1 Ina +1) Let, us introduce a comparison series yy , where v, =— =140 and finite. yo 4, tim = = lim nny, 12 In| (n+l) nm So, either both Yu and oe converge or both diverge. ! i ‘i i om i pes, But y» = ea, being a p-series with p=1, divergesPNGINEE RING MATHEMATICS 1 606. Henee x tty Ze, an is divergent ‘est for convergence of the series. 5 1 1 1 Example 24. 1 "40' 54) Os Solution : If the given series is represented by I My (11-2) 205) uy Now lim 18 Vy 1 aie 9 and finite. Hence ya is convergent. Example 25. Test for convergece of the series: S (Fair) Solution : Denoting the given series by ym, , we have Uy . Vib stednt 1 we shall compare vo with x» » Where Yn = n Since ms lis ie ie [a and finite and >ef QUENCE & INFINITE SERIES 607 ——_—_e_e_—_—_—_—_—_____ 12 34 5:6 + . » 26. Show that the s Tot ST Example. 2 at the series is + 452.6? 77.8? js convergent. solution : If we denote the given series by vu (241) (an+2)? Uy) = 1 | Let v,, =—z > then >» is convergent. n 2 3(2n— 4-= Nant 2 le 1 Vy (2n+1P(2n42) (2+ Ay (2-2) F n so that lim—*=1 19 Vy Therefore, ys and > either both converge or both diverge. But yy is convergent. Hence, Ya is convergent. Example. 27. Test for convergence of the series : an aes 1 1 i in ii) > sin. 3 (iii) D = tan— @ Ysi wy > iy Pal 1 Solution : (i) Let “» ra and Vy ae al sin— . sin® Now, lim = tim —!-= jim, wheré 9 =+ ity, nee L040 0 7 n 2140 So, yu and y» both converge or diverge together. 1 n = )_— is divergent. But Sve = Dod is iver Peers ke Hence vs = ysin= is divergent.r PNGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 608 ————— (n) Here, 1, = sins «Het vy, on le) thus tin = tim 7 140, and finite as before So, Dim, and Dv, both converge or both diverge is convergent - . 1 Here, "=o 2 being a p-scries with p= 2, " ~ 1 Hence Don = ae is convergent, 1 tan— 1 (iii) Let, u, == vnoon , F 1 1 We consider a comparison series >" v, , where Y, = 1 tn( 2) ln (2 ) = tim HY =140, and finite n Now, Jim “= tim tan os () nay, > dn So. > u, and yy, are both convergent or both divergent. 1 But Dn i Ly , being a p-series with p>1, is convergent. 2 n 1 1 Hence )v, -Lzm(2] is convergent. 18.20. D’Alembert’s Ratio test. . . 4, Let >> u, be a series of positive numbers such that lim ntl exist no Up, finitely and let Jim Ens =/, The series x u,, is convergent if / <1 and non Uy =I divergent if />1. When / =], the test fails. [W.B.U.T.2005,2016] Proof. Beyond scope.gr QUENCE & INFINITE SERIES ow i eel 18,21. Hlustrative Examples, 2 2 Seili4s uy ntl 2 il +] Therefore, tim “#t! — 0 u, te Hence the given series ys -y2 y is convergent. 1 A pout, Example. 2. Show that the series = 2 2 hr ton is convergent. Solution : Denoting the given series by ya > , n+12" +1 11 1 stim “#1 = tim = lim 4¢ s\=5 A(n+1)+1}° 2n+2) We have Un = and My Ana) m4? (42) n Unst and jim, a=l 2 Un 39ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 610 —_——————————_- We sce that D'Alembert's ratio test fails Now ea. -(1+2) (103) (red) Myst n) n ” Example. 4. Examine the convergence of the series: '* >) * 3) * gi Solution : Denoting the given series by Mm + n+! Mol Orel)! 2n-1 we have, ty = nl Knot 2Nt! yg as nm um, (n+i)(2n=1) Therefore, '% is convergent. Sn Example. 5. Examine the convergence of >> a aan n (n+ yt Se ie t =— YU, a Solution : Here, uy ==> and “met "(4 yr (os) nt . U, lim “th = ti So, ae Uy rea (+1)! on (+1) = tin(1+4) =e>t [Since 2 M» is divergent. Example. 6. Test for convergence of the series whose n-th terms are n! Feo; Gr Solution : Here, 4, So, lim “##! = lim Saar wae ty 07! (nt 1)"on fd mr din - t ') wt yt yond tin( + ) ro nol By ratio test yu is convergent, \ tg, = UD! (n+ (ii) Here, Mn n jim “#4 = tim cs 22 U, no al aa = lim(n +1). nae qe 1) n = tin = lim nal nt] mw(meiy aad ey foe 2 I. But this test fails when x = 1. 