SKM ETAP EDSA Power System Analysis Tutorials PDF

SKM, ETAP, & EDSA
Power System Analysis

Tutorials
Introduction to popular power system simulation
software with load flow and short-circuit
analysis examples
STEPHEN P. TUBBS
SKM, ETAP, & EDSA
Power System Analysis
Tutorials
Introduction to popular power system simulation

software with load flow and short-circuit
analysis examples
for Electrical Engineers and

Technicians
Stephen P. Tubbs, P.E.

formerly of the
Pennsylvania State University,
currently an
industrial consultant
Copyright 2009 by Stephen P. Tubbs
1344 Firwood Dr.
Pittsburgh, PA 15243
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
NOTICE TO THE READER
The author does not warrant or guarantee any of the products, equipment, or software
described herein or accept liability for any damages resulting from their use.
The reader is warned that electricity and the construction of electrical equipment are
dangerous. It is the responsibility of the reader to use common sense and safe electrical and
mechanical practices.
AMD Athlon XP is a trademark owned by American Micro Devices, Inc.
AutoCAD is a trademark owned by Autodesk, Inc.
CAPTOR, DAPPER, Power*Tools for Windows, PTW, and SKM are trademarks owned
by SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
DesignBase, EDSA, and Paladin are trademarks owned by EDSA Micro Corporation.
ETAP is a trademark owned by Operation Technology, Inc.
Intel Pentium III, Intel Pentium 4, and Intel Xeon are trademarks owned by Intel
Corporation.
Microsoft - Access, Excel, Internet Explorer, NET Framework, Server, Vista , Windows,
XP Home , and XP Professional are trademarks owned by the Microsoft Corporation.
PSpice is a trademark owned by Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America and United Kingdom.
ISBN 978-0-9819753-0-6
Ill
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTR0 DUCTI0 N--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
1.0 MANUAL ANALYSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 PER-UNIT/PERCENT SYSTEM-------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1.1 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.1.2 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A TWO TRANSFORMER SINGLE-

PHASE CIRCUIT--------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.1.3 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A BALANCED THREE-PHASE

TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT---------------------------------------------------7
1.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS----------------------------------------------------- 8
1.3 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYSED MANUALLY---------------------------------- 8
1.3.1 COMPONENT DATA--------------------------------------------------------- 9
1.3.2 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------- 16
1.3 .3 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS----------------------------- 18
1.3.4 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, LINE-TO-

GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT AT THE MOTOR INPUT--------------- 21
1.4 MANUAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS REFERENCES----------------------------------- 24
2.0 SKM--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
2.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY SKM--------------------------------------------------- 25
2.2 OBTAINING SKM------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

IV
2.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SKM 6.5------------------------ 29
2.4 SKM DEMO LIMITATIONS------------------------------------------------------------ 30
2.5 SKMTRAINING AND TUTORIALS-------------------------------------------------- 30
2.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE SKMDEMO----------------------------- 30
2.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH SKM------------------------------------ 31
2.7.1 SETTING UP THE SKM DEMO FOR USE ON THE

SYSTEM OF FIGURE 1-3-1------------------------------------------------- 31
2.7.2 CREATING A ONE-LINE DIAGRAM------------------------------------ 32
2.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS---------------------------- 48
2.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS------------------------ 52
2. 8 SKM REFERENCES---------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
3.0 ETAP-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
3.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY ETAP-------------------------------------------------- 60
3.2 0 BTAININ G ETAP----------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
3.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR ETAP 6.0 ---------------------- 67
3.4 ETAP DEMO LIMITATIONS----------------------------------------------------------- 68
3.5 ETAP TRAINING AND TUTORIALS------------------------------------------------- 68
3.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE ETAP DEMO---------------------------- 69
3.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH ETAP----------------------------------- 69
3.7.1 SETTING UP THE ETAP DEMO FOR USE ON THE SYSTEM

OF FIGURE 1-3-1--------------------------------------------------------------- 69
.
v
3.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS---------------------------- 86
3.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT.ANALYSIS------------------------ 90
3.8 ETAP REFERENCE----------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
4.0 EDSA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
4.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY EDSA-------------------------------------------------- 99
4.2 OBTAINING PALADIN DESIGNBASE----------------------------------------------- 101
4.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR

PALA DIN DESIGNBASE 2.0 ----------------------------------------------------------- 102
4.4 PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRIAL VERSION LIMITATIONS--------------------- 102
4.5 PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRAINING AND TUTORIALS------------------------- 102
4.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRIAL

VE RSI 0 N----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103
4.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH PALADIN DESIGNBASE----------- 104
4.7.1 CREATING AJOB FILE AND DRAWING FILE FOR USE

ON THE SYSTEM OF FIGURE 1-3-1------------------------------------- 104
4.7.3 POWER-FLOW AN AL YSIS------------------------------------------------- 114
4.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS----------------------------- 131
4.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS------------------------- 135
4.8 PALADIN DESIGNBASE REFERENCES---------------------------------------------- 143

VI
5.0 MISCELLANEOUS------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 144
5.1 POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION SOFTWARE DATA TIPS--------------------- 144
5.2 DIFFERENT RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT ANALYSES------------------------ 144
5.3 COMMON POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS STEPS---------------------------------- 145
5.4 WHAT DOES THE SOFTWARE COST?---------------------------------------------- 145
5.5 OTHER POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAMS------------------------------ 146
5. 6 SPICE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146
vii
INTRODUCTION
Modem power system analysis is done with computers. Today, engineering firms often own
several different power system analysis programs, so that they can meet different customer' s
requirements. Manual analysis is now only an academic pursuit, good for understanding what is
happening in systems, but too slow and error prone for all but the smallest systems.
The object of this book is to teach the beginner the basics of three popular power system
analysis programs. These programs are designed to simulate and analyze electrical power generation
and distribution systems in normal operation and in short-circuit. The programs also have many add-
on options like protection selection, arc flash analysis, transmission line sag & tension, raceway
calculations, transient motor starting, etc. The programs have Demo (demonstration or trial) versions
to allow people to tryout and learn about them. This book provides the engineer and technologist
with information needed to use the Demo versions of SKM, ETAP, and EDSA for load flow and
short-circuit analysis. The beginner learns how to use them on a small, but realistic, three-phase
power system. The information gained is similar to that which students pay for in company-taught
"Introduction to ... "courses. However, with this book, the student avoids paying tuition, learns at
times of his own convenience, and can compare the different programs.
Of course, the programs have different strengths. For example, some have analysis
capabilities that others do not have. However, they all do the same basic analyses and all three
programs are good, or they would not be here. At the beginning of each program's section,
information from each program' s sales literature, sales staff, and web pages is presented. The
information each company presents is designed to persuade the reader that its product is the best.
The author makes no conclusion that one program is better than another and will neither confirm nor
deny any of this sales information. The reader should contact the companies and determine for
himself which product is best for his needs and budget.
In this book, load flow (power-flow) and short-circuit analyses are done on a small steady-
state three-phase power system with manual methods. Then, each program is used to carry out the
same analyses. Since in practice, three-phase systems are the most often analyzed, only three-phase
systems will be considered in this book. The DC and single-phase capabilities of the programs will
not be considered.
vm
The person using this book should already have an analytical electrical background.
Academically, he should be educated to at least the level of a university two-year electrical
engineering technology program. The knowledge required for the analysis of power systems varies. If
the same type of system is being analyzed over and over, then a person would not need a great deal
of electrical training. Once the first simulation was done correctly, he would just be repeating the
same procedure and seeing similar results. However, for unusual systems, the programs cannot be
relied on to automatically produce correct results. In those cases a person with more extensive
training and/or experience should interpret the programs' results.
Stephen Tubbs, P.E.

