BuiM. Sci. Wol. 8, pp. 207-220. Pergamon Press 1973. Printed in Great Britain.
I I (21) I t J4R I
The Thermal Admittance of Layered Walls
M. G. DAVIES*
A procedure is developed for computing thermal admittance, the ratio o f the
sinusoidal component of heat flux at the surface o f some building construction
to the corresponding temperature variation there. A chart and tables are
presented to enable computation of the change of admittance which results when
a layer (or an air film) is added to some pre-existing construction o f known
admittance.
NOMENCLATURE
T, q amplitudes of the sinusoidally varying temperature
at, and heat flux across, a surface
t time
~o angular frequency of variation
P = 2n/w, the periodic time, 24 h
y thermal admittance, q/T
m(y) the magnitude of y
p(y) the phase angle ofy in radians or degrees
h the convective heat transfer coefficient between air
and a solid surface
p, c, k the density, specific heat and conductivity respec-
tively of a solid layer within the structure
X thickness of the solid layer
= fl = ++_x/npc/Pk
7 = (1 +i) ct
C, D constants
a = ~/(2nkpc/P). e i~', admittance of a semi infinite
solid
a = m(a) = ~/(2nkpc/P), magnitude of a
r = x/(npc/Pk). X, the thermal thickness of the layer
v/ defined in equations 8 and 9
Subscripts 1,2 refer to the surfaces l, 2
Subscripts a, s refer to air and surface
Subscripts i, o refer to inside and outside
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
I T IS well known that massive buildings provide a
more stable thermal environment than do those of
lightweight construction, with correspondingly
fewer complaints of overheating from the occupants
during spells of hot weather[l]. Massive walls pro-
vide a heat store which takes in heat during, for
example, periods of intense solar gain, and so
restrain the rise of temperature within a room; the
heat is given up again in the night. The situation has
been discussed by Loudon[2]. During a run of sunny
days, a steady-cyclic condition is established in the
building: the daily mean temperature inside tends
to some value above the daily mean temperature
outside and at the same time the inside temperature
undergoes variations about its daily mean value
* Department of Building Engineering, The University,
Liverpool.
207
which can be taken to be approximately sinusoidal.
The magnitude of variation of temperature clearly
depends upon the magnitude of the daily variations
in heat input, and upon the ability of the internal
walls to absorb such heat; (it also depends upon the
ventilation rate). The ratio of heat flux into the wall,
q (W/m2), to the corresponding variation of surface
temperature, T (°C), is described as its thermal
admittance, y (W/m 2 °C). A thick metallic wall has
a high admittance; a wall of insulating material has
a low admittance. There is some similarity between
admittance and the familiar thermal transmittance
or U-value (also W / m z °C) of a wall, but the U-value
being concerned with a steady state does not depend
upon the density p and specific heat e of the wall
material. The thermal admittance of a wall is one
factor of importance in calculating the thermal
response of some room to an imposed heat load.
Like thermal transmittance, admittance is a
property of a construction and its computation
includes consideration of the inner and outer air
boundary layers and possibly an internal air filled
cavity, as well as solid portions of the construction.
We consider some wall to the left side of which is an
enclosure which experiences a sinusoidally varying
component of heat input. Superposed upon a pos-
sible steady heat loss through the wall will be a sinu-
soidally varying heat flux into the wall. The surface
temperature of the wall accordingly varies sinu-
soidally about its mean value. The amplitude of
variation of flux and temperature are denoted by
q and T respectively.
The surfaces 1 and 2 of figure 1 may represent
actual interfaces bounding a solid element in the
wall. Or surface 1 may represent the outer surface
of the wall, when surface 2 is a notional surface
outside the outer boundary layer. Finally, surface
2 may represent the inner surface of the wall, when
surface 1 is a notional surface to the right of which
lies the inner boundary layer. The temperature
variation at surface 2 for example could thus be
written
T2 (t) = T2 e/°' (1)
208 M. G. Davies

where (o denotes the angular frequency of the equation (6) is accordingly complex with a phase
sinusoidal variations and t denotes time. angle between 0 and 90 ; (i.e. the heat flux reaches
Since solid elements provide thermal storage its extreme value up to one quarter of a cycle before
while an air film for practical purposes does not, it the temperature). Equation (6) indicates how the
is convenient to discuss first the effect of an air film "air admittance", y~ oz- Y,i, depends upon tile
upon the cyclic storage of heat within a wall. "surface admittance", Y2 or Y,i, and the boundary
layer.
I 2
Figure 2 provides a chart giving the modulus
m(yl/h) and phase angle p(yl/h) of y~/h given these
quantities for Y2/hi. Thus if m(yz/hl) = 0.63 and
p(y2/hi) = 30 °, then m(yl/hi) = 0.4 and p(yl/hi) =
18{'. The curves show the transition from small
Fig. 1. Representation o f a layer through which heat is to values of m(y2/hl), when the addition of the air film
be transferred. Cases discussed are (a) where surface I is hardly alters the admittance of the pre-existing
the outer surface o f a solid construction and the layer
represents the outer boundary layer; (b) where surface 2 layer, to large values of m(yz/hi), when the admit-
is the inside surface o f a solid construction and the layer tance tends to that of the air film alone.
represents convective transfer in the inner boundary layer;
(c) where the surfaces denotes the boundaries o f a solid
m y~/h :
layer.
90 ° O-Ol 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 E 5 0 0 4 0 0 06Z ~
<o~ - ~ ~ O,Oo.,~
2. THERMAL ADMITTANCE AND AN 80 °
i
M R FILM 75_3'
70 °
The equations of heat transfer across a boundary
layer are simply 60 ° ~o_' -65

ql = qz (2a)

<
50 °

7"1 = q2/h + T2 (2b) >.

i[
"~ 4© °

%
or
50

1[
where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient.
20 °
25

4.0
IO o [6;5
The admittance of any construction to the right
of surface 2 is defined to be Go

Y2 = qz/T2 (3) I l I llli[ l i [lill

u(:)~ 002003 oo5 o{ 02 os o5 io
Y2 for an outer boundary layer is infinite since the re(c/h)

temperature outside a building is taken to be con-
stant, and T 2 to be zero, when considering the heat
flow from inside to outside. The admittance at
surface 1 is given by
Fig. 2. Chart providing values" o f the modulus" arid phase
o f the non dimensionalized admittance Yl/h which results
when a fluid layer, (heat transfer coefficient h) is placed
in front o f a solid layer having an admittance yz.