1 When, x= 1,4, =—y— <7 wet i =a) Let y, ty <%q for n= 1, 2p. j 1, . But the series Dv, i.c., D—z is a convergent series n (being a p-series with p = 2 > 1). Hence by comparison test the series ).¥, is convergent when x = 1. Thus the given series is convergent when x <1. example. 8. Discuss the convergence of the series P at 3p a 7 Solution. Let u,(” =1,2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, [W.B.U.T. 2008,2014] Then for n = 1, 2. nP My = _ (nti? Una = (n+1)! : : P Ps Le lim “##h= tim (= ts tim 1+ A no uy, n>ol n n+l ne Bd Py + n = (1+ 0)". >= 0< Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test the given series is convergent o ni” Example. 9, Test the convergence of the series >” 2 n=l n” [WB.U.T. 2003}sEQU! K & INFINITE SERIES 613 OO solution. Let “,(7=1,2,... Then for n=1,2,... ni2" ) denote the n-th term of the given series. (a+tyt * _(n+1yi2™" (ey ‘nat 2 Tae : 2 =o Un (43) (240) n Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent when x < 1 and divergent when x > 1.7 ora ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 ———— Example. 11, Discuss the convergency of the power series 1 yt gt gt ai avo ava 's Solution, Let 1,(17 = 1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, Then for 7 =1,2,... yon? “Gabi x nl OW n+l Moet u, n+2Vn+l Te — it n n lim Zael 1+0 nou, 1420 Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent when x? <1 and divergent when x? >1, when x? =1 the test fails. 1 1 ee Gn a(re2) n ; , 1 Consider a series Sv, where v, =>. lim “= lim ai i = 1, a finite number. nov, nop, 1 1+ n . 1, Ps Now >, i.¢., 2 —> is a convergent series n? 3 (being a p-series with p= 3 >1). So by comparison test ou, i.e., the given series is convergent when =l. Hence the given series is convergent if x? <1 and divergent if x? > 1.SEQUENCE & INFINITE SER 61s a Pot Gan aRey AN een Gus) B+1) QB4q) Solution, Omitting the fi of the given series, Then +1) Q6+1) (aps) +" st term, Jet 4u,(n=1,2,, ++) denote the n-th term for n=1,2 (a+1)( : vi 20 +1)... (ner4 1 Ga pee (mB +1)” (2+1) 2a 41) G seg = (710+1) (n+ 1)0.+1) (B+1) +1). 08+) (ner) 4 lim “41 _ 1+0)040 _a@ n2 ty (4040 Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio ‘est, the given series is convergent when a : " pci ie, when a B. When - Lie, a=8, the test fails, When @=B,u,=1. Then lim u, =1#0. 00 So, by Note (2) of a Previous Theorem, Yu, does not converge. Therefore being a series of Positive terms, it must diverge. Hence the given series is Convergent if B>a>0 and divergent if a2>B>0. Example. 13. Test the convergence of the series 2 2 2 ayy 3) (3) es (B.U.T.2002,2007,2010,2012) 3 3.5 3.5.7 Solution. Let u,(n=1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, Then for n =1,2,... _(_ 123... i “*\357..Qne)) 123...n(n+1) y:Uy ( net ) ri 4, 2n43 203 2 1 him Mn ( I 0) Ps nm Uy, 240 4 Hence by D*Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent. 18.22. Cauchy's Root test. ; Let Sw, be a series of positive numbers such that lim u," exists mi ' , finitely and let lim u/! = /. Then the series 5) uw, is convergent if nal 7 < 1 and divergent if /> 1. [W.B.U.T. 2004} Proof, Beyond the scope of this book. Note. When / = 1, the test fails. 18.23. Illustrative Examples. Example. 1. Test the series (4) . nai\n+l Let w,(=1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 1,2, an) pay rad a 1)" a 1 lim wu? = lim {(e3) } sel=—<1, ne n>0 n @ Therefore by Cauchy’s root test, the given series is convergent. -e>1)