1.0 MANUAL ANALYSIS
An example system is presented that is simple enough to be manually analyzed, but
complicated enough to be useful for demonstrating power system analysis programs.
This section is meant to be more of a review than a tutorial. Understanding it is necessary to

understand the data input to the power system analysis programs and to understand how those
programs are working. If the reader has never used the per-unit/percent system he should study a
book like Power System Analysis by Grainger et. al. See the references in Section 1.4. If the reader
has no background in symmetrical components and wishes to do unbalanced short-circuit analyses,
he should also study a book like Power System Analysis.
1.1 PER-UNIT/PERCENT SYSTEM
Power systems with transformers are often analyzed with impedances, voltages, and currents
expressed in the per-unit system. The major reason the per-unit system is used is to eliminate the
primary side to secondary side transformer effective impedance, voltage, and current conversions that
would have to be put into the calculations. Another benefit of the per-unit system is that experienced
users can often quickly recognize an incorrect per-unit value. For example, power transformers
usually have similar per-unit impedances, regardless of their voltage and power rating.
The percent system is practically the same thing as the per-unit system. Percent values can be
converted to per-unit values by simply dividing them by 100. Many equipment manufacturers provide
percent rather than per-unit values. In the example problem, some equipment specifications will be
given in percent values. In the manual analysis section of the book, the percent values will be
converted to per-unit values. Then calculations will be done with the per-unit values. The unit "pu" is
sometimes placed after per-unit variables.
The major problems with the per-unit system are that a user may input incorrect per-unit
values into his analysis or may incorrectly convert per-unit values back to actual values.
To determine per-unit values, base values in real units, i.e. n, volts, etc. are needed. These
base values need to be carefully chosen.
Per-unit value= (Actual value)/(Base value)

2 ---MANUAL ANALYSIS
1.1 .1 PER-UNIT VALUES FOR A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT
Figure 1-1-1-1 shows an equivalent circuit of an ideal single phase ideal transformer with a
source and load.
V f'\.; RMT1 XMT1 VlP V2S R
Figure 1-1-1-1 Transformer circuit with magnetizing resistance and impedance. Transformer
impedances are reflected to the primary side.
To simplify power circuit calculations, the magnetizing resistance and impedance are usually
ignored as shown in Figure I- I-I-2. The elimination of magnetizing impedances causes inaccurate
results with unloaded transformer circuits but is usually accurate enough for fully loaded transfom1ers
or transformers having short-circuit faults. Magnetizing impedances will not be used in this book's
manual analyses.
V f'\.; V1P V1S R
Figure 1-1-1-2 Transformer circuit without magnetizing resistance and impedance. Transformer
impedances are reflected to the primary side.
The circuit of Figure I- I- I-2 is converted to one with per-unit values.
Actual values:
V =source voltage (V m1S)

VIP= transfom1er primary winding rated input voltage (V rms)
VIS= transformer secondary winding rated output voltage (V rms)
SI =apparent power capability of the transformer Tl (VA)
RLl = source and line resistance (f!)
XLI =source and line inductive impedance (f!)
MANUAL ANALYSIS--- 3
RT! = transformer series resistance reflected to the primary side (Q)

XTI = transformer series inductive impedance reflected to the primary side (Q)
RL2 = line resistance on the transformer secondary side (Q)
XL2 = line inductive impedance on the transformer secondary side (Q)
R = load resistance (Q)
Base values are arbitrarily chosen. To make per-unit values close to one, usually they are
chosen to be the same as the rated values of part of the circuit. On this circuit they are taken from the
rated values of the transformer. They are:
VIP = transformer rated input voltage (V rms)
VIS = transformer rated secondary voltage (V rms)
SI = transformer rated apparent power (VA)
With these values, other per-unit bases can be calculated.
Calculated impedance base for the primary side is:

ZBASElP = (VlP)2/Sl (Q)
Calculated impedance base for the secondary side is:

ZBASEI S = (VlS)2/Sl (Q)
Calculated current base for the primary side is:

IBASEIP = S!NlP (amps rms)
Calculated current base for the secondary side is:

IBASElS = SlNIS (amps rrns)
From these the following per-unit values can be calculated:
V"', = VNIP =per-unit source voltage (pu)

RLl "', = RLl/ZBASElP = source resistance (pu)
XLlpu = XLl/ZBASElP =source inductive impedance (pu)
RT!pu = RTl/ZBASEI P =transformer series resistance (pu)
XTlpu = XTl/ZBASElP =transformer series inductive impedance (pu)
RL2"', = RL2/ZBASEIS =line resistance on secondary side of transformer (pu)
XL2pu = XL2/ZBASElS =line inductive in1pedance on secondary side of transformer (pu)
Rpu = R/ZBASElS =load resistance (pu)
Once per-unit values have been calculated they can be incorporated into a per-unit system
circuit. Notice how transformer isolation does not exist in the per-unit circuit. See Figure 1-1-1-3.
Figure 1-1-1-3 Per-unit transformer circuit.
The transformer circuit can now be solved with the simpler circuit of Figure 1-1-1-3. After
solution, the per-unit values of current, voltage, and power can be returned to actual values by
multiplying them by their appropriate bases.
1.1.2 PER-UNIT VALUES FOR A TWO TRANSFORMER SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM
Often a transformer is connected to another, each of them having their own per-unit bases. A
two transformer example is shown in Figure I-1-2-1.
V "v V1P V1S V2P V2S R
Figure 1-1-2-1 Transformer circuit with two transformers.
The values provided with Figure I-1-2-1 are:
V =source voltage (V rms)

RLI =source resistance (n)
XL!= source inductive impedance (n)
VIP= transformer Tl primary winding rated input voltage (V rms)

VIS= transformer Tl secondary winding rated output voltage (V rrns)
SI =rated apparent power capability of transformer Tl (VA)
RTI pubasel = transformer Tl series resistance reflected to the primary side (pu, using transformer
Tl as its base)
XTlpubasel =transformer Tl series inductive impedance reflected to the primary side (pu, using
transformer Tl as its base)
RL2 = line resistance on the secondary side of transformer Tl (0)

XL2 = line inductive impedance on the secondary side of transformer Tl (0)
V2P = transformer T2 primary winding rated input voltage (V rms)