Yl = ql/T~ Equation 6 can be represented geometrically as

and for an outer boundary layer, when h = h0 in figure 3. The vector AC denotes the non dimen-
sionalized surface admittance y2/hi which is the
Yso = Yl = ho (5) starting point for the present discussion. From equa-
This equation provides the starting value Y2 in tion (6),
equation 25 when calculating the admittance of an
C I 8 C I 8 C {t-~} T
external wall.
For an inside boundary layer, when h = h~, we
have, from equations 2, 3 and 4:
A A A
y2/hi
Y,,/hl = yl/hi - (6) (a) (b} {c}
y2/hi + 1
Fig. 3. Vector representation o f convective heat transfer
The admittance given in equation (5) is purely real through a fluid layer. (a) In non dimensional form. (b)
Relation between the surface and air temperatures, T~
but the admittance provided by a construction with and T . (c) The combination o f surface and air tempera-
thermal capacity is complex, y2/hf ( = y.,./h,.) in tures" which gives environmental temperature, T~.

AC AC
yx/h~ . . . .
AC+ CB AB
----> ----> _---->
that is:
m(AC)
m(ya/hi) -- ---,
m(AB)
___--.->
and p(yt/hi) = p(AC)-p(AB)
____> _______>
I f hz tends to zero (corresponding to no heat
transfer across the inside boundary layer), the
magnitude and phase angle of Yl each tend to zero;
if h~ tends to infinity (corresponding to near zero
temperature difference across the inside boundary
layer as may be the case in conditions of forced
convection), Ya tends to Y2 in modulus and phase.
Figure 3 ( a ) m a y be re-drawn to allow a more
physical interpretation. After multiplication of each
vector of figure 3(a) by T 2we arrive back atequation
(2b) and the corresponding vector diagram is shown
in figure 3(b). T2 denotes the surface temperature,
Ts, 7"1 denotes the air temperature Ta and the vector
A C is proportional to the heat flux q2 into the
surface. At the same time, A C represents the vector
difference T , - T ~ and these two interpretations are
consistent since the heat flux is caused by the differ-
ence in temperature.
The term e ''°t in equation (1)implies that the
configuration of vectors rotates anti-clockwise one
revolution during the periodic time P = 2~/0~. The
instantaneous physical magnitudes Ts(t ) and Ta(t)
are given by the projections of the appropriate
vectors on some fixed direction, usually the hori-
zontal. It will be noted that at the instant when A C
is vertical, so that q(t) = 0 and T , ( t ) - T ~ ( t ) = O,
the individual projections of T, and T~ are equal,
as they must be.
Before discussing the effect on thermal admittance
of a layer having thermal capacity, two further
applications of the vector diagram of figure 3 will
be outlined (Sections 3 and 4).
3. A D M I T T A N C E BASED O N
"ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE"
The inner surface of the outer wall of an enclosure
is usually at a lower temperature than the bulk air
and the surfaces of the inner walls. The total heat
transferred to it will thus consist of a convective
transfer, and a radiative transfer from the other
surfaces, whose mean temperature may not be that
of the air. Mean radiant temperature T, provides
a measure of average surface temperature. In order
to estimate approximately the thermal response of a
room, workers at the Building Research Station[2]
have used a weighted mean of air and of mean
The T h e r m a l A d m i t t a n c e o f L a y e r e d Walls 209
radiant temperatures denoted by "environmental
temperature", T e:
1 2
T e = 3 T a + ~ 7", (8)
I (7)
I or more generally
I
Te = r / T a + ( 1 - r / ) T r (9)
= angle A
3 The entire enclosure is then considered to be at
Te. Steady heat losses occur through fabric trans-
mittances and a ventilation conductance. The time-
varying component of heat input is in addition in
part stored in massive portions of the fabric. It is
thus necessary to calculate an admittance Ye based
on environmental temperature defined in equation
8, which will differ from both Ys and Ya. (Ys = Y2
and Ya = Yl denote the admittances based on sur-
face temperature and air temperature respectively).
Ye is easily expressed in the vector diagram of
figure 3. It is assumed that the surface temperature
T2 is equal to Tr Te can be represented by a vector
D B and from equation 9, the point D must lie on
AC. Hence
DC = q AC (10)
_______> ______>
or
( T e - T,) = q ( T a - Tr) (11)
But the heat flux is proportional to these tempera-
ture differences.
q = (Ta-Tr) h = (Te-Tr) h e (12)
where he is an artificial heat transfer coefficient.
F r o m equations 11 and 12,
he=h/q (13)
Thus Ye can be computed exactly as Ya except that
the artificial heat transfer coefficient he replaces the
convective coefficient h.
4. H E A T TRANSFER BY R A D I A T I O N
Heat may also be delivered to a surface by short
wave or long wave radiation. We denote by qr(t)
the time-varying component of flux which is
absorbed at the surface and assume it to be sinu-
soidal. If the surface forms part of an unventilated
enclosure, the air will at all times equal the wall
temperature. (The thermal capacity of air is negli-
gible.) I f however the space is ventilated, some of
the heat is lost directly to the air; the remainder is
removed by conduction into the wall. The limiting
case is that in which the air temperature is main-
tained at zero in some way. We then have
qr = T~ y~ +T~ 17 (14)
This equation is different in origin but is formally
similar to equation (2b) which describes convective
heat transfer. It can be represented by a vector
2 I0 M . G . DaHes

diagram which is geometrically similar to that of where

figure 3(a) or 3(b). See figure 4. The term T, y~
represents the flux conducted into the surface. This
,, = (l+i)~ (~,,c]
p/,/ (19)

is a property of the construction alone and the

vector AC makes the same angle with CB, the direc- and
tion of the Z~ vector as it did in figure 3. i=\-I

C T~h (Convected flux) The corresponding heat flux q is found from

(Conductedflux) T, y , / ~ B ?T
q=-k (20)
~ //qr(Incident flux)

