Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Westergaard 1931 - Water Pressures On Dams During Earthquakes

    Uploaded by

    pvecci
    19 views36 pages
    Westergaard - water pressures on dams during earthquakes

    Original Title

    westergaard 1931 - water pressures on dams during earthquakes

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Westergaard - water pressures on dams during earthquakes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    19 views36 pages

    Westergaard 1931 - Water Pressures On Dams During Earthquakes

    Uploaded by

    pvecci
    Westergaard - water pressures on dams during earthquakes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 36
    ——————————— AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Founded November 5, 1852 TRANSACTIONS Paper No. 1835 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES By H. M. WESTERGAARD,; M. Am. Soc. C. E. Wirn Discussion ny Messrs. ‘Tivopor von KAnm4n, Paun Bauatay, R. Roy- inson Rows, L. Pranot, Ceca, E. Pearce, Joun H. A. Brautz ann ©. H. Humsroy, Jr., Borts A. Baxumurzrr, N. Monowonn, anv H. M. Wesrercaarp ‘Synopsis Formulas are derived for the changes of water pressures during an earth- quake for the ease of a straight dam with a vertical up-stream face. The vibrations in the earthquake are assumed horizontal in a direction perpen- dicular to the dam. A formula is obtained involving a series of sines (Equation (31)). This series, however, may be replaced with satisfactory approximation by a simpler formula (Equation (49)). The results are also expressed in the following manner: The pressures are the same as if a certain body of water were forced to move back and forth with the dam while the remainder of the reservoir is left inactive; Fig. 8 shows approxi- mately the shape of this body of water. The influence 'of the dynamic action of the water is found to be neither excessively large nor negligible. Intropuctory Remares Concersine Sravssss 1v Dans Dunia Eanruquaxes ‘Two causes account for added stresses in a concrete dam during an earth- quake: First, the accelerations of the mass of the dam; and, second, the changes of water pressures. If no fault crosses the site of the dam, one may assume for the purpose of determining the accelerations that all points of the foundation have the same displacement, velocity, and acceleration at the same time, because the wave lengths of the main vibrations in the crust of the earth are so great that the differences of accelerations and the tilting: may be considered negligible. Nore. ublished in November, 1981, Proceedings. + Prof. of ‘Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.; Cons. Engr., U. 8. Bureau of Reclamation. ™ WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES: ALD For a straight concrete gravity dam with triangular cross-section, with height, H, and base, B, and with a modulus of elasticity of the conerete of 2000000 Ib. per sq. in, the period of free vibrations (with the reservoir 7 H? sec. « a8 i ly — base were rigid.’ ) would be approximately 7, ioe ts. if the base were rigid. H 1600 ft, hen H = 200 ft. On account of the clasticity of the base the actual period is Jonger, but remains a quantity of the same order. In an arch dam the stiffness of the arches reduces the period, as compared with that given by the formula. Hence, since the period of free vibrations of the dam, Ts, is usually a frection of 'a second, while the period of vibration, 7, of the earthquake may be assumed to be not less than a second’ (1.85 sec. measured during the great earthquake in Japan in 1923‘), resonance—with vibrations of the structure becoming large compared with those of the foundation—need not be expected ordinarily, although the possibility of part resonance may well be investigated empty, With B= 0H, the formula gives T,= sec.; for example, Ty = § sec. in some cases of high dams. When the ratio, 3 is small, all points of the dam may be assumed at each time to have the same acceleration as the base, ¥f the maximzum horizontal acceleration is a = a g, in which g is the accclera- tion duo to gravity, the ratio, a, is used as a measure of the intensity of the earthquake. ‘The value, a = (0.1, appears to be a reasonable one to use in investigating dams founded on rock in earthquake regions in the United States. The problem of the dynamic action of the mass of the dam is transformed into an equivalent problem of staties by introducing the inertia forces, expressed as mass times the acceleration reversed (d’Alembert’s principle) ; that is, on each part of the dam weighing 1 Ib. thero is introduced a hori. zontal inertia foree, opposite the direction of the acceleration and equal to Alb x a9 = alb. ‘The vertical accelerations, which by the nature of the phe- g nomenon are smaller, either may be treated similarly or may possibly be ignored. If they are ignored, the combined effect of the dead weight and the inertia forces may be described as follows: Each gravity force of 1 Ib. is changed into an inclined force, which has a vertical component equal to 1 Ib, and a slope relative to the vertical equal to a. . If a is not larger than, say, 0.1, the effect is nearly the same as though the dam were tilted so that a line that was horizontal will have a slope, a. The determination of the cor- responding stresses involves no new