2: (a) The sentence “The television drank my water” is semantically odd because it has no logical

or grammatical sense. The television is an inanimate object and cannot drink water. Additionally,
the structure of the sentence is not congruent with standard grammar.
(b) The sentence “His dog writes poetry” is semantically odd for similar reasons. Dogs are also
inanimate and cannot write poetry. The structure of the sentence is also incongruent with
standard grammar.
Overall, both sentences are semantically odd and do not make sense in a natural language
context.
3:
1. Anne Marshall: Subject
2. her new golf club: Object
3. the ball: Direct Object
4. the woods: Location
5. the grassy area near the hole: Location
6. suddenly: Adverb
7. she: Subject
The sentence describes a situation where Anne Marshall uses her new golf club to strike a ball
outside a golf course into a grassy area near a hole. The sudden feeling of invincibility implies a
positive emotional outcome for Anne.
4: a) damp/moist: The lexical relation between the words “damp” and “moist” is synonym. Both
words have a meaning that is similar to “wet,” and they can be used interchangeably in many
contexts.
(b) deep/shallow: The lexical relation between the words “deep” and “shallow” is antonym. The
words have opposite meanings: “deep” means “far from the surface,” while “shallow” means
“close to the surface”.
(C ) furniture/table: The lexical relation between “furniture” and “table” is type/subtype.
5: a) absent/present: The opposites “absent” and “present” are non-gradable, as one can only be
fully present or fully absent. There is no such thing as “half-absent” or “slightly present.”
© fail/ pass: The opposites “fail” and “pass” are gradable, as one can fail by a small amount or
pass by a small amount. It is also possible to fail at one topic but pass at another.
€ fill it/ empty it: The opposites “fill it” and “empty it” are gradable and non-
6:The underlined words in (b) and (d) are metonymy. In (b), “shoulder” is used as a substitute for
the part of the road next to the edge or the pavement. In (d) “title” is used as a substitute for a
book or its content, which implies that the bookstore has new books in linguistics. The other
underlined words are examples of polysemy.

Tasks
A: Peter Mark Roget (1778-1869) was a British physician who is known for his contributions to
the study of lexical relations, or the associations between words in a language. Roget is best
known for creating the “Roget’s Thesaurus”, a reference book that groups together synonyms
and similar words. The thesaurus is organized according to lexical features such as connotation
and connotation, which allows users to quickly find words with similar senses or meanings.
Roget’s work has been a significant influence on the study of lexical relationships and semantics.

B:Metonymy and metaphor are both semantic concepts that involve the association of words
with concepts or meanings. However, there are significant differences between the two.
Metonymy is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of one concept for another; for
example, saying “head” instead of “brain” would be a metonymy. Metaphor, on the other hand, is
a figure of speech that involves the comparison or substitution of one concept for another in such
a way that the replacement has symbolic or figurative meaning. For example, saying “she was a
bird" to describe someone who was lightweight would be a metaphor.
C:
Big/small: big is the marked adjective, meaning “of considerable size or strength” and is the
opposite of small, meaning “of small size or weakness.”
Empty/full: empty is the marked adjective, meaning “having little or no contents” and is the
opposite of full, meaning “having contents.
Expensive/inexpensive: expensive is the marked adjective, meaning “costing a considerable
amount” and is the opposite of inexpensive, meaning “costing a small amount.”