SO
c').v

A
Fig. 4. Vector representation o f a sinuyoidally varying q(x, t)/ky e i'o' = - C sinh ? X - D cosh },X
component o f radiant heat flux falling upon a surface in (21)
contact with air at a fixed temperature.
We have to relate the heat flux and temperature
at x = 0 to the values at x = X. Each of these
5. T H E E F F E C T O F A S L A B O F M A T E R I A L values is substituted in equations (18) and (21), so
WITH THERMAL STORAGE yielding 4 equations from which C and D can be
eliminated; we have
In section 2 we discussed the way in which an air
film modified the admittance provided by some q~ = q2 cosh ? X + T 2 sinh y X . k? ]
pre-existing construction. We now discuss the - (22)
TI = q2 sinh ? X / k y + T 2 cosh 7X [
corresponding modification imposed by the addition
of a layer of material having thermal capacity. or
The parallel sided slab bounded by planes 1 and
2 (figure 1) is supposed to have a thickness X, con-
ductivity k, density p and specific heat c. The tem-
[qIT [q21 ,23,

perature within the slab is a function of distance x where

(measured for convenience from plane 1), and time ~cosh 7X sinh 7 X . k ? ] (24)
t is subject to the equation of conduction. M = Lsin h ?X/k 7 cosh ?X

(')2T pc 3T The transfer matrix M serves to relate q and T at

- (15) x = 0 to the values at x = X. Its determinant is
~x 2 k at
unity.
Any periodic thermal behaviour can be com- Substitution of equations (3) and (4) in equation
pounded of a series of harmonics of angular fre- (22) yields
quency ~o, 2o9, etc., or period P ( = 2n/~o), P/2, etc.
It is usually sufficient to consider the first harmonic tanh ? X + y 2 / a
only, and in building applications P will then be Yl/a = tanh ? X . y 2 / a + l (25)
taken as 24h.
where
The temperature can be expressed as
a = k7 (26a)
T(x, t) = A e "x e/ex e ~'~t (16)
= /(2-~-kec-'~e i'~/4 (26b)
Here A has units of temperature, and the first, q\ e/
second and third exponential terms denote a spacial
decay or increase of amplitude, a spacial modula- We write
tion of amplitude and a time-periodic variation = /2xkpc
a ~] fi (26c)
respectively.
Equations (15) and (16) are compatible if
Before proceeding to the general case described
by equation (25), it is of interest to discuss the
= fl = -x/\Pk.] (17) situation where the slab is perfectly insulated on its
rear surface. That is
The general solution is compounded of two terms
similar to equation (16), one with positive and the Y2 = 0 (27a)
other with negative space indices. It is convenient and so
to express it in the form
= /{2xk~ec~ e''~/4 . tanh ?X (27b)
T(x, t)/¢ °'t = C cosh 7 X + D sinh ?X (18) Y' q\ e /
 The Thermal Admittance of Layered Walls 211

It is convenient to express the thickness of the slab The term e in/4 expresses a phase lag of 45 ° of T~
non-dimensionally: behind q l - 3 h for the first harmonic of daily
variation for an infinitely thick slab (effectively one
/zcpc where r > 3).
z = ~/pk "x (28)
The term tanh vXexpresses the effect of thickness
Using equation (19), we then have, after some of the slab. When the wall is thin, admittance is
reduction proportional to thickness, it is independent of
thermal conductivity and its phase angle is near
m(tanh ~X) = m(tanh (1 +i)r) 90 °. The slab in fact behaves nearly like a pure
thermal store. (This situation is directly analogous
/cash 2 z - c o s 2z
/ (29) to the behaviour of an electrical capacitance.) As
X/cash 2z +cos 2z increases, the attenuated temperature waves, after
This function is shown in figure 5. m(tanh ~X) is reflection at the back surface, reduce the amplitude
zero when r = 0, has a maximum value, and is near of the positively directed waves and the admittance
enough unity when z > 3. rises to a value greater than its terminal value. It
decreases again as the wall thickness continues to
The phase of tanh ~X is given by increase.
~ sin 2~'] The condition Y2 = 0 [equation (27a)] at the
p(tanh ~X) = arctan \ s i n ~ v J (30) central plane of a symmetrical internal wall is the
appropriate starting condition when calculating the
The function has a value of e ;~/4 or 45 ° when admittance of such a wall. For if the wall separates
r = 0, becomes slightly negative and is nearly zero two enclosures which undergo the same thermal
when r > 3. Its variation, together with the added history, temperature waves into the wall will be
angle of e i~/4 (45 °) in equation 27(b), is also shown symmetrical about the central plane and the heat
in figure 5. flux across it will be zero at all times. This may be
compared with the starting condition, Y2 = h

oL
1.2

- 90 °
(equation 5) at the outer surface of an external wall.
Table 1 lists values of .¢(2rrkpe/P) and r for 100
mm thickness of certain building materials. They
are based on data given in Billington[5].

Table 1. Derived thermal values for a selection o f building

70 ° materials ( P = 24 h)
0.6 60 °

50 ° ~/(2~rkpc/P) r for
0"4I / °oo
Material (W/m2 deg C) X = 100 mm

RH scale 30 °
Brickwork 9-7 0.9
0.2 '20 o Gravel concrete 15-9 0.8
Foamed slag concrete 4-2 1.3
I0 ° Cellular concrete 2'6 1.3
I[ I I I I I o° Glass 12.7 0"9
0 0"5 I,O 1.5 2-0 2-5 3-0 Wood 3"0 1'5
T
Slag wool 0.7 1 '3
Fig. 5. Values o f the modulus and phase o f t a n h (1 + i ) z . Insulating board 1.3 1 '5
The phase includes the added constant o f lr/4 or 45 ° which
derives from a [equation 26(b)].