difficulties that have not already been encountered in dealing with static loads, ? See, for example, 8. Timoshenko and J. M, Lessells, “Applied Blasticlty,” 1925, p. 823. fandbuch der Physik, Vol. 6, 1928, p, 598, ‘The short periods oceur only when the center of the earthquake Is close. Effect of Earth Shocks on Structures." M, de Dussy, Proceedings, Am. Soc. C. By 1928, Papers and Discussions, p, 1449 420 WATER PRESSURES ON PAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES When the water pressures are known, their influence on the stresses may be computed by the methods applying to static loads. The problem tha needs particular attention, therefore, is that of the changes of the water pressures during the earthquake. Noration The following notation is adopted: 2, y, 2 = rectangular co-ordinates z and y as shown in Fig. 1; the axis of x is along the undisturbed surface of the water, is directed up stream, and is perpendicular to the plane up-stream face of the dam; the axis of y is vertical downward. time. depth of reservoir. acceleration due to gravity. (See Equations (10).) weight of water per unit of volume. (See Equations (10).) modulus of elasticity of volume of the water (pressure divided by reduction of volume per unit of volume). (See Equa- tions (10).) displacements of a particle of water in the directions of z and y, respectively. value of § at up-stream face of the dam. stress in the water due to the dynamic action, positive as tension (to be combined with the hydrostatic pressure existing before. hand). a = ratio measuring the intensity of the earthquake = maximum horizontal component of the acceleration of the foundation divided by g. period of horizontal vibrations of the foundation. amplitude and maximum velocity of horizontal vibrations of the foundation. velocity of sound in water. length of waves of expansion in the water when the period is T. value defined by Equations (17), (23), and (82) (n = 1,8, 5:...). maximum pressure of the water on the dam at the depth, y, due to the dynamic action. value of p at the bottom (y = h). horizontal shear produced in a straight gravity dam at the depth, y, by the pressures, p. value of Q at the bottom (y= h). bending moment produced in a straight gravity dam at the depth, y, by the pressures, p. value of M at the bottom (y =h). coefficients in approximate formulas (Equations (40) to (48). dimensions shown in Fig. 8. Equations or Motion or THE WATER Since the motions involved are small, the relatively simple equations may .be used, that apply to sound in liquids.’ These equations may be interpreted in terms of the theory of elasticity of solids as equations of elasticity with- out shearing stresses, The forces acting on an element of volume, dx dy dz, are expressed in terms of the tensile stress, ¢, which must be superimposed on the hydrostatic = Hydrodynamics,” by Horace Lamb, Pith Edition, 1924, Chapter X. WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING BARTEQUAKES 421 essure existing before the disturbance. ‘The foree on the fuce with the Spscissa, x + dz, exceeds that on the face with the abscissa, x, by the amount, 20 dz per unit of area, or, by a total amount of 22 dx dy dz The mass ox rd of tho element is dx dy dz, and its acceleration is ae (& being the dis- 9 ae placement in the direetion of a iquating the force to the mass times the Acceleration one finds the first of the following two equations: ac a: qa) &1 --() ay g af Equation (2) refers to the motion in the direction of y, and applies by analogy; a third analogous equation, for the direction of z, need not be writ- ten, since only plane motions, parallel to the zy-plane, will be considered. Tho stress, ¢, in Equations (1) and (2), has the relation, o=ke to the increase of volume per unit of volume, ¢, that it produces. The con- stant, k, is the modulus of elasticity of volume. One may write, Consequently, The motion is governed by Equations (1), (2), and (5). A comparison with the general equations of hydrodynamics for compressible fluids’ shows that Equations (1), (2), and (5) may bo assumed to apply when and » are small, and when, in addition, the ratios of the products, 2£ ¢ 2% ang 27 x % tg 22, ot on ot oy ot are negligible. In the solutions given in Equations (18), (16), and (20), these ratios are found to be of the order of the amplitude of the motions divided by the depth of the reservoir. Previaivare Stupy, Assumine Horwoyran Morton Oxty The fact that the water, when pressed by the dam, may escape vertically, isimportant, A preliminary study in which this vertical motion is assumed to be barred, will nevertheless throw some light on the problem. With » = 0, Equations (1) and (5) give: ae g Of ‘See, for example, Handbuch der Physik, Vol. VII. 1927, p. 201. 422 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES Assume that the dam moves during the earthquake in a simple harmonig motion with period, 7, and 2 maximum acceleration, ag, occurring when #=0, T, 27, ete. This motion is expressed by the equation, agT 2nt £0? cos BEE. . 4a? T ios) ‘The requirement, {1 = fo, and Equation (6) are satisfied by the solution: at agT? Qn x“ Qn, 2 b= SEP boo 2) +0 pecs #(1+%)} in which, f is a constant, and, alot nay +408) The quantity, vs, is the velocity of the waves of expansion in the water; that is, the velocity of sound (on account of the low frequency, these waves, of course, would not be audible as sound). The values, 300000 ™: _ 21 e00 42) ins ie R=- w= 0.03125 $2 te give v, = 4718 ft. per sec. The value, v, = 4714 ft. per sec., was measured by Wertheim in the Seine River at the temperature of 15° cent.