V2S = transformer T2 secondary winding rated output voltage (V rms)
S2 = rated apparent power capability of transformer T2 (VA)
RT2pubase2 = transformer T2 series resistance reflected to the primary side (pu, using transformer
T2 as its base)
XT2pubase2 = transformer T2 series inductive impedance reflected to the primary side (pu, using
transformer T2 as its base)
R =load resistance (0)
The circuit ofFigure 1-1-2-1 is converted to one with per-unit values. See Figure 1-1-2-2.
RLI pu Xllpu R11 pu XTl pu RL 2 pu XL2 pu RT2 pu XT2 pu
v,"~"'"
Figure 1-1-2-2 Transformer circuit with two transformers. Values are in the per-unit system with
transformer Tl as the base.
The transformer Tl will be selected as the base for determining per-unit values throughout
the circuit. As in the one transformer example in Section 1.1 .1, the base values are:
VIP= transformer Tl primary winding rated input voltage (V rms)
VIS= transformer Tl secondary winding rated output voltage (V rms)
SI = transformer Tl rated apparent power (VA)
With these values, other per-unit bases can be calculated.
Calculated impedance base for the transformer Tl primary side is:

ZBASEIP = (VIP//SI (0)
Calculated impedance base for the transformer Tl secondary side is:

ZBASEIS = (VIS)2/SI (0)
With these bases, per-unit values can be found for the impedances and voltage source in
series with the input and output of the transfonner Tl . As with the single transfonner example of
I
Section 1.1.1:
Vpu = VNlP = per-unit source voltage (pu)

RLlpu = RLl/ZBASElP = source resistance (pu)
XLlpu = XLl/ZBASElP =source inductive impedance (pu)
RTlpu = Transfonner Tl per-unit resistance given with the transformer Tl data
XTlpu =Transformer Tl per-unit inductive impedance given with the transfonner Tl data
RL2pu = RL2/ZBASE1S =line resistance on secondary side of transformer Tl (pu)
XL2pu = XL2/ZBASE1 S = line inductive impedance on secondary side oftransfonner Tl (pu)
Per-unit values were given for the transfonner T2, but these values were calculated relative
to the transfonner T2 base. If the transfonners Tl and T2 do not have the same bases, then the T2-
based per-unit values given for the transfonner T2 should be converted to Tl -based per-unit values.
Impedance base used by the transfonner T2 per-unit values transfonner primary side is:
ZBASE2P = (V2P//S2 (Q)
Calculating the transfonner T2 primary side resistance to the base of the transformer Tl:
RT2pu = RT2pubasel = (RT2pubase2) (ZBASE2P)/(ZBASE1 S)
= (RT2pubase2) (V2P 2/S2)/(V1S 2/Sl) = (RT2pubase2) (V2PNIS) 2 (Sl/S2)
IfV2P = V 1S then RT2pu = (RT2pubase2) (S l /S2)
Calculating the transfonner T2 primary side inductive impedance to the base of the transfonner Tl :
XT2pu = XT2pubasel = (XT2pubase2) (ZBASE2P)/(ZBASE1S)
= (XT2pubase2) (V2P 2/S2)/(VlS 2/Sl) = (XT2pubase2) (V2PN1 S) 2 (Sl /S2)
IfV 1S = V2P then XT2pu = (XT2pubase2) (S l/S2)
The value for the load resistor, R, also needs to be converted to the per-unit base of the
transfonner T 1.
Rp" = R (V2PN2S) 2/ZBASE1S = R (V2PN2S)2/(VlS 2/Sl)
IfVlS = V2P then Rpu = R SlN2S2
After the circuit is solved with per-unit values, the per-unit currents and voltages will be
multiplied by their respective base values to get actual values.
1.1 .3 PER-UNIT VALUES FOR A BALANCED THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT
Balanced three-phase systems are easier to solve than unbalanced ones. Balanced three-phase
systems can be solved by using a single-phase equivalent circuit of one phase of the three-phase
system. Any balanced three-phase system can be converted to a single-phase equivalent circuit for
analysis purposes. However, the Y-Y three-phase transformer circuit is discussed here, since it is the
easiest to visualize as its single-phase equivalent. Figure l- I-3- I shows an example of a Y source
supplying a Y load via Y-Y connected transformers.
RUA XL1A R11A XT!A RL2A XL2A I

I
I
RA I
I
I
I
RUB XL1B Rl 1.B XT1B
RB
RL1C XLlC Rl1C XTJC
V1CP RC
Figure 1-1-3-1 Y source to Y-Y transformers to Y load circuit showing all three phases of a
balanced three-phase circuit. The portion of the circuit enclosed in a dashed rectangle, the A-phase,
can be solved in the same way as the single-phase circuit of Section I. I . I .
Per-unit values of one phase of a balanced Y-Y circuit are found as they were in Section
1.1.1.
Balanced Y-D., D.-Y, and D.-D. transformer circuits can be converted to Y-Y equivalents and
then per-unit values found for the equivalents. Note that a 30° phase shift occurs with Y-D. and D.- Y
transformer circuits. The magnitude calculations will be correct when Y-D. and D.-Y transformer
circuits are represented as Y-Y equivalents, but the phase shift will be different by 30°.
1.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Symmetrical components is a method of solving unbalanced poly-phase circuits. It is used in

manual calculations and in power system analysis programs. The method was developed by Dr.
C. L. Fortesque of the Westinghouse Corporation. He presented it in an AIEE (American Institute of
Electrical Engineers) paper in 1918.
Usually symmetrical components are used to analyze balanced three-phase systems that are
experiencing unbalanced short circuits. With extra effort and certain complications, symmetrical
components can also be used on unbalanced poly-phase circuits. However, this usually is not done.
When used to analyze unbalanced three-phase short circuits, a three-phase circuit is

converted into three single-phase sequence circuits. The single-phase circuits are called the positive
sequence circuit, negative sequence circuit, and zero sequence circuit. These circuits are then
combined in different configurations to produce results applicable to line-to-line, line-to-neutral, and
line-to-line-to-neutral short-circuit conditions.
Whole books and chapters of books have been written about the symmetrical components
method. If the reader will be doing only load flow and balanced short-circuit analysis, where the
three-phase system is balanced, then symmetrical components could be skipped. If three-phase
unbalanced short-circuit analysis is to be done, then the reader should learn the basics of symmetrical
components. See Section 1.4 for symmetrical components references.
In the following example the impedance suffix 1 means positive sequence, 2 negative
sequence, and 0 zero sequence. For instance, for cable LI, RLI lpu is the per-unit positive sequence
resistance, RL12pu is the per-unit negative sequence resistance, and RLlOpu is the per-unit zero
sequence resistance.
1.3 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED MANUALLY
An example is presented that manually analyzes the system of Figure 1-3-1 and the
equipment data that follows it to achieve the following goals:
a) Do a load flow analysis of the system during normal balanced full-load operation. In this determine
the main bus voltage and the currents through circuit-breaker Cl, circuit-breaker C2, and fuse Fl.
b) Do a short-circuit analysis of the system with balanced (bolted-fault) short circuits occurring at the
outputs of Cl, C2, and Fl.
c) Do a short-circuit analysis of the system with an unbalanced line-to-neutral short-circuit fault
occurring at the motor input. In this determine the maximum short-circuit current through the circuit
breaker Cl.
Tl
3800V~
)q~
MAIN BUS
)q)q
3800 v ' 480 v
x
FI
A. T2 kA
INDUCTION <BO V' ' IZO V
MOTOR M
STATIC
LOAD R
Figure 1-3-1 One-line diagram of the example system.
The solution of this problem requires the gathering of component data, the conversion of the
data to one per-unit base, entry of the per-unit data into equivalent circuit diagrams, solution of the
circuit diagrams, and conversion of the solution per-unit data back to actual values.
1.3. l COMPONENT DATA
There are many component values needed to analyze the system. These values are
manufacturer's equipment data, lengths of conductors, etc. This section will convert raw equipment
data and local base percent data to common base per-unit values that can be used in per-unit
equivalent circuits. Negative and zero sequence values apply only to symmetrical components
calculations. Positive sequence values are used in both balanced steady-state calculations and
symmetrical components calculations.
The base for per-unit calculations will be the transformer Tl rated voltages and power.
Note that care needs to be taken to not confuse line-to-line voltages and total power with
line-to-neutral voltages and phase power. To simplify calculations, most three-phase calculations will
use line-to-neutral voltages and phase powers (l/3 of total power) values.
I 0 ---MANUAL ANALYSIS
1.3. I.I Transformers
1.3.1.1.1 Transformer Tl
Transformer Tl will be used as the base for per-unit values throughout the system.
Supplied Raw Data