Equation (25) expresses the effect of adding a

Equation 27(b) expresses the admittance of a
parallel sided slab of material when perfectly insu-
lated on its rear face. The physical units are pro-
vided by the term ~/(2nkpc/P), (W/m 2 deg C). The
quantity kpc measures the ability of a material both
to conduct and to store heat and the larger it is, the
larger is the heat flux across a surface associated
with unit temperature variation. Furthermore, the
longer the period P, the smaller is the heat flux
needed to achieve a unit variation of temperature.
slab of some thickness to a surface which has a
finite admittance Y2. Y2 and Yl are non-dimension-
alised by division by a, the admittance provided by
an infinitely thick layer of the added material.
Tables 2 enable y] to be calculated given Y2, the
pre-existing admittance, together with values of
a = X/(2rtkpc/P) and z for the added layer. (In equa-
tion (25), the non-dimensionalization includes the
phase angle e i~/4. In deriving Tables 2, in effect,
each side of equation (25) has been multiplied by
212
e i~4 and values o f y/a rather than y/a are to be
input without the initial subtraction and final
addition of 45 ~' that equation (25) requires as it
stands).
The general behaviour o f yl/a as a function of
y2/a is illustrated in figure 6, where initial values of
m(y2/a) = 0. l. 1 '0 and 10 (curves initialed A, B and
C) are given for the phases p(yz/a) = 0", 45 ° and
90 ° (postscripted 1, 2 and 3). The curve B2 (y2/a =
1.0, 45 °) represents a pre-existing slab o f infinite
thickness to which additional layers o f material o f
identical thermal properties are added, and this
clearly leaves the resultant admittance unaltered.
B2 degenerates to a point. BI shows the progress o f
y~/a from its purely conductive initial value o f
( 1.0, 0 °) to its final value ( 1.0, 45°); the earlier effect
o f additional material is to reduce the modulus of
the admittance, while the phase angle increases
steadily until a sizeable thickness (r around 1-2) of
additional material has been added. B3 shows the
complementary situation where y2/a is initially
purely capacitative.
90 ° ~-:0 0-1 ^ ~ o0
60 ° -
50°
o_ 40 °
'-o o//i
I 1 ] I I till] I 1 I I lllll
OI 02 03 05 I 2 3 '4 5
rn(y/a)
Fig. 6. Chart indicating the modulus and phase o f the non
dimensionalised admittance ya/a which results when a
solid layer o f thermal thickness r is placed in front o f a
surface providing an admittance Y2.
m(yz/a) = 0 . l , 1.0, 10; p(y2/a) = 0, 45 ° , 9 0 o .
Curves A and C show what happens when the
terminal admittance a o f the added material differs
from Y2. A rotation o f C3 through 180 ° about a
vertical axis through (1.0 45 °) brings it into coinci-
dence with A1; more generally, the relations
(Yl/a, c~°) and (a/y1,90-q~ °) are skew symmetrical.
It will be noted that if Y2 = 0, yl/a is a function
M. G. Daci,.,.~
of r alone: it is discussed in equations t27) to (30)
and illustrated in figure 5. The values of m(e i~4
tanh ),X) and p(e i~/4 tanh 7X) as functions of" r,
when plotted on figure 6, locate a characteristic
which lies close to curve A3. As m(Y2/a) tends to
zero, yl/a will tend to e ~'~/4 tanh 7X but the con-
vergence further depends on p(y2/a). It has been
mentioned that the first thin layer o f material added
to a perfectly insulating surface is purely capacita-
rive in its effect. It is to be expected therefore that
the convergence of y~/a to e i~/4 tanh 7)( a s m ( Y 2 / a )
tends to zero will be most marked when p(y2/a)
tends to 90°; the curves A1, A2 and A3 show this to
be the case.
Inspection o f Table 2 shows that m(y~/a) is within
about 90 per cent o f its terminal value (unity) when
the added material has a thermal thickness r equal
to about 0"8. Table 1 then indicates that the position
is achieved by typical thicknesses of a range o f
building materials. It is unnecessary therefore to
consider the inner layers of some wall construction
if the thermal thickness of the surface material is
0'8 or greater.
6. THE C O M P U T A T I O N OF T H E R M A L
0
ADMITTANCE
Values of thermal admittance can be found by
building and testing electric analogue models o f
composite constructions. Alternatively they can be
found by direct computation. Since both tempera-
ture and heat flux are continuous across an inter-
face, T 1 and ql, on the inside of a construction can
be related to T o and qo on the extreme outside of the
construction by successive multiplication o f the
transfer matrices: that in equation (2c) for an air
film (including the case o f an unventilated cavity),
and that in equation (23) for a capacitative layer.
The complex quantities however make this tedious
for desk computation. The use o f figure 2 and Tables
2 will reduce the labour to manageable proportions
and at the same time indicate the contributions of
individual layers.
IO
As a simple example, we compute the environ-
mental admittance provided by a layer o f wooden
tiles, 22 m m thick, laid upon thick concrete. Values
for a and r~o o are listed in Table 1. For concrete
a = (15.9 W / m 2 deg C, 45°). Division by a (wood),
3.0 W / m 2 deg C, gives m(y2/a) = 5.3 andp(yz/a) =
45 °. The thermal thickness r of the wooden tiles =
1-5 x 22/100 = 0.33. Tables 2 provide values o f y l / a
for m(yz/a ) = 4.0 and 6-3 and for r = 0.3 and 0"35.
A graphical linear interpolation shows that y~/a is
about ( 1.75, 19½°). (In view of the great uncertainty
in reliable values o f conductivity, neither a nor r
are known with great accuracy and linear interpo-
lation is accurate enough. However, in the present
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. . . . oo ~ ooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V..rYT77~77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o ~ ~ . . . . . . . .

~ a a W W a ~ - - ~ N ~ - - ~ @ O - - ~ W W W N O N ~ O ~ _ _ ~
o o . ° . o . , * , o , o °° ° o . ° , . °o 0° °° °

--oo . . . . . . . . c o o o o ¢ o o o o o ~ o o c o o
" ' ' ' o - - - 0 - - o o - - . o . o . . o . o . . . o o oo o o oo oo oo oo oo oo o
... ~7-~2~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ o o . . . . . . . . o o o o ? , o o o o o o o o o o c o 3
. . o , . o . . o . . , o . . . o . . . . . . o . . o .

I i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 t ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i ! t I i

--oo . . . . . . . . o o o o o o c o o o o o o o O o o <%-
- - o , - - - - , ° . . o , . ° . ° o . . o o , . . . -- o o . . . . . . . . oo oo oo oo oo oo o o o o o
. . , o o . . o . , , , . . . o , . . o . , . . o , , , --co . . . . . . . . o ~ o o c o o o o o o o o o o o ~ 9
- o - - . - o o o . - , - , o - o - o - - o . - o - . ~

c~

• , . . . ° o . o o . o . o . , . o . .
° o o . , . . o . o , . . ° . o o . . . , . o . . . o o

--oo . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o - - ° - - o - - - - . - . . . . , o o . . . , o i. 3 ~ C ~ 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o o. . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o B
o . . . . . . , . . . . . , . o . . . . o , . , . o . o

N o ~ N o
o o . 0 . o . . o . . . . . . o . . , . , o . . o o . .
. o .o o . o . . . . . . .. o o . o . . . . . . . . .
. . . o . . . . . o . . . o . , . . . . . . . o . . . . -

--oc . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o - o , , - - ° - - . . o . o . 0 . . o o . . . , , ,
~ . . ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o ~ o o o o o
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o ° o o o ° ° ° ° ° ° - o , o , , ~ ° ,

" ' ° ' ° ' ' ' ° ' ' ° ' ° ' ' ° " ~ ° ' ' "

. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . t t . . . . t ' ' ' "

--oo . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o --oo . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
• - o o - o o . - . . . . . o . o . o o .
o . . . o . o o . . . o . , ~ ° . o . . $ o o . . . o . --oo . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o~ ........ ~ ...... .~-oooo~o . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . o . . o . $ e , . . .