* The term in Equation (8) containing the factor, @, in front of the cosine represents waves moving away from the dam, while that containing the factor, 1—, represents waves moving toward the dam. Equations (8) and (5) give for «= 0 (that is, at the up-stream face of the dam): . oat in AB orreeeres eee GD) When g >4, that is, when the waves moving away from the dam predominate over those moving toward it, Equation (11) shows that the maximum pressure 7 sr or 4’ 4° 4" Tr ¢ = (1-28) on the dam, that is, (— ¢) max. oceurs at the times ¢ = ig equal to, Tr = (2A—1) == 4] phy -...-. cee ees eee (12) p= (28—1) = Ve It is noted that the greatest acceleration of the dam, and, consequently, the greatest inertia forees due to the moving mass of the dam, occur when #=0,7,2T,.... The stresses in the dam due to the pressures, p, and the Hydrodynamics”, by Horace Lamb, Fifth Edition, 1924, p. 452. ‘smithsonlan Physical Tables, Seventh Edition, 1921, p. 147. waTeR I ON DAMS DURING KARTHQUAKES 423 «ceria forces, therefore, would bare to be combined in the manner of two ter ing currents with a.dilference of phase of one-quarter of the period. Saal according to Equation (7), the maximum velocity of the dam is, va eat beeen es (8) an Equation (12) may be rewritten, by the use of Equation (9), in the form, p=28—1) 7k My ce veeees (U8) With g=1, that is, when the waves move sway from the dam only, Equation (12) (ox, if one prefers, Equation (14)), with the numerical con- tants stated in Equations (10), and with ¢=01 and T= ; see., gives p= 8.18 tons per sq. ft. On account of the freedom of the water to escape Pieally the pressures are actually much less, and are not distributed uni- formly through the depth of the reservoir. A solution which is to be used must show the pressures in the water to be zero at the top. Souvtion Consiertne HorizoxTaL AND VurticaL Morions or tae Water 'A solution is desired which satisfies Equations (1), (2), and (5), and, in addition, the following conditions at the boundary: (1)o =0, when y= 0; (2) n =0, when y= hy ag T? 4 (4) @ converges toward 0 when x becomes large. @) f=— ma oa when z= 0; and, In connection with Condition (1), it is noted that when the values of 1, are small, it makes no appreciable difference whether one specifies « = 0 at the undisturbed or the disturbed surface. The following solution will be shown to satisfy all these conditions: IPF ggg 2TESV A nn MEW cece (as) Ba 8 in Ok Te... and, 297 og 201 7: in which, TO wh? a=yi asiedeet 311) negk T? 424 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES and, RE Cnt 2h w= sence renee ee neon (IB) Equation (17) gives, 1 _— i6wht CaO T? Then Equations (5), (15), (16), and (19) lead to the value of the stress, + (19) Sawh 7 o=— von. TY sin 3y That the solution represented by Equations (15), (16), and (20) satisfies Equations (1) and (2) at all points is verified easily by performing the required differentiations with respect to f,, and y. Equation (5) is satisfied because it was used in deriving Equation (20) from Equations (15) and (18), Furthermore, inspection of the expressions for » and o shows immediatdy that Conditions (1), (2), and (4) are satisfied. That Condition (8), for +=0, is satisfied, is seen by comparing Equation (18) for e==0 with the expression for a in terms of a Fourier series,’ applicable when 0 009 5U +. 5 “Short Table of Integral , 813, by B. O. Pierce, Second Bdition, 1910, 96, Formulas O81, 797 Ts: ae ane tion, 1910, pp, 82, 94, and i 81: 426 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES . cots —t zy with the substitutions, u=e ~ 34 ,U= 5,7 088 finds, 2r, item 2 r em r rz Nye 2 log, BE = — 28 tog, tomb 72. ee ee ea co) l-e— and, Neo — 2 hog. tan yee (29) These formulas give y= at the point, z= 0, y= 0; that is, the solu. tion in Equations (15), (16), and (20) has a singularity (infinite values) at this point, and the condition that the displacements and their first der tives inust remain small, is not satisfied at this point and in the neighbor. hood of this point. The solution, nevertheless, may very well be adequate (except at and near the singularity), if only the region of lange values of can bé shown to be small. When x= 0.1h, one finds tanh a = tanh 0.07854 = 0.07838. Likewise, when y=0.1h, one finds tant = tan 0.07854 = 0.07870. For these and smaller values of © and y, one may accordingly replace Equations (28) and (29) by the simpler approximate formula, —_2r (cory) h Ny OF Name — FE Nagy FEED — (1.468 loge og + 0.1588 Jr. 80) Assume, for example, that « = 0.1, 7 = + sec.; then Equation (24) gives the amplitude of the motion of the dam, r = 0.1450 ft. With A = 200ft, Equation (30) gives the values shown in Table 1. TABLE 1.—Vauvzs or 7 By Equation (30) ror 2 = 200 Feer At distance. 