3 phase
60Hz
Y-Y connection with solidly grounded neutrals
Rated power capacity .6 MVA
Primary rated voltage 3.8 kV line-to-line
Secondary rated voltage .48 kV line-to-line
Positive sequence %RT11 = 1.73%
Positive sequence %XT1 1 = 1.52%
Negative sequence %RT12 = 1.73%
Negative sequence %XT12 = 1.52%
Zero sequence %RT10 = 1.73%
Zero sequence %XT10 = 1.52%
Calculated Per-Unit Impedances

RTl lpu = 1.73/100 = .0173
XTl l pu = 1.52/100 = .0152
RT12pu = 1.73/100 = .0173
XT12pu = 1.52/100 = .0152
RTlOpu= 1.73/100= .0173
XTlOpu = 1.52/100 = .0152
Base Values
Primary side line-to-line voltage = 3800 V rms
Primary side line-to-neutral voltage= VIP = 3800/(3) 112 = 2194 V rms
Secondary side line-to-line voltage= 480 V rms
Secondary side line-to-neutral voltage= VIS= 480/(3) 112 = 277.l V rms
Rated apparent power per phase = S1 = 60000013 = 200000 VA
Primary side line current = 200000/2194 = 91 .16 A rms
Secondary side line current = 200000/277 .1 = 721. 7 A rms
Primary side impedance = ZBASEIP = (2194) 2/200000 = 24.07 n
Secondary side impedance = ZBASElS = (277.1) 2/200000 = .3839 n
1.3.1.1.2 Transformer TI
Supplied Raw Data

3 phase
60Hz
Y-Y connection with the primary solidly grounded and the secondary neutral open
Rated power capacity = .090 MY A
Primary rated voltage 480 V rms line-to-line
Secondary rated voltage 120 V rms line-to-line
Positive sequence (base transformer TI) %RTII = 2.0%
Positive sequence (base transformer TI) %XTI 1 = 1.8%
Negative sequence (base transformer TI) %RTI2 = 2.0%
Negative sequence (base transformer TI) %XT22 = 1.8%
Zero sequence (base transformer TI) %RT20 = 2.0%
Zero sequence (base transformer T2) %XT20 = 1.8%
Base Values
Primary side line-to-line voltage = 480 V rms
Primary side line-to-neutral voltage = V2P = 480/(3) 112 = 277.1 V rms line-to-neutral
Secondary side line-to-line voltage = 120 V rms
Secondary side line-to-neutral voltage= V2S = 120/(3) 112 = 69.3 V rms line-to-neutral
Rated apparent power per phase = S2 = 9000013 = 30000 VA
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) Impedances (see Method in Section 1.1.2)
RT21 pu = (2.0/100)(200000/30000) = .1333
XT2 lpu = (1.52/100) (200000/30000) = .1013
RT22pu = (2.01100) (200000/30000) = .1333
XT22pu = (1.52/100) (200000/30000) = .1013
RT20pu = (2.0/100) (200000/30000) = .1333
XT20pu = ( 1.52/100) (200000/30000) = .1013
1.3.1.2 Source
1.3 .1.2.1 Source voltage
Assumed Phase Angle
The phase angle of the A-phase line-to-neutral source voltage (the phase used for
calculations) is assumed to be 0 degrees.
12 --MANUAL ANALYSIS
Supplied Raw Data

3 phase
60Hz
Y connection with a solidly grounded neutral
3.8 kV line-to-line
ABC sequence
Base Values
Output line-to-line voltage = 3800 V rms
Output line-to-neutral voltage= 3800/(3) 112 = 2194 V rms line-to-neutral
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) Voltage Value

vpu = 3800/3800 = 1.000
1.3.1.2.2 Source impedances
The source impedances include the line impedances to the transformer Tl.
Only steady-state impedance is used in these calculations. Short-term transient circuit

operation, which would require the use of transient and sub-transient impedances, will not be done
here.
Supplied Raw Data

60Hz
Positive sequence RS 1 = .2 n
Positive sequence XS 1 = .3 n
Negative sequence RS2 = .2 n
Negative sequence XS2 = .3 n
Zero sequence RSO = .1 n
Zero sequence XSO = .15 n
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) Impedances (see Calculation Method in Section
1.1.2)
RSlpu = .2/ZBASElP = .008310
XSlpu = .3/ZBASElP = .01246
RS2pu = .2/ZBASElP = .008310
XS2pu = .3/ZBASElP = .01246
RSOpu = .1/ZBASElP = .004155
XSOpu = .15/ZBASElP = .006232
1.3 .1.3 Line and Bus Impedances
1.3. 1.3. I Cables from source to circuit breaker Cl
These impedances are included with the source impedances. See Section 1.3.1.2.2.
1.3.1.3.2 Conductors from circuit breaker Cl to transformer Tl, bus bars from transformer Tl to
MAIN BUS, bus bars from MAIN BUS to circuit breaker C2, bus bars from MAIN BUS to fuse Fl,
and bus bars from fuse Fl to transformer T2
For all of these, the distances are short and the conductors large in cross-sectional area, so
their impedances are assumed to be zero.
1.3. 1.3.3 Cable Ll from circuit breaker C2 to motor M
Supplied Raw Data

Three-phase four wire
200 feet
A WG # 2/0 (.000078 Q/ft) used for all four wires
Inductive impedance per foot = .00003Q/ft. (closely spaced conductors)
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) impedances

RLl lpu = (.000078) (200)/ZBASElS = .04064
XLI lpu = (.00003) (200)/ZBASEIS = .01563
RL12pu = (.000078) (200)/ZBASElS = .04064
XL12pu = (.00003) (200)/ZBASElS = .01563
RLlOpu = (.000078) (200)/ZBASEI S = .04064
XLlOpu = (.00003) (200)/ZBASElS = .0 1563
1.3.1.3.4 Cable L2 from transformer T2 to static load R
Supplied Raw Data