- - - - - . . . - ~ . . . . . . . o . . . , , , . . , , .~: : ~ - ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ o~ o~
..... %''~ ..... t" % ' " ~ .......

hJ

t~J
 t,o

.~ {J ton . . . . ~ o o o o o o o o o o o o c ~ o o o o o ~ ( a N N . . . . . O OO O O O OO O O'Or~ O O OO ~O ~
oo , o * * . . . o o o . . . o . . . . o o o o o . ~ o , " , ~ oo ~" " o oo , , , , o , , e • , , , ~ , , • 3 * . ~ N N . . . . . o o o o o o cJ(~ o o o o o o o o o O o
O O U t O ~ I N O'O 01.4 0~U1 ~ 4kW (4N N---- O OO OO O
oc, o o o o o o o o o o o o ~ o ~ o u)(~ ~ o ~ N ~ O 0 C-
O 0 0 0 0 .~. O 0 0 C ~ O 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 U~N 0 o o o o o o o o o O o o o o e ~ o o ~.,o o o o ~ o o mN o O~C~OC~O00¢',OC.¢,OOU'OU,~mO~CU'N--OC.,':'a
c ~ O O O o o o oc) o o o o o o o o o o o o o u ~ o ~ N o

~ 0 0 . . . . ~ ~ O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 C ~ O 0 o o ~ . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
.o o. oo , o o o o 0 oo o0 o. 0 o o 0 . . o o . O • • • • .o o. o. o . . o . . o eo • = o. o. o. • - - O O . . . . . . . O o O ~ o o o o o o o o o o o o O o 3~
0 m

~o ~o
oo .o oo oo oo oo oo o . . o oo o o o o o o . o
o • oo , 0 I , • , . , • o , , o , , , oo o , , o
a--

~ o o ~ ~ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3
o0 oo oo .o oo 0o oo oo o0 o o . o . o o o o o ;. , ;'y." ~;" ;';* .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. - - o o - - - - ~ - - - - ~ - o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o
. o . e . . , . . . . + . . o . o , o o . . . . ~ o , o

o o

o~ , , o, . o , , o, o, . . . . o , , o , , o , , • , • • • , o ,o , o o , , o , • , * , • , o , , , oo •
. ~ . . . . o . o o . o . o e . . o o 0 0 . o o . o o 0

~ o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o c o o o o o o o,~ o o c~ ~ o ~ - - ~ o ¢ o o o c c o ~ o o o o o o c, o o
oo . e e . ~e o . . . . , o * ~ o o ~ o . e . . t ~ e . . . . . . ;'~" ;-1' . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . ~ < ~ . . . . . . . --o o o o o o o o ~ o o o c c o o o
o • e~ e . ~ o ~ e e e e ~ e e . e . . ~ . e . . . e o

ee ~e ee ee ee ee ee e e oe e e • • i e e ee • l e e e o e ~ ~o io e e o e l e ~ o e e e oe eo I

o o o o o o o o ~ o o o o o o o o c O ° °
- . . . . . . . . _ . . . _ _ . . . . . o o . . . . . ~ o o o o o o ¢, o o o o o¢~ c o o o
. . . . . . - . _ -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ---- . . . . . <

, e ~o , , * * o , ~ , , , o o , o . o . . • ~o , , .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
;.. -7--;;--'-: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;" . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~..o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Oooi~. ooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ ~ ~,..~ .,~ ~ . . ~ ' ~ ~ o ~ o.o. -..~ -.~

. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
<
• : . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 2..

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
... 2;:-;'7.-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ;_ "_- ...... ......... :? ..... 3
A
<

. . . . . . . . . . ....- - - - - . . . . . ._...- i I i I ! t , t ! ! t t t i i i i i , ~ ! ! , ! ! i l l <

. . . . . . . 7.:- . . . . . .._ . . . . . ...~ . . . .
o~

- - o o . . . . . . . . o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
ee eo eo e l e l ee el e - - o e - oe o e e e o e . . . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o,0,,ooo .... o= . . . . . . g~ : oo

~D

e * o o e o e e e ~ e ~ o • • l e e eo ~1 e e e l e l e l I. l e e • ~ e • • e~ •
~ ~.'~'~; "- "~'~;'~ %o. . . . . . . . . . . % oo o o e em ee e o o l e a e a o o e ~ e l e e e e eo i e .
a u ~ . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a w ~ . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ~ . w ~ . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c
. , o o o . o . . . . . . . o o . , o . . . . . . o . o .o .. o . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - - - . - . -
o . . . . , o . . . . . . . . , o . . . . . . . . . * * 3
o o o o o o o o c o o o o o ~ o ~ c , ~ o ~ o ~ - o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o u ~ o ~o~ o~ o m ~ - ooo ooo oo o o o o o o o o o m o u ~ o ~ o u ~ o ~ -o o o
~ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ~ N o oo oo oo o o o o o o o o o o ooo oo o o o o ~ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o m~ o

--o . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
& ~ o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
. o . . o . o . . . o o o , . o o , . . . o . . . o . . -o . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3 ~Oo
. . . . . o . . . . . . . . o o o . . o o o . . o o. •
0

0 *" . o
0

o o . o . o 0 o o o 0 o o o . o o o o o o . o o ~ o ~ o
o ~ o ~ - ~ w ~ o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . o. o . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
7.7~7777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. 7 7 ~ I - 7 V ................... . . . .

lo

• . . . . . . . . . . . o o o o . . o . o o o . . • oo o0 o0 . o o o o . o o o . o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o * * * * o o o o o o . o , o o oo .