2 or y (in feet)... or fa | s »| = ‘These computations show that the region about the point, «= 0, y=0, within which the displacements become large, is so emall that the diserepancies introduced by the singularity at this point can have only a negligible influence on the solution as a whole, The solution in Equations (15), (16) and (20) has no other singularities (points at which infinite values are found), and therefore may be accepted as applying to the case. Pressures on THE Daw “According to Equation (20), the maximum pressures, p (= —o for x = 0), of the water oa the dam occur when # = 0, 7,27 ete. One finds, fn _ Sauk oa -235 io jn which, a9 before, according to Equation (17), and with the numerical con- gants stated in Equations (10): 16 wit 0.71889 /hsec. \ a= Vi— wt _ .f;_ O7i880 50 ) (82) N nigh T? nw ( 000 T ft. ‘The greatest value of the pressure, p, occurs at the bottom of the reservoir (y=), and is, --@1) . «(88) + Fig, 1——Pressunes on Daw Dun ro DyNauic Action oF THD WATER Fig. 1 shows the general shape of the diagram of the pressures, p. Accord- ing to Equation (31), the derivative, # is infinite when y= 0, and zero iy when y= h}; that is, the curve for p has a horizontal tangent at the top and a vertical tangent at the bottom. Items 1 and 2 of Table 2 contain some numerical values of the ratio, 2, and of p», computed from Equations (82) zi and (33). The ratio Be, is seen to vary only slowly with h. In the ease of @ h=600 ft, r= seo. (or h= 200 ft, rad see.), the pressure at the depth, y = 4, was found to be p = 0.814p.. 428 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES TABLE 2—Numenoa, Resuurs Cornesronpisa 10 tun Pznton, T= +4 Szcon (The maximum horizontal acceleration equals « g. When 7’ is varied, the coef. cients stated remain constant if h is changed by the same ratio; for example, the coefficients stated for h = $00 ft. 7 = $ see., apply to the cases, b= 600 ft, Pelee, and h=200 ft, P=} seo.; the cooflcionts stated for h = 200 ft, T= ee, apply to the case, h = “200 fe, T=4 sec.) Small 200 600 800 Depth of reservoir, Cocficient of pressure, —t 0.028202) 0.022407 ah 0.028254 | 0.027257 0.408 }isis | 2.181 Presaure at bottom, p,, when a=0.2 0.016961] 0.017094} 0.018286 | 0.019576 4. | Shear at bottom, Q,, when @=0.1 .. esa foss.a | 1 250 & | Cooticient of moment, t- 0,0068576] 0.072947} 0.077806 ‘Moment at bottom, fy, when a= 0.1 157 600 | 307 609 0.027365 | 0.020125 0.025533] 0.025507] 0.025282 | 0.025088 0.0255 | 0.0257 | 0.0276 | 0.0296 ta Approximate coefficients com + 10 | puted trom Equations (40), | o.o170 | o.or7t | 0.0184 | 0.0108 11 | (41), (42), (48), and (49)... a“ 0.00680 | 0.00686 | 0.00736 | 0.00790 Sugars ano Moments ww tan Dam It is desirable to express the horizontal shearing forees and the bending moments produced by the loads, p, in various horizontal sections of the dam when the dam functions as a cantilever (gravity dam). The shears are stated as force per unit of width of the cantilever, for example, in tons per foot, and the moments are stated as moment per unit of width, for example, in foot-tons per foot (or simply in tons). The shears, Q, at the depth, y, and Q,, at the depth, h, and the moments, M, at the depth, y, and M,, at the depth, h, are obtained from p in Equation (81) by the integrations, * [rina = fram foam, frou geno (34) ° ° Q WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING BARTUQUARES: 429 With the notation, one finds by this process: g = leek (g— (38) and, (89) Numerical values of the ratios, a te Me =, and of Q, and M,, computed al from Equations (85), (37), and (89), are en in Table 2 (see, Items, 3, 4, 5, and 6). Derivation or Approximate ForMuLas For the purpose of approximate computations one might replace the dia- gram of pressures in Fig. 1 by a quadrant of an ellipse (seo Equation (50) derived subsequently) ; the ellipse becomes a circle when drawn to some par- FIG, 2.—APPRONINATE DiSTHIBUZION OF PRESSURES. ticular scale for p. A more satisfactory approximate representation is obtained, however, by replacing the curve in Fig. 1 by a parabola with vertical axis, a8 shown in Fig. 2, even if this parabola has a sloping tangent at the bottom. 450 WATER PRESSURES ON DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES The parabola leads to the following simple formulas, in which, C is a coef. cient depending on the ratio of h to T p=Cayv hy; O=2 Cay VW: = 2Calt 3 3 and, M=Acey Vly; M= The coefficient, C, might S determined s0 that 1 Po will have the value com- puted from Eqdation (33), but one obtains a better representation of the diagram of pressures as a whole, by determining @ so that the moment, M,, will have the value computed from Equation (39). In terms of a known M,, one finds then, = 15 Me 4ah Table 2 (Item 7) shows some numerical values of C. It is noted that the dimension of € is force per unit of volume; ( multiplied by ah gives the pressure as force per unit of area. The coefficient, (, varies slowly within the range considered. For quick estimates one may very well assume some constant value of C; for example, with T > 4 800. When h < 810 ft.: CO = 0.026 ft when 310 ft. 6b, the Guid is supposed to be at rest. The displacement of the dam during the time, Af, 4s obvionty, og AE, and the displacement of the Guid through the ection, vor EAnMAY OW PRESSURES ON fiAMS DURING EaRTRQuaKES —. 