Three-phase four wire
200 feet
A WG # 110 (.000098 Q/ft) used for all four wires
Inductive impedance per foot = .00003Q/ft. (closely spaced conductors)
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) impedances

2
RL2lpu = (.000098) (200) (277.1/69.28) /ZBASEIS = .8169
XL21pu = (.00003) (200) (277.1 /69.28)2/ZBASEIS = .2501
RL22"', = (.000098) (200) (277.1/69.28) 2/ZBASEIS = .8169
XL22pu = (.00003) (200) (277.1/69.28)2/ZBASEIS = .2501
RL20pu = (.000098) (200) (277.1/69.28)2/ZBASEIS = .8169
XL20pu = (.00003) (200) (277.1/69.28)2/ZBASEIS = .2501
1.3.1.4 Motor M
An induction motor in steady-state operation can be represented by an inductance in series

with a resistance. An accurate steady-state motor model would adjust a motor's effective impedance
as applied voltage and motor speed vary. A computer program using iterative methods would
probably be used to do the required calculations.
Here, to simplify the manual analysis, the induction motor will be represented by a fixed
inductance and resistance. The values of these will be calculated from the motor's steady-state full-
load power, rated voltage, rated power factor, and rated efficiency. The use of fixed inductance and
resistance values will result in some inaccuracy when the motor supply voltage is not at its rated
value. However, in this example problem, the results are sufficient.
Supplied Raw Data

3 phase
480 V rms line-to-line
250Hp
Y-Y connection with an isolated neutral
Service factor 1.0
92.86% efficiency at full-load
91.8% power factor at full-load
Calculated Y Equivalent Values at Full-load

Current into the motor at full-load:
I= [(250) (746)]/[(.9286) (.918) (3) 112 (480)] = 263.1 Arms
Effective positive sequence motor resistance per phase

RMI = [(480) (.918)]/[(3) 112 (263.1 )] = .9670 n
Effective positive sequence motor inductive impedance per phase

XMI =(.9670) {tan[arccos(.918)]} = .4177!1
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) Y Equivalent impedances at Full-Load
Effective motor resistance per phase

RMlpu = .9670/ZBASEIS = 2.519
RM2pu ~ RMI pc/I 0 = 2.519/l 0 = .25 19 <Note the Ill 0 factor is a rough estimate for
converting positive to negative sequence induction motor impedance. It assumes that the motor is
operating with close to 5% slip. See Wagner and Evans book, reference 2 of Section 1.4, for a more
detailed explanation.>
Effective motor inductive impedance per phase

XMlpu = .4177/ZBASEIS = 1.088
XM2pu = XMlpu = 1.088
Since the motor has an isolated neutral the RMOpu and XMOpu can both be assumed to be
infinite.
1.3 .1.5 Static Load R
Supplied Raw Data

3 phase
120 V rms line-to-line
30kW
Y connection with ungrounded neutral
100% power factor
Base Values
Input line-to-line voltage = 120 V rms
Input line-to-neutral voltage = 120/(3) 112 = 69.28 V rms line-to-neutral
Rated apparent power per phase 30000/3 = I 0000 VA
Calculated Y Equivalent Resistance Value
R = (69.28)2/10000 = .4800 0
Calculated Per-Unit (Base Transformer Tl) Y Equivalent Impedances
Rlpu = .4800(277.1/69.28)2/ZBASEIS = 20.01

R2pu = .4800(277.1/69.28)2/ZBASEI S = 20.01
ROpu = infinity, open circuit
16 -- MANUAL ANALYSIS
1.3 .2 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Load flow analysis is the determination of steady-state voltages, currents, and powers in the
balanced system. Figure 1-3-2-1 shows one phase of the system. This circuit is the same as the
positive sequence circuit that is used later in symmetrical components analysis. In the circuit values'
subscripts, the "l "s to the left of the "pu"s indicate positive sequence values. Unless otherwise stated,
voltages and currents refer to the A phase.
Phasor values will be represented by larger type bold characters. For example, V pu is a
phasor voltage that includes the voltage magnitude ofV"" and the angle ofV pu·
F1 RTelou XTcl pu RL clpu XL21 OU
RSlpu XS1pu Cl RTll pu XTllpu C2 RLllpu XLllpu
Rl pu
Figure 1-3-2-1 One phase of the example problem. This is also the symmetrical components
positive sequence diagram.
1.3.2. l Determining the Main Bus Voltage
Phasor values A , B, C, and D are used to simplify calculations.
A = RSl pu + XSlixJ + RTl l "" + XTl lixJ
= .008310 + .01246j + .0173 + .0152j = .03770 L 47.20°
B = RT21 "" + XT21p,j + RL21 pu+ XL21ixJ +RI""
= .1333 + .1013j + .8169 + .2501j + 20.01 = 20.96 L.9625°
C = RLl l pu + XLl lixJ + RMl pu + XMlixJ
= .04064 + .01563j + 2.519 + 1.088j = 2.787 L 23.32°

D = CB"I + c-1r1
= r
[(20.96.L'.'.:.9625°r 1+ (2.787 L'.'.'.'.: 23 .32°r 1 1= 2.480.L'.'.: 20.74°
Per unit voltage at the main bus is:
VBUS,,u = v pu [D/(A + D)]

= (1.000.L'.'.:O°) [2.480.L'.'.: 20.74° /(.03770.L'.'.:47.20° + 2.480.L'.'.:20.74°)]
= .9865.L'.'.:-.38°
VBUSactualLL = 480(VBUSpu) = 480(.9865 .L'.'.:-.38°) = 473.5 .L'.'.:-.38°V rms line-to-line
1.3.2.2 Determining Current through the Circuit Breaker C2
IC2pu = VBUSpulC
= .9865 .L'.'.:-.38°/2.787 L'.'.'.'.:23 .32° = .3540.L'.'.:-23.70°
IC2actua1 = 721.7(1C2pu) = 721.7(.3540.L'.'.:-23 .70°) = 255.5 .L'.'.:-23.70° Arms
1.3.2.3 Determining current through the fuse Fl
IFl pu = VBUSpu/B
= .9865 .L'.'.:-.38°/20.96.L'.'.: .9625° = .04707 L'.'.'.'.: -1.342°
IFlactual = 721.7(1Flpu) = 721.7(.04707 L'.'.'.'.:-1.342°) = 33.97 L'.'.'.'.:-1.342° Arms
1.3 .2.4 Determining current through the circuit breaker CI
IClactual = (IC2actual + 1Flactua1)(277.J /2194)
= (255.5.L'.'.:-23.70° + 33.97 L'.'.'.'.: -1.342°) (277.1/2194) = 36.30.L'.'.:-21.12° Arms

1.3.3 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Balanced line-to-line short circuits are not as common as unbalanced short circuits. However,
they are easier to analyze. Their relative ease of analysis has the benefit of reducing the likelihood of
calculation errors. Current values found for balanced line-to-line-to-line short circuits are usually
close to worse case current values of unbalanced short circuits.
Breakers and fuses are rated by their manufacturers to properly operate to stated values of
balanced overcurrent.
The major supplier of short-circuit current is usually the supply voltage. However, for a few
cycles, a motor will also contribute current to a short circuit. The magnitude of the current an
induction motor contributes is close to its initial starting (locked rotor) current. Induction motor
starting current is about five times that of its full-load current.
Note that the phase angle ofV1,u and the circuit's currents given below are for the A phase.
1.3.3.l Current through the Circuit Breaker Cl when a Balanced Short Circuit Occurs at the Cl
Output
Determining the source contributed short-circuit current:
The drawing of Figure 1-3-2-1 is redrawn with a balanced short circuit at the Cl output. See
Figure 1-3-3- 1- 1.
F1 RTcl pu XT21pu RLclpu Xlclpu
RSlpu XSl pu Cl RTllpu XTllpu C2 RLll pu Xlllpu
RMl pu Rlpu
Ishor"~ put
XMlpu
Figure 1-3-3-1-1 One phase ofa balanced short circuit at the output of the circuit breaker Cl.
The circuit can be simplified. See Figure 1-3-3-1-2.