- o . . . . . . . o o o o c o o o o o o o o c o o o o o -o o . . . . . . . o o o o o o oo ¢ ~ o o ~ o o o o o c - o o . . . . . . . o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o o c
. . . * * o o o . , o , . . o , o . o . . . . o o . . . o . . . o . . o .. o . . . o . . . . o . . . . o . . . oo * * . . . . o. o . . . . o . . . . o - - . o - - -

-o
* * * * . . . , . * , . , , . , . . * * . * * * o •

o~

- o o . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o --oc . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 7
. o . o . . . . . . o . . * * o * * o o o o . o . . . o B
o . . . . . . o o . . . . o . . . . o . . . . . . . . -
o ~ o o o o - o o o ~ ~ . . . . .
o ~ - - ~ w ~ w o ~ - - ~ o ~ ~ - - o ~
........ ~ . . . . . ~. . o. . ~ . . ~ . -. . .o. ~ g
o~
o
o o o . o o . o o o o o o o o o o . o o o o o o o o o o oo .oo . . . oo . o . o .o . o o o . . . . . . . o
.o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- o o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - o o . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
o~ ~ -........
~ - . - _ : - J - - i - .CC~oc . . . . . .
. . . . . CCCCooo ....
.ocooo

0
oA

o o o . . o . . o o oo oo o . o • • . oo o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - o o . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3
... 2--...-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,<
. . . . . . . -% . . . . . . . . . ~ .... "'t'-"
...... o oO . . . . . . .
o

~o

. . . . . . . -...- .%.--.. %---. L-.Lo . o . o o * * o o o oo o o o . R . • • . l • • o , o •

- o o . . . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - o o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - o o . . . . . . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o B
$ o . . o o . . o . o . o . . . . o o . . o o o o . o oo oo o . . o . . . , o . , . . , o o . o o o o . o o

~o
~
o

"t%'~% .... tt'~%'% .... ~ ....

. . . . . . . . . - - ' - . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . 15
216 M. G. Daries

"Fable 2--continued

m(yz/oJ =o.63o
p (yz/o) { DEG) = 0 I5 30 4 t- 60 .'5 90

r re(y/o) p{y/a) m(yl/o) p(y /c~) r e ( y / a ) p ( y l / o ) ,(y/a) p(y~/o) m(yl/a) p(y/~) m(y /o) p(yl/o) m(yl/o) p(y/o)

0)300 0,63~ 017 0.630 15.0 0)630 30,I) 0,630 4~)U 0)630 60,) 0)630 ?5,0 0)630 90.0
0,002 C1629 0)~ O,b~O 15.2 C,630 30)2 0,63] 45.1 0,632 60)0 0.632 7510 0)633 89e9
0,005 ~,82 ~ 0*6 0.629 1516 0)631 3014 0.633 4~e3 0)635 60ol 0)636 74,9 01637 89l 7
O)OlO 0.625 1)3 0)628 ]611 C,632 30,5 0)639 45,5 0=639 bOl2 0.642 74,8 0e644 89e5
Or020 0,620 2,6 0,627 1712 C1635 3],7 0=642 46,0 0.649 60)4 0+654 74)7 0e655 89)0
0.050 0=607 6)4 0.625 20.4 0*643 34.0 0)66[ 4T.5 0.877 60)8 0.690 74.] 0,700 57)4
0)I00 0.594 ]2.7 0,627 25,4 0,660 37)5 0,692 49,4 0)722 hi,[ 0)747 72,9 00766 04.6
0.]50 0,589 ]0)6 0)635 29,9 6,650 40,5 0=724 50,8 0)765 6[,[ 0)802 71,5 0*833 82,Z
0)200 0.592 24.1 0)648 33.9 0.702 43.0 0.755 51)9 0.805 60,8 0.852 69.9 0.894 79)5
0,250 ~)601 290[ 01664 37,3 C,725 45)I 0.785 52.7 0.843 60.3 0.899 68e3 01951 76) T
0,300 0$616 33,5 0.6~4 40.3 C,750 46,5 0,8[4 53,~ 0,875 59)7 0)941 66)5 [.002 73.9
0)350 9.634 37)3 0)705 42.~ 0)774 401] 0.842 53.4 0.9[0 58.9 0)979 64.7 [1048 7].Z
0,400 0)656 40,6 0,728 44.9 0,796 40.] 0)868 53=4 0,939 58,0 I101] 82,9 1,086 68.4
0145 C 0.68t 43,3 0,752 46=5 U1822 4o)g 0.892 53)3 0)964 5710 ],0)9 b[,I 1,][8 8517
0,500 0)705 45.5 0)775 47. 9 0,845 50)4 0.914 53,] 0=986 56.0 [)06[ 59)3 [,[42 63.2
0,600 0,755 4817 0,623 4917 0,887 50¢9 01952 52,3 ].020 54,0 I1093 56,0 I1173 58,4
0)700 0,809 50=5 0.867 50.6 0,923 50,8 0,901 ~I,3 1,042 52.0 1,108 53.0 l)181 54,3
0.8CG 0,~57 5[14 0.906 ~0,~ C,954 50.4 1.003 50.Z ].054 50,3 I,][] 50,4 1,174 50.9
0)900 0.900 5]15 0)939 50.6 0=977 40.~ 1.017 49.2 ].059 4517 ],]05 48)4 ~)[~6 461~
],00 ~ 0,936 51)2 0,966 50,I 6,995 40, I 1,02b 46,2 I1058 471~ [=094 46,8 I,[34 46,2
],200 0195~ 4915 ],001 48o6 110]~ 4706 1)03] 48.0 I1047 45,7 [)066 44,8 ])067 43.9
],40~ ],014 4~12 ].0i8 4712 |~022 46,4 ],028 45.5 1,032 44, 7 ],039 43)9 ],047 43,1
])600 ~.CZ4 46)7 ].02[ 46.] |)U20 4515 1.019 44)9 1.015 44)4 ]1019 43e8 1.020 431]
],630 ],023 45,7 ])O]S 45) 4 I1014 45,0 1.011 44.7 [)008 44)3 ],006 44)0 ],004 43,5
2.000 J)017 45.1 ],0]3 45. 0 1.w09 44.5 [.005 44.6 ].002 44)5 0)999 44.3 0)996 44. 0
2.508 ].034 44.7 [)002 44.U [)001 440R 0.999 4405 0)998 44)9 0)996 44.9 0)994 44.9
310~0 0.990 44.9 0.9o9 44.9 0.990 4419 0.999 45.0 0.999 4510 0)998 4510 0.998 45.1
4,000 }ICOC 45*0 1,0~0 45.0 ],LIO0 45,:3 I,O00 45)0 !.000 45,0 [)000 45)0 J)O00 45)0

.(y/a) = I.ooo

3.C00 .I.£OG 0.0 1.000 ]5o0 I*O00 30.0 ].OoO 4510 1.000 60)0 |)000 75.0 leO00 90.0
0.002 0.997 0)2 0.908 151] 0.999 30el I1000 45.0 |)00 ] 59)9 ])OOZ 74e9 ])003 89e8
0.005 0.993 0.4 0.995 [5)3 0)997 30el [.000 45)0 11003 59.9 1.005 74.7 [)007 89)6
O)OIC 0.986 0.8 0)900 15,b 0,995 30,3 I1000 45.0 ],005 59,7 l.OlO 74)4 I)014 89,2
0,020 0)973 l,& 0.9~1 16,] 0,990 30,6 ])000 45,0 |,010 59)4 1,020 73,9 1,028 88e4
0.050 0.936 4.1 0.955 1719 0)977 31.5 1.000 45)0 [.024 58)5 1.047 72e1 1.068 85e9
O.]OC 0)586 5.] 0.920 20.7 u.950 32=9 [.000 45.0 ]e043 5711 [)087 69=3 ])|29 8])9
0)15C 0.546 ]2,1 0,893 23.5 0,944 34.3 I.O00 45)0 ],059 55,7 1,[20 66,5 ],]82 77,9
O=2oC 0,8[6 16=0 0,873 26,1 0,934 35)7 1,000 45.0 !,071 54)3 I)I46 63,9 11226 74, 0
0,250 0.794 19.~ 0.555 28.T 0.9Z7 37)0 [)000 45.0 1)079 53,0 11165 6113 1,259 70.2
0)300 0)77~ 23)4 0.849 3[.1 0,922 35,2 1)000 45,0 ])086 51)8 ])]78 58e9 1,283 66e6
0,350 0,771 26.~ 0,844 33.3 U.919 3q,3 [)000 45.0 1,088 50e7 I1105 56)7 1,297 63,2
0,400 0,705 39)0 0.842 35.3 U,919 40,3 1.000 45.0 [,088 49=7 [,1~5 54,7 1,302 60,0
0)450 0)769 32.5 0,843 37.2 0,920 41,2 [,000 45)0 1,087 48,6 l.[86 52)8 1,300 57,2
0.560 0.774 35,4 0)847 3819 U)922 4210 l)O00 45.0 1,085 45)0 [,180 5],] I1292 54,6
01600 0.792 39.5 0.860 41.6 U.929 4314 [.000 45.0 ].077 4616 1)163 48)4 1.263 50.2
017~C 0.~]7 43.9 0.876 43.7 0.938 44.4 1)000 45.0 ].066 45,6 [)]39 46.3 ].224 47.0
01600 0.~46 45.3 0.~07 45.2 0.948 45)[ I)000 45.0 ].0~5 44=9 ].][4 44,8 1)182: 44)7
0,90 C 31875 46.~ 0,917 4612 0)958 45.6 1,000 4610 ],043 44.4 ],090 43.8 |)143 43)2
I.OQ~ 0.903 47.7 0)936 46.7 0.968 45.8 1.000 45)0 ])033 44.2 ]1085 43.3 1.107 42)3
11200 0.951 48.2 0i966 47)[ 0*984 46.0 l.O00 45)0 1~016 44=0 1.033 42*9 [.052 41i8
].400 0.983 47.7 0.989 46.8 C1995 4509 11000 45)0 11005 44)[ [.0[] 43)2 ])0] 7 42.3
I1600 1,032 46,9 [.001 46)2 ~[,00| 45.6 leO00 45,0 0,999 44,4 0,999 43,8 0*995 43)l
11900 ].Olv 4512 11007 45.6 1.003 45=4 ].UOO 45.0 01997 44.6 0.994 4402 0)990 43)8
2)000 J,0[2 4518 leO07 45)4 ]0004 45,2 I,000 45=0 0)996 4418 0,993 44.6 0,989 44.4
2,500 ~.CC5 44)9 ])003 44.9 ],002 45.0 ].UO0 45.0 0.998 45)0 0,997 451l 0,995 45)l
3.000 1.001 44.9 11000 44.9 11000 45)0 ])O00 45)0 1,000 45.0 ])000 45)] 0)999 45.~
4*000 ~100~ 45,0 [%000 45. 0 14000 45.0 ])QO0 45,0 [)000 45,0 |,000 45,0 I,000 45,0

m(yz/o) = 1.688

9.000 I=600 0,0 ]1000 15, 0 [,600 30",0 i,600 45)0 ])600 6000 ])600 75,0 ].bOO 90)0
0)002 1.593 0)[ [,504 15.0 [)595 30)0 I)597 44.9 I)599 59,6 [,601 74)8 [.603 69.7
0=005 [,5BZ 0)3 I)565 ]5,[ ]*588 20,9 1.59Z 4417 ],597 5q,6 1.60Z 74, 4 1*607 89, 4
0.010 1.565 0)5 [)569 I5.Z ].576 Z018 [.554 44.5 1.594 591] ]1604 73)9 [.614 88)7
0)020 ].53[ ].0 1)540 15)3 1,553 2~,6 [,569 43)9 1)587 58=3 I)807 72e8 [.627 67)4
~1050 ].439 2)5 ].4~0 [5)9 1.488 20.2 1.524 42.5 [°566 55)9 [,8]2 69e6 [=660 83)5
0.100 1,31] 5,1 ].347 17.l ])394 28)8 ].454 ¢0.5 ],524 52,4 ].605 64,5 I1696 77.Z
01150 1,207 7,8 ],254 18, 4 1.315 28,8 1.389 39.] 1.478 49=4 [)584 60*0 [)708 71.2
0=200 1.]24 ]0.4 ].179 70.0 [.248 20.1 [.33 I 38)0 [.43[ 4&*9 [)552 5b*0 1*&98 65. 7
0,250 1,056 13,2 [,117 21,b 1,191 2o)b 1.279 37)2 ],384 44,6 ],5|2 52*5 ])57] b0.7
0.300 1.002 ]b,O [,068 23.4 11143 30.2 l)232 36)7 1.339 43,1 11488 49.5 ]*630 56.3
0,350 0.958 -18)7 1.025 25.2 I,IOZ 3],d I.]91 36.5 I1296 41,8 1,422 47)0 1t561 52,5
0=400 0~924 2 1 . 5 0.992 27, 0 1,088 31.9 1,[55 36,4 1,256 40*8 1,377 45=0 [,528 49,2
0,45.3 ~.897 241i G,965 25)6 ],040 32*9 ],]23 36=6 ]1219 4 0 e O [,333 43,3 ~,4?4 46,5
0,500 ~,877 26.7 0)944 30,6 ])016 33,9 11096 38,8 1,186 39)5 1.291 42,0 1.420 44.3
0.600 ~1554 3|)5 0,9]8 33)9 0,982 35,9 [.051 37,6 ],]29 39)0 1,21b 40*2 1)321 41,2
0,700 0,847 35)6 0)903 3819 00960 37.9 11019 38,6 1,083 39.1 1.[54 39)3 [,236 39)3
0.600 ~.652 39.0 0.901 39)5 0.948 3o.7 0.997 39)7 ].049 39*5 1.104 39.1 I)166 38.5
0)900 0.865 41)7 0)905 4115 0)944 41e2 0.903 40e7 ].023 40.1 [.065 39.4 ll]lO 3804
~)00 G 0,6~Z 43)7 0.914 43.2 0)945 42.5 0)974 4[)7 1,004 40,9 I)035 39.9 [,067 38, 7
1,200 0,92~ 46.l 0)938 45,2 0*954 44.3 0)970 43,4 0)984 42,4 0,998 4[,3 1,013 40,I
].400 0,955 46)9 0)962 46.~ 0.969 4503 d1974 44.5 C.978 43.6 0)982 42.8 0)985 4115
1,600 0,9~0 46.q 0.98] 461Z 0.982 45)6 0)981 45.] 0.981 44)5 0)9?9 43)9 0.977 43i3
~1800 0.996 46.5 0)994 46)] Ueq92 45.7 0.969 45)3 C0956 45.0 0.982 44)6 0)9?8 44.3
2)000 1.004 . 4 6 . 0 1.001 4517 01998 45i5 0.994 45.4 0.991 4602 0.987 45* 0 0e 983 44.9
2,50~ ] . C ' 0 6 45)] ~.004 45.1 /,003 45,1 [,001 45)2 0)999 45)2 0,998 45)2 0*996 45)3
3)003 1,002 44=9 ],002 45)0 1)00 I 45.U 1,00[ 45)0 1)00[ 45)1 I,O0[ 45,[ 1)001 45,]
4)000 l.COd~ 45.0 l.O00 45.0 l.uO0 45)0 1.000 45.0 11000 45.0 1.000 45.0 1.000 45.B
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220 M. G. Davies

example p(y~) for the concrete, and so p(y2/a) for
the wood equals 45 '~, one of values for which the
tables have been computed. A further process of
interpolation is needed ifp(y2/a) is not near one of
the computed values.) Hence at the surface of the
wooden blocks, m(y0 = 5.25 W/m 2 deg C, greater
than the value provided by a thick layer of wood,
and less than the exposed concrete, p(y~) = 19~-° so
that the combination provides a largely real admit-
tance (i.e. its impedance is mainly resistive).
The convective heat transfer between air and the
surfaces of a room varies considerably but a value
of 2.8 W/m 2 deg C is often assumed. The artificial
value h, to be used when finding environmental
admittance is thus 2 . 8 x 3 = 8.4 W/m 2 deg C
(equations (8), (9) and (13)). Considering now the
"environmental film", y2/h = (5.25/8.4, 19½°) and
from figure 2, y~/h = (0.39, 12°) so that the environ-
mental admittance Ye = Yl = (3-3 W/m e deg C,
12°).
The value of Ye given for "concrete and wood
blocks" in reference 2 is 3.0 W/m E deg C, obtained
by E. Danter, using an electrical analogue com-
puter[4]. The present value accords with it. At the
same time, the present value ofp(y¢) = 12° shows
Ye to be largely real so justifying the BRS procedure
of lumping all admittances together irrespective of
phase, but noting that environmental temperature
will lag about an hour behind the phase of the heat
input.
7. S U M M A R Y
The thermal admittance of some composite con-
struction is defined to be the ratio of the sinusoid-
ally varying heat flux across its boundary surface to
the corresponding (sinusoidal) temperature varia-
tion. Alternatively, the admittance may be based on
the temperature variation outside the adjacent air
fihn, or indeed upon any linear combination of
surface and air temperatures.
The admittance may be wholly real (q and T in
phase), when an air film alone is considered, wholly
imaginary (q leading T by one quarter of a cycle,
61l for daily variations) for a thermally thin layer of
material insulated on the rear face, and in general
will be complex.
The chart and tables presented here will allow
the thermal admittance of a construction to be
computed, once the thickness and thermal proper-
ties of the several layers are known. The degree of
labour is not vastly greater than that of finding the
thermal transmittance (U-value) of the construction.
The starting conditions are :
(a) For an outside wall, the first layer is an air
film beyond which there is no temperature
variation; T2 = 0. Then from equation (5),
Y2 (slab) = Yl (air film) = (ho, 0).
(b) For an internal partition wall, and when
thermal conditions are symmetrical about the
central plane, q2 = 0 and Y2 = 0 and the
admittance of the semi thickness of the central
slab is given by equation (27b).
(c) For a solid floor, we have to assume, as in the
worked example, that the floor is infinitely
thick and no Y2 is required. Its admittance is
then given by equation (26b).
A further paper will demonstrate how use is made
of the surface admittance of the walls of an enclo-
sure, together with radiative, convective and ventila-
tion exchanges, to compute the amplitudes and
phases of temperature within the enclosure when
subjected to a sinusoidally varying heat input or
variation in outside air temperature.

REFERENCES
1. A. G. LOUDONand F. J. LANGDON,Discomfort in schools from overheating in summer.
J. Instn Heat. Vent. Engrs, 37, 265 (1970).
2. A . G . LOUDON,Summertime temperatures in buildings without air conditioning. J. Instn
Heat. Vent. Engrs, 37, 280 (1970).
3. N.S. BILUNGTON,ThermalProperties of Buildings, p. 51. Cleaver-Hume (1952).
4. A.G. LOUDON,Private communication.

On d6veloppe une procAdure pour calculer l'admettance thermique, le rapport de la

composante sinusoidale du flux de chaleur ~ la surface d'une construction de bfitiment
~t la variation correspondante de temp6rature au mSme lieu. On pr6sente une carte
et des tableaux pour permettre le calcul du changement d'admettance r6sultant de
l'addition d'une couche (ou d'une pellicule d'air) ~t une construction existante
d'admettance connue.

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der W/irmeaufnahme entwickelt, dem Ver-
h~iltnis des sinusfiSrmigen Bestandteils des W/irmeflusses an der Oberttfiche irgendeiner
Baukonstruktion zu der entsprechenden Anderung der Temperatur an dieser Stelle.
Es wird eine graphische Dartsellung mit Tabellen gebracht, um Berechnung der
Anderung der Aufnahme zu ermSglichen, welche vorkommt, wenn eine Schicht (oder
ein Luftfilm) zu einem vorher bestehenden Bau mit bekannter Aufnahme hinzugefiigt
wird.