435 BO = Bis af SE, w dat the condition of continuity requ that of ay = b ay 168) (G) Equilibrium Between Pressure and Horizontal Mass Forces-—Let the pressure at an arbitrary height, y/', be py and let the deusity of the fufd ibe p. Then, the pressure is obviously oqual to p dy’ = pb dy’ ax or, -(68) (© Bouilibriim Between Prewure and Vertical Mass Forces—Consider 1 portion of ihe Guid body with the variable width, &, between two mations jn the height, /, and y/ + dy. ‘The resultant of the pressure on the bottom surface of the clement is equal top 5, and thot of the pressure acting on the top surface oxvala pB-+ (eB) ay’. Now, the dare, ravst be eral to the product of the mass of the clement, p b dif, and the (0.3) ay = pay’ b ay’, or, p= pb ae. vertical acesleration, ay’. Hance, <7) ger = ebay Substituting o,/ =¥ a, from Equation (65) and p= pbas from Eque- tion (56), Equation (57) becomes, st] a or, since p and ay have been assumed constant, 2 (2) = since p and ay has a” (68) ov a of, ond, va sos (69) For yf =h, the pressure vanishes, so that b (h) e Subottting in Bauation 60), # = a[* — Cv} 08 b= 0.70 JEP = 0707 VTET=D (oo) ‘Hence, with this approximation the shape of the @uid body moving with the dam is shown to be a quadrant of an ellipse. One-half the axis equals 4, =0.101 h, the corresponding pressure equals p. = 0.707 ph as, ot, substi- toting ao = ag] and pg = Po = OTT awh an 486 2AUMAS OF PRESSURES O8 DIS DURING EARTROTARES Professor Westorgaard’s caleulation gives, 8 ty m=Sa-tLed—.jewh. alrgts ee Pe = OTE. a wh. (68) The difference is about 4 or S per cont: By the approximate formula (Equation (60)), the total load on the dam is, @ = 0107 F aw ht = 0565.0 w i... - ‘While the exact solution gives, (64) Bed Bat hgh gy cw ht = 058 ww B68) Oa B04 gt gt Hw BP (88) Jt is apparent that the epproximation is close. Pavt Bavaax," M. Aw. Soc. C. E. (by letter)—The author's excellent treatise enables the designer to analyze accurately the increase of water Pressure on the face of dams due to earthquakes. Until quite recently this “phase of the subject has been a matter of considerable speculation. To 1098 the writer was making studies on the effect of earthquakes in ‘connection with the statical analysis of a dam in Southern Culiforuis. While iscussing this analysis with Dr. Fritz Zwicky, of the California Institute of ‘Technology, ‘the writer's attention was called to the fact that the inertia of the water might be more important than its flow, which, according to the ‘analysis, was the only cause of an increase in prescure due to simple harmonic vibrations of the dam. The ressoning was that due to a motion of the dam in om upstream direction, the water is partly displaced (verticalls) and artly compressed. Neglecting for the moment the latter effect and consider- ing the displacement only, the dam acts as a pump, or, better, as-a reversed hydraulic ram, forcing the water immediately up stream from it to tho surface, as shown in Fig. 5. This displaced water will flow over the top of tho dem if the reservoir is fall at the beginning of motion, of, if conditions are as shown in Fig. 5,.it will flow back into the reservois, anges Gale [BAUMAN O PRESSUIES OF DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES 497 Principully, the two cases axe identical; that is, Ah is tho head required for a discharge equal to the maximum volume displaced per unit of time, ‘Thos, if the dain moves at a velocity, v: oh = tnvig a hi.. a+ (88) in which (in addition to Professor Westergiard’s notation), v == maximum velocity and = discharge coefficient. From the law of simple harmonie motion (see Fig. 6): a wsoR 2k 260 7 ) fae, oo (68) e (69) and, (0) For a period, T= 1 see. and das One, = 9B. (1) and’ R follows from 3 = 4B, oF Bag> which checks Equation (7). The total motion then becomes 2.F = 4 L = ae = 0.159 = 1.9". Introducing van. in Equation (68): GAP TBM ccc esses 7) . Gs) tt 10 © pw ¥ 29, for 1 = 080, end h = 200 ft, ah = 830 ft, Due to this” head the pressure incrense on a 200-ft. dam would be 830 x 62.50 x 200 ton ton $30 C200 X00 = 59 HOD, as agninst Q,= 684 “OF, according to the 7) Te? 2 aeninst Qu = 684 Te gto t author's Equation (86); and the moment about the base would be 62 x 100 = 5 200 S22, as against ay = 5486 SA, sconding to Equation (20), Although the moinents shout the base cbesk within a fow per cent. for this height of dam, it is obvious that the higher’ the dam tho more the physical difieulties grow, involving the movement of water particles all the 438 BAUMAN O8 PRESUMES O% DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES ‘way from the hottom to the surface within the timo of the up-strenm motion cof tho dam. Thereforo, it may be stated that although « displacement of all particles immediately in front of the dam nocessarily takes place, this displacement is retarded ne the depth increases, thereby inereasing the volume of inertia, or, in other words, the mass fore. Based on this cognition, Dr. Theodor von Kérmén, of the California Institute of Technology, has derived a simple solution of this problem by neglecting the elastic compression of the water and by considering a body of inertia of water, which must be accelerated with the dam and, therefore, offers a resistance equal to its mass times the maximum acceleration of the dam, as also outlined by the author. Based on Euler's fandamental equation, eee (T4) ap =F de + Vay + Zee). 1 result has been derived by the writer which leads to an elliptic distribution of pressure and whieh checks the one due to Dr. von Warmén. Applied to the problem of pressures on dams during earthquakes Equa- tion (74) reduees to: (78) As the acceleration, X, in a horizontal direction is constant, dz = 0, and tho acesleration, Z, parallel to the dam is zero. The vertical acceleration, Y, as previously outlined, follows from the con- dition that the water which is displaced due to a horizontal, up-stream motion cof the dam is forced upward. According to Fig. 6 this may be expressed as follows: yX¥soby. (70) which is « modification af the condition of continuity as suggested by Dr. von ‘Kérmén due to the change of pressure from p at the face of the dam to zero at a distance of 2b from it. In other words, the body of inettia is actually torice as largo as shown in Fig. 6. ‘The pressure, p, per unit area of dam face follows from the basic law of aynamies, namely: pamXd. seseeeeee TD in which, m = 2 o Introducing Equation“(77) and Equation (78) into Equation (74): aed (5) 20 oy - w=(%) (fjre : aes of unit volume of watar, Thus, b= —P- (18) and integrating: (99) ROWE OX PRESSURES O: AMS OCATNG RARTEQUAKES 439 For y =h, therefore, ‘There follows, =0 and soso (80) ‘which is the equation of an ellipse. Numerical evaluations of Equation (80) ‘check those due to the author’s Equation (52) within a few per cont, Finally, due to Equation (77): 2 ‘The author's efforts throughout the paper to make the same theory com- prehensive to engineers who cannot be expected to be “high-powered” mathematicians is quite apparent, It is very thought-provoking indeed, and deserves both commendation and imitation. (81) R. Roomisox Rows," M Ax, Soo. C. E. (hy letter) —Tho most useful and interesting theory for the design of structures to resist earthquakes, that, hhas appeared in recent year, is given in thio paper. It establishes o criterion applicable to existing as well a8 to proposed dame Although the author does not state positively that his eotution is unique, ‘tho threo difforcatial oquations (Equations (1), (8), and (8)) vontain only three unknowns other than the dimensional variables, and should lead to @ single primitive, made definite by the rigid boundary conditions, The Intter should include the condition that & and a approach zero as x becomes large. Furthermore, Condition (8) should be modifed to exclude the point of singu- larity; the condition is not met at that point; since Equation (21) is not true foru= 0. ‘That the golution is reasonable can well bo judged by a study of the oon- tinuity of the dynamic action in tho water, a8 shown graphically herewith. Tn cach of the diagrams ssramed the action is shown in the Geld, 0<= (or ») 0, boue = 01400; and when y fn. = 0.1846 cot, ‘Tho curves indicate a gradual change iu horizontal dieplacoments, which is more rapid in the vicinity of the top of the dam, where the linea converge at the singular point. For y= 0 and 2 (F — 2). A CAA Ss te SS (CCPL |S Similarly, Fig. 8 shows lines of equal vertical displacement, with eondi- tions the same as in Fig. 7. From Equation (16), Man = — 0.1846 “SY LSB anes itm, and y= 0 when x= o,or y=h. When z Ta, and when'y = 0, t= At Point 4 in Fig. 8 y= 0. : As in Fig. 7, a gradual change ti vertical displacements is evident, the change being more rapid in the viinity of the top of the dom ond infinite at the singular point. The lines are approzimately normal to those of Fig. 7 ROWE ON PRESSIRRY ON DANS DURING RARTTQVAKS “a aroughout the field. Direct interference of the dam upsets the formula for y=0 and uyon the point, R, in the reservoir is the same ag the suin of the effects of cqual emanations at the infuite series of points, —P. Poa, Py Poy Py Pn Pe~shown in Fig. 20 on the face of the dam extended, acting in a medium unbounded except at the face of the dam extended and in phase or out of phase with Po, according’ as ther are marked plus or minus in the diagram, ‘The emanation at ay point, P (Fig. 21), is now to be considered as due to tho motion of a part of the fuce of the dam of height, az, moving with an Ieauita aNp TEETLBRON ON PRESSURES ON DANS 459 mm of water 58, acceleration, ag. Then, the rate of clumge of emi gar. if water is unbounded except along the one ef ee P, and if the water is considered incompressilile, the radial accel Ms LQ _ sem. ad“ re ‘The vertienl component of this acceleration is, arisen, (08) and, ws e+e an row, Bis a point in the roseroir, the total effet of emanation at a Epon Bn i ee a a oe cy Fae Pe at mndered ern io an tds mea an he vert acceleration at R is, (2nk +2) — 28S, oy i gett = whaeleneto—we (@nn=s—y a a If the whole faco of the dam is assumed to move with the acceleration, 2g, the value of 2 at B is given by Equation (98), with Az replaced by de Z ae and integrated froms=0 tosh ‘Performing the integration and reducing, te An DS n(— 1 ow lt + Onh— vt Foe i yuatic (2) and in order to find the pressure at a point the author's Equ ation ($ oct rte in ns El ci mee +++ (0) (100) OF Substituting Equation (100) in Equation (99), ents Src [ont + (oma. eee (Q00) 40 BARINCETEYY oN PRERSURES O¥ Diss DDRIRG raRTHQUAES Integrating, 2 Soc foot te 240 > 0 aT Me {2+ hy} #20 asians BRR pe 2th] This is a general express pao, aad CrOrewsion for «. In particular, at the face of the dam, yesesks n(cor[amh (20h —y? > oe enh wwe em— pray] on an Dene) ad Ls xy sme nue re shir Enon (2) and iy epee te Os os ae parte assumes the water incompressible. To follow mas fncnn, whch ne cen eS 10 additional water ater pressure on dams caused by eurthquake shocks, comparia ennaed when the velocity of low changes rapic tt 130 ge he bln denlnwidh arte ve Fer o, Ba (2) (@, and (©), in tho paper, which the author integrate forgiven iri i an Ma My ea ae oo grat general mathematical study of water-hamrn "oe ora eat ee on ae ee by St. Venant for the study of elastic la rakes wee waves in open channels.” fe Enovlen in ot of he wt nes cnn, Soar ae Bsa ‘model used by Flamant™ for tho study ee oe ion waves in connection with waterhammer. In analyal om anette te Wasnt “ntrodtton fo. the study ME eae nes piKHME:TER? ON PRESSURES OX DaMs DuETG EaRTHQUaKEs 461 of the velocity of flow, v, Flamont reverses tho ressure, eaused by setting in motion a piston originally at rest. (See Fig. the continuity conduit by a sudden reduction ‘movement and determines the 1 sliding in a cylinder that is Sled with uid 89.) By applying the momentum equation in connection with tion of the piston creates » compression yressure exerted on the piston by the simple principle, it is found that the mot ‘wave that is propagated with a speed, e. The pi nay bo stated in terme of the velocity, v, of the piston equation: 108) 2 in which, w is the weight of a cubic foot of the liquid; 9 is the seceleration due to gravity; and 2 is the pressure head measured by the height of a column Of duid which corrésponds to the water-bamraer pressure, p. If the walls of ho cylinder are assumed t6°Be absolutely rigid, the movement will then be fdentical with that in the author's preliminary case, The dam will set the piston, while the speed, c, will be the acoustical velocity, 4715 ft. per + will we 08 41 soe. ‘The sig seo. ‘The numerical value of the rativ, ©, is that for avery foot of velocity lost nificance of this velue of the ratic o or created by the motion of the dam (Fig. 22), @ pressure will 47 ft. of water, or if w = 0.08125 tons 6 tons per 6a. ft. in a penstock be exerted, equivalent to a head of « per cu. ft, to an equivalent pressure of 147 x 0.09195 ‘The Direct Pressure Impulse—Assume that in Fig. 28, 0 = 7 (#) repre sents the inerease in velocity of the piston (or of the dam) during the feceleration period from v = 0 tora maximum value of s/o. ‘The presvare equation will be: Balent ese (008 Bafom ssid (108) In other words, the pressure ctrve will be identical in shape with the velocity curve, andthe scale ratio will be 2 = 46 4B. x 22. * a ee 420, AKUMETERY ON PRESSURES OX DANG DURING KANTMQUAKES oe as no msn pn wis at nen equal to 4.0.x oo. Assuming sinusoidal moti se eo an eam i at ee ity will ocour at 7 tnd its value will be expressed by the equation: tomag Tt , of ++ +(208) Assuming that T=, any a ji id @ = 01,8 in-the paper by. Professor Wester gaard, yp = 22, 3 10 Jy = 068 ft per see, and, therefore, the maximum pres- sure equals po = 46 Xx 0.68 = 8.13 tons per an. ft, values detenaiaed hy the na of Raver egy, 7 "Hh identi with oabn0, * Se Pra, 28, Tie. 24, 1a this session, the tom, “icst wav,” caused by horizontal motion only. Sueh a wa i Diner th fra tn sky cei ig 8 hat roses in dzet phase is determined ently by the value of and is aot sel bythe length of the acdration period eect sac Bt ot Fre Srfeces Zndiact Phass—On the other bad, tho acdern- TOUR Gnd hereto, the mama in which the displacement Se imparted {2.e ams decidedly Stpertant when one consider the afect of the free ‘water, or when the phenomenon fs in the “indi " coe athe cae of water lamer, the incregs in sours careaetaen Phase, is counteracted by the effect of « nogttive we releted . fs defined as » pressure ware AKHMETEFF ON PRESSURES OX DANS DUEING EaRTUQUARES 469 from the direct positive wave at the open end of the penstocls The condi- tion in general is identical to that of sound waves at the open end of organ frubeo. By way of analogy, the effect of the open surface of the water behind ‘the dam may be visualized ag creating a negative pressure impulse, identical fa form and coincident in phase with the direct presmure wave, but of oppo- tite sign, This negative impulse, which will account for tho vertical dis- Placement of the water layers, will be propagated downward with tho accous- ‘Heal velocity, ¢, and will reach a layer at a dopth, 9, i tm Lawes seen measured from the time the dam first beyaur to move (soe Fig. 24). "At the surface (y =0), where the direct and the negative impulses are generated simultaneously and where their phases coincide, the resultant pros: fore will always be equal to zero. At a depth, y, conditions may be visual {aed as shown in Fig. 24 ‘The preasuré caused by the direct wave which is generated by the movement of the dam is represcated by the eurre, OP The negative impulse, O'Pa, is identical in shape with OPo, but opposite in sign, and has a difference of pluuse, 00'=.. Obviously, while ¢ <=, the effeot of tho surface sield has not had time to reach-the layer at a depth, y, and tho pressure increase is entirely due to the direct wave, For ¢ > £, the resultant preasure is the difference between the ordinates of the direct and {he negative wave. Thus, for ¢/= fs, the resultant pressure is pa — Ps. “TE the shape of the velocity curve is as given in Fig. 98 (that is, if the ‘cceleration ia maximum at the boginning of the motion and then gradually Becomes less), the maximum pressure at a layer, distant yy from the surface, ‘will be reached at the moment, ¢ =, ‘This is the mowent when the nogative : © wave ronches the water layer under consideration. ‘The effect of the aocelera- tion period, 1, is now apparent: If it is small, the time, 2, may be greater ‘than 7, ¢0 that the nogative impulse will not reach the layer in question in time t relieve the direct wave, Im that case, the maximum pressure will attain its greatest possible value, po = 46 to, which corresponds to the direst fmpulse. A depth or on equivalent height of a dam muy be determined for each value of r by the equation, ho = er (268) beyond which the increased pressure during the initial acceleration period WET not bo affected by the surface yield and the maxiaum pressure will be 404 BAREAETEFY ow PRESSURES of DAMS DURDKO RanTHQTAKES Say determined by direct impulse, Hf ¢ = 4716 f. per sec, the vain of for corresponding values of + are es follows: ety of ola of ‘a salons sake 4 a*3 Fac 0t0 This is in excess of the height of any dam thus far built. Thoro- fore, it may be concluded that in actual structures the preamiro never veeches the maximum value corresponding to the direct pressure impulse. “This cect clusion, howerer, will obtain only if the movement of the daum apposts ae represented in Fig. 25, in which the displacement begins at t= 0 from the ‘xtreme position and the velocity reaches ite maximum over 2 period, + 2. On the ether band, conditions would be decidedly different if the motion was Senerated as chown in Fig. 26 by «sudden impact, such os in n ballistic poo 4 ‘movement of this character. Case ‘of ‘Sinusoidal Movement Shown in Fig. 25—~To compare data Shisined br approximate reasoning outlined in the foregoing diaguaslon oith ah reults of the exact method introduced by Professor Westerguard, wore ‘the motion to be as in Fig. 26 with 7 0.68 #. per so0,.which Goromonis to « maximum acceleration of 0.1 9, Assume that the maximum Pressure, Pm (y), at « depth, y, will correspond to tho direct impulee at the “See. for examole, the ariel on “Bartbquakeny Ia the Hacydopedin Uaieanio 4 A and. 3 aK 5 WAKRMETERY ON PRESURKS ON VANS DURINU KaRFHQUaES —— 46 snot =A and ht frien vow of Baan (18), Tab than, ; v t Se ony Poop = Pasin de f= Py sine x E ¢ valuo of the maximum HE Py = 8:8 tons per og ftom ho = 1 870 ft th pressure, Py for different heighto of the dam, h, is as showa in Table 4 TABLE 4—Vawves or Maxiwwxc Paessuns, Pa, rox Durreneer “Vauons oF resto tone | Fn ne wha Etat | Ete o @ a w o cc} 7) oi 2-300 oie 2 Ce let te |e | ie ii yr Wes- tun (), i Tal ,cntin evals else by Proes tne equios for compart." Tue press come fom Bgonton Pra, 2 Mie. 28 (109) are somewhat larger, particularly for amall values of h. For high dams SFE Bee pegs verte al on gee base of a dam, the effect of the negative impulse beyond the ee i Fig. 24 may be neglectod, and instead the simple assumption may 406 MaRTUErER ON THOUS 6 DAMS HUMXE EMETUQUAKES that the shear is the sui of the.pressures as determined for ench depth layer by Equation (109). In this ens (see Fig. 27): oof rane fra (Ex)a LBARHMCETERY OS PRESSURES ON DANS DORN KaWTUQUAKES —— 467 and the moment, in foot-ions, is expressed by, f = 0.0052 aI. ody ef — om Z xf] =P ey. cam Let hy = 1.900 6. and P= 8.0 tone port ft, then values of are 8 ‘TABLE 6.—Vavoes or Suan ayo Mower rox Rquasions (110) s40 (111) listed in "Fable 5. 2 = : — TADLE 5—Coueanstvs Vanues oF . Pale whe | nice 7 ie 88 as 1 Se a | Exe ’ Potstntome | Quin lone 50 ze ae 2b 21S w & a ® eee) ae a my i The numeral encleients in Equations (118); (114), ond (226), should be io oor cae ae S ake? compared with Items 9 and 10 in Table 2 of Professor Westerxnard’s paper. "Tho eouparison of values computed by the approximate method and by The shears in Colom (5), of ‘able 6, obtained from Equation (110), are somewhat less than those computed by Professor Westergaand, which are given in Coluum (6). ‘Simplified Solution with Constant Accoleration—The period, t = dur ing which the preseure impulse is applied in the direct phase, is generally quite brief and, therefore, the ossumptfon could be made that during this entire period tho acccleration romains constant and retains its maximum value as taken from seisinographie records and expressed by the product, ag. ‘With this simple condition no further assumptions are needed regarding the curve, # = fl), in Fig. 28, Obriously, this assumption increases the margin of safety in computing the stability of the dam. Constant accelera- tion denotes linear increase of velucity over the soction op’, in ig. 2 AS t= 2, the velocity will be: vsagh see GM) © and thas tho inaximum pressure, Pay, at the depth, y, will be expressed by the equatfon: Pay = (2 Xw) = awy. ars) 9 which, with w= 003125 tons pur ou. ft, gives, for the pressure at the base of the dam, Py = 0.081 ah 2 (218) ne ‘The shear, in tons, at the buse of the dam, is expressed by, xh (aia) ‘equations presented by the author are, as follows: “istca® Pe +. 0081 0.0265 — 0.0296 a See ONG eee, O0IT — 00108 & : = 0.0052. .....+ 0.0088 —0.0079 The Surface Surge—It might be desirable to examine the nature of the phenomenon that occurs at the surface behind the dam. If a watertight barvier (soe Fig. 28), formerly at rest in a rectangular canal, were to be set in motion with a uniform velocity, x, a sige oF a wave of translation would be formed with a speed,” ona Visine eie ae Vn leoxgtgge

    You might also like