RSlpu XSlpu Cl
Figure 1-3-3-1-2 Simplified circuit of one phase of a balanced short circuit at the output of the
circuit breaker C 1.
lshortpu = V pul(RS 1pu + XS 1ixJ)
= 1.000L0°/(.01498L 56.29°) = 66.77 L-56.29°
Source contributed short-circuit current =

lshortactual = 91 .16(lshortpu) = 91 .16(66.77 L-56.29°) = 6088.L-56.29° Arms
Determining the motor contributed short-circuit current:
From Section 1.3.1.4, motor full-load current= 263. l Arms
Motor contribution to the short circuit as seen at the motor terminals= 5 x 263. l = 1316 Arms
The impedance for motor contributed short-circuit current is much lower in the path through
the short circuit than in the path through the static load. It is reasonable to make the assumption that
all the motor generated current goes to the short circuit.
The actual motor contributed fault current seen at the short circuit is reduced by the
transformer ratio.
Motor contributed short-circuit current = (1316) (277.1/2194) = 166.2 Arms
1.3.3.2 Currents through the Circuit Breaker C2 or Fuse Fl when a Balanced Short Circuit Occurs
at the Output of the Circuit Breaker C2 or Fuse Fl
Determining the source generated short-circuit current:
Since the resistances of the circuit breaker C2, fuse Fl, and the wiring back to the bus are
practically zero the available short-circuit currents at the outputs of C2 and Fl have the practically
the same values. The drawing of Figure 1-3-2-1 is redrawn with a short circuit at the C2 output. See
Figure 1-3-3-2-1.
r1 RT21pu XT21 pu RL 21pu XL21 pu
RSlpu XSlpu Cl RTllpu XTllpu Ge RL11 pu XL llpu
Rlpu
Figure 1-3-3-2-1 One phase ofa balanced short circuit at the bus.
The circuit can be simplified. See Figure 1-3-3-2-2.
RS.1 pu XS lpu Cl RT 11 pu XT11pu
Figure 1-3-3-2-2 Simplified circuit of one phase of a balanced short circuit at the main bus.
= 1.000L 0°/(.03770L 47.20") = 26.53 .L-47.20°
Source contributed short-circuit current=

Ishortactual = 721.7(1shortpu) = 721.7(26.53 .L-47.20") = 19146.L-47.20° Arms
Determining the motor generated short-circuit current:
From Section 1.3.1.4, motor full-load current= 263.l Arms
Approximate motor contribution to the short circuit at the motor terminals = 5 x 263 . l = 1316 Arms
1.3.4 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, LINE-TO-GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT

AT THE MOTOR INPUT
To determine current to ground during an A-phase line-to-ground short circuit, the

symmetrical components positive, negative, and zero sequence circuits are connected in series. The
combined circuit is solved for a current that is then converted to the actual expected line-to-ground
short-circuit current.
The positive sequence circuit of Figure 1-3-2-1 will be combined with the negative sequence
circuit of Figure 1-3-4-1 and zero sequence circuit of Figure 1-3-4-2. The result is the symmetrical
components circuit of Figure 1-3-4-3. This represents an A-phase to ground short circuit at the
motor input.
Since the motor does not have a connected neutral, it will not contribute to line-to-ground
Fl RT22pu XT22pu RL22pu XL22 pu
RS2pu XS2pu Cl RT12pu XT12pu C2 RL12pu XL12pu
R2pu
Figure 1-3-4-1 Negative sequence circuit of the example problem.
Fl XT20pu RL20 pu XL20 pu
RSOpu XSO pu Cl RT10pu XT10pu CC! RL10pu XL10pu
Figure 1-3-4-2 Zero sequence circuit of the example problem.

Fl RT21pu XT21pu RL21pu XL21pu
RSlpu XS1pu Cl RT11pu XT11pu C2 RL11pu XLUpu
RMlpu Rlpu
F1 RTeC' OU XTC'cpu RL C'c pu XL ce pu
RS2pu XS2pu Cl RT12pu XT12pu C2 RL12pu XL12pu
Fl RTeO pu XTcO pu RL C'O pu XL 20 pu
XL10pu
Figure 1-3-4-3 Symmetrical components circuit for solving for A-phase line to ground short-circuit
current.
Calculations can be simplified by removing the Fl and motor (RMI and RM2) legs ofFigure
1-3-4-3. This is justified since the impedances of the Fl and M legs are much larger than their parallel
impedances. Figure 1-3-4-4 shows the resultant circuit.
MANUAL ANALYS!S--- 23
RSlpu XS1pu C1 RT11pu XT11pu C2 RLll pu XLllpu
RS2pu XS 2pu Cl RT12 pu XT12pu C2 RL12pu XL12pu
RSOpu XSOpu Cl RT!Opu XT10pu C:? RLIOpu XLIOpu
Figure 1-3-4-4 Simplified symmetrical components circuit for solving for A-phase line-to-ground
The A-phase line-to-ground current is found with the following equations:
Iashortpu = 3lalshortpu
RS2pu + XS2~ + RT12pu + XT12p,j + RL12pu + XL12~ +
RSOpu + XSOp,j + RTIOpu + XTIOp,j + RLlOpu + XLlO~)]
= 3(1.000 L 0° /(.00831 + .01246j + .0173 + .0152j + .04064 + .01563j +
.00831 + .01246j + .0173 + .0152j + .04064 + .01563j +
.004155 + .006232j + .0173 + .0152j + .04064 + .01563j)]
= 3[1.000L'.'.'.: 0° /(.1946 + .1236j)] = 13.0l L -32.42°
Iashortactual = 721.7(Iashortpu) = 721 .7(13 .01 L -32.42°)=9389.L-32.42° A rrns

1.4 MANUAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS REFERENCES
1) Grainger, John and Stevenson, William D., Power Systems Analysis (Power &
Energy) , McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994. It is 784 pages long and 6" x 9". The hard cover edition lists
for $151.80 and the paperback for $78.75. This text covers a wide range of electrical power
system analysis methods that would be of greatest interest to those in the electrical power
industry, but also may be useful to others doing electrical power circuit calculations. It has
material on the per-unit system and symmetrical components. It is a very good book.
2) Wagner, C. F. and Evans, R. D., Symmetrical Components, original edition 1933,

reprint edition 1982, original edition McGraw-Hill, reprint edition Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Co., Malabar, Florida. It is 437 pages long and 6" x 8". Used copies were found on the internet
for $40.50. This is a good book.
3) Cooper Bussman, Part 3 Component Protection for Electrical Systems, Bulletin EDP-
3. Currently available for free on http://www.bussman.com/library/docs/Edp-3.pdfThis provides
practical basic information on fuse and circuit-breaker selection.
4) Nochumson, Charles J. , Selective Coordination, Eaton Electrical Inc. , 2006. Currently,

available for free on a web page that can be accessed through
http://www.eaton.com/EatonCom/Markets/Electrical/Products/CircuitProtection/index.htm This
provides practical information on circuit-breaker and fuse coordination.
5) National Fire Protection Association, Inc., NEC 2008 NFPA 70: National Electrical
Code, 2008. It is 864 pages long and 8.5'' x 11 ". Its paperback list price is $75.00. The National
Electrical Code has been adopted by many U.S. regional governments and industries as the minimum
required standard for electrical construction. Anybody doing electrical work for the U.S. public
should have and use it.
25
2.0 SKM
SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. is a California-based corporation founded in 1972 by three
engineers with a desire to automate electrical design calculations. SKM is an acronym for their
initials.
They originally developed the DAPPER (!2istribution Analysis for rower rlanning
.Evaluation and Reporting) power system analysis program on a mainframe at the UCLA Computer
Center. By 1978, DAPPER was running in time-share mode on the Control Data Corporation
mainframe and being used by engineers in the United States and internationally.
The first PC version of DAPPER was released in 1981, followed in 1983 by the CAPTOR
(~omputer Aided r1otting for Iime Qvercurrent Reporting). A_FAULTwas developed in 1988 and
IEC_FAULTwas developed in 1991 , to provide ANSI and IEC-909 fault calculations, respectively.
The dynamic simulation program /*SIM and the harmonic analysis program HI_ WA VE filled out the
Microsoft DOS-based product line in 1992.
In 1995, SKM released PTW (Power*Tools for Windows) - completely built from ground up
using the latest development tools. The PTW line of programs offers the same studies that have been
available in DOS, but adds greater flexibility, enhanced ease of use, and graphical functions not
available in DOS. PTW was first released in December 1995 with the base DAPPER and CAPTOR
modules. A_FAULT, IEC_FAULTand TMSwere added the following year. HI_ WAVE was added in
1998, I*SIM in 1999, and the Device Evaluation module in 2000. The Ground Grid, Reliability and
Single-Phase/Unbalanced 3-Phase studies were all added in 2001.
2.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY SKM
Statement from the SKM sales staff:
"Why Choose SKM?
Quite simply, Power*Tools for Windows is the Gold Standard to which all other
software packages must be compared. No other software can match SKM Power*Tools
for project analysis flexibility, speed, or database integration. And with over 35,000 users
worldwide, no other software package has the breadth of support from the professionals
in the engineering community of SKM Power*Tools for Windows. SKM software is
chosen by 39 of the top 40 Electrical Engineering firms in the world. From industry
leaders like Cutler-Hammer, GE, Square-D and Siemens Westinghouse, to independent
contractors and leaders in every industry, Power*Tools is the application of choice when
it comes to electrical engineering software.
26---SKM
However, there is much more to Power*Tools than industry wide acceptance of

a superior product. SKM Power*Tools for Windows is backed by a world class technical
support staff that is comprised entirely of electrical engineers. With over 20 percent of
our support staff holding registered professional engineer certifications, you can be
assured that you are talking to someone who understands your problems and not just
someone who is reading answers to you from a handbook. In addition to their degrees
and certifications, SKM support engineers are required to have at least three foll years of
experience with the Power*Tools suite of software and to maintain their knowledge by
instructing classes on the various Power*Tools Study Modules.
If top notch products and unparalleled customer service aren't enough, SKM
Systems Analysis, Inc. offers even more. Your purchase is backed by a company with 35
years in the industry. We were the first to market, and have consistently offered our
clients the best electrical engineering product available. Couple this with our industry
leading training classes and our customizable Corporate Training Program and you can
see why SKM offers each and every customer a true advantage!"
The 2008 SKMPower*Tools Electrical Engineering Software sales brochure states:
"SKM Power*Tools software helps you design and analyze electrical power
systems. Interactive graphics, rigorous calculations and a powerfol database efficiently
organize, process and display information."
SKM advertising brochures describe SKM PTW program modules:
"1) PTW DAPPER is an integrated set of modules for Three-Phase Power

System Design and Analysis including rigorous load flow and voltage drop calculations,
impact motor starting, traditional fault analysis, demand and design load analysis, feeder
raceway and transformer sizing, and panel, MCC, and switchboard schedule
specification.
2) PTW CAPTOR produces time versus current coordination drawings with one-
line diagrams and setting reports. It lets you coordinate protective devices with
interactive on-screen graphics, and provides a comprehensive library. You can print on
preprinted graph paper or on plain paper with custom grids and layouts.
3) PTW Arc Flash allows you to build a system model for your entire power
system. Once the model is built, the Arc Flash module <see 4) below> calculates the
incident energy and flash boundary at every location in the system.
SKM--- 27
4) ArcCalc calculates the incident energy and arc flash boundary and selects the
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for a single point in a simplified power system.
Minimum and maximum arcing short-circuit currents are calculated using broad
tolerances to provide conservative results with estimated system data. Incident energy,
arc flash boundaries and PPW are calculated following the NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584
standards.
5) PTW A_FAULT provides fault calculations in full compliance with ANSI

C37 standards. It offers separate solutions for low, medium, and high voltage systems
and for symmetrical, momentary, and interrupting calculations as defined in the
standards.
6) PTW IEC_ 60909 calculates short-circuit currents using the equivalent voltage
source as required by the IEC 60909 standard. With PTWIEC_60909, three-phase and
unbalanced fault duties for electrical power systems are calculated in compliance with the
IEC 60909 standards for low, medium, and high voltage systems.
7) PTW IEC_ 61363 Short-Circuit Study module calculates the current that flows
in an electrical power system under abnormal conditions. These currents must be
calculated in order to adequately specify electrical apparatus withstand and interrupt
ratings and selectively coordinate time current characteristics of electrical protective
devices.
8) PTW Equipment Evaluation module compares protective device ratings with

short-circuit calculations. The program also checks for missing input data and compares
continuous ratings to calculated design and operating conditions. Equipment that fails the
evaluation are reported in table form and color-coded by the one-line diagrams. As with
all PTW study modules, Equipment Evaluation uses the same project database,
integrating all balanced and unbalanced/single-phase study modules, and allowing you to
examine existing projects without additional input requirements.
9) PTW TMS, Transient Motor Starting Analysis is a state-of-the-art time

simulation program to analyze all aspects of motor starting problems accurately. TMS
models up to 1500 motors dynamically throughout starting, stopping or reacting to load
changes. In order to completely examine motor starting problems, TMS has the
capability to dynamically represent motors which are already on line at the beginning of
the simulation.
10) PTW HI_ WA VE, Harmonic Analysis Program simulates resonance and
harmonic distortion in industrial, commercial, and utility power systems.
28---SKM
11) PTW Unbaianced Single Phase Studies simulates systems with single-phase,
two-phase and unbalanced three-phase load conditions. Phase and sequence currents can
be displayed for different operating and load conditions including open-phase and
simultaneous faults. Studies include demand load analysis, sizing, load flow/voltage drop
and short-circuit. Reports also include three-phase and single-phase panel schedules.
Modeling includes single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase lines, transformers, loads,
and capacitors as well as single-phase mid-tap transformers.
12) PTW /*SIM is a program for transient stability analysis. It is designed to

simulate system response during and after transient disturbances such as faults, load
changes, switching, motor starting, loss of utility, loss of generation, loss of excitation,
and blocked governor events. I*SIM is designed to study today's most challenging
simulation problems in one convenient and easy-to-use program.
13) PTW Reliability calculates reliability indices and cost effects for alternative
system designs. Calculations include alternative supplies, alternative network
configurations, spare equipment, time to repair, and cost impact of lost production.
Libraries for time-adjusted component failure rates and costs are provided to save time
and simplify system modeling.
14) PTW DC System Analysis includes: Battery Sizing, DC Load Flow, DC

Short-Circuit (ANSI) and DC Short-Circuit (IEC).
15) PTW GroundMat is a program for substation ground grid design and
analysis. It is designed to help optimize grid design or reinforce existing grids of any
shape. It uses a general-purpose finite element algorithm for potential analysis and
graphical facilities to validate ground system efficiency.
16) PTW CABLE JD quickly solves complex three-dimensional cable pulling

tension and sidewall pressure calculations, allowing you to make rapid and accurate
design decisions.
17) PTW Viewer is the perfect tool to provide an interactive electrical model to
your customers. Rather than paging through long reports, your customers can display
results on the interactive one-line, view time-current curves, print arc flash labels, and
many other activities. With the Viewer there is no chance of inadvertent modifications to
the power system model."
SKM---29
2.2 OBTAININGSKM
SKM can be obtained directly from its main office at SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. or from
overseas distributors. SKM sells to most countries directly from its main office.
SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.

P.O. Box 3376
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
1-310-698-4700
1-800-232-6789
Sales@SKM.com
www.SKM.com
SKM is sold in modules. These are listed in Section 2.1. The purchaser first determines how
many buses he will have in his circuit. Then he buys a combination package with at least that bus
handling capability and buys whatever modules he would like to go with it. Alternatively, the
purchaser could determine the number of buses he anticipates and then purchase a "Combo-Pack".
The "Combo-Pack"s contain the most useful program modules.
SKM offers a 30 day free PTW trial Demo. The Demo can be downloaded or received on a
mailed CD. If you request the mailed Demo CD you will also received a printed tutorial, a CD with
training videos, and other useful printed information.
All of this section' s examples were done with the SKM 6.5 Demo.
2.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SKM 6.5
Operating System
Microsoft Windows Vista,
Microsoft Windows XP,
Microsoft Windows 2003,
or Microsoft Windows 2000
PC Configuration Requirements
CD-ROM Drive
4 GB of free hard disk space
Printer or plotter recommended
Hardware Requirements
Intel Pentium I/I 600 MHz Processor or better
512 MB of RAM (1 GB for 2000+ bus projects)
30---SKM
2.4 SKMDEMO LIMITATIONS
I) It is operational for 30 days. After that, contact SKM to ask for an extension.
2) A maximum of 15 buses and 35 components can be evaluated.
3) Circuits and data can be saved only to the SKM Demo program's database.
4) All modules are active except for PTW GroundMat, PTW CABLE JD, and ArcCalc.
Demos for these programs may be requested by contacting SKM.
5) Printing is disabled.
6) There are other limitations that would be of less interest to the beginner.
2-5 SKMTRAINING AND TUTORIALS
SKM offers a free printed tutorial titled Power*Toolsfor Windows Tutorial, nine free video
tutorials on the PTW Tutorial CD, and for-a-fee classroom training. Information on these can be
found on the SKM website, www.SKM.com.
The beginner should definitely read and do some of the exercises in the Power*Tools for
Windows Tutorial. The PTW Overview video, from the PTW Tutorial CD, should be viewed. The
other videos are also helpful.
SKM classroom training is done at their home office and in many locations around the U. S.
and Canada For five or more students, they also offer on-site training. Live online training is also
available.
2.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OFTHESKMDEMO
The Demo can be downloaded or received on a CD. Once the program file is received, just
follow the prompts. No activation code is necessary. Partway through the installation there is a
choice of IEC or ANSI systems. To configure SKM the same as it was for this book, select ANSI
Engineering Symbols with English units.
SKM--- 31
2. 7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH SKM
The same example as was analyzed manually in Section 1.3 is analyzed here with SKM using
its PTW-DAPPER program.
2. 7.1 SETTING UP THE SKM DEMO FOR USE ON THE SYSTEM OF FIGURE 1-3-1
I) Start SKM by double left-clicking on the SKM "PTW32" icon.
2) The windows shown in Figure 2-7-1-1 appear.
--
SCf!NfioMwger ...
~~
I
Figure 2-7-1-1 "Example Project (ANSI)" system.
3) On the screen's top left, left-click on "Project" and then left-click on "Close''.
4) Again left-click on "Project" but this time then left-click on "New".
5) Type in the file name "exampleSKM" and save to SKM's project database. SKM's Demo
version only saves project files to its own "Projects" directory.
32 ---SKM
6) Now SKM is ready to receive a one-line diagram and other project infonnation into its
"exampleSKM" project database. Each SKM project has its own database. The windows ofFigure 2-
7-1-2 appear.
ProjedDocunlr!t&ltWnlM~ Cfttilt '."""*"' ~
_@ (!_~~-~Id. ~~ U.: "&J!T.c• !.(. J" '"''. "'"' ~ "' ,,._. "11!1 ill,. ff ]~El II. ~~ ~+.. " T ~ 0 ~_Tl.'• G\
I 6 - & 'I<~ U 11" 3 - * l!J 0 fJ 8 fll I T I l!ll., wo!' :• I l :• ; ®lo ¢ ·' \" I I I
j•
+I ¢ Q ¥ '° '' /
t~ el . n , "--' 1111 ojo •.- •.- V
Figure 2-7-1-2 Work window ready for the entry of the Figure 1-3-1 system.
2.7.2 CREATING A ONE-LINE DIAGRAM
I) The one-line diagram ofFigure 1-3-1 will be re-created below with SKM.
2) Left-click on the ''New Utility" icon in the "Component" toolbar (the toolbar on the upper
left side with transformer symbols on it), release the button (do not hold the left mouse button down,
as would be done with some CAD programs), drag the "Utility" icon to a central location on the
work window, and then left-click again to set it in place. After an icon is placed on the one-line
diagram, then it can be moved by left-clicking on it, holding the left button down, and then releasing
the left button when the icon is in the proper location. See Figure 2-7-2-1 .
SKM--- 33
Projlct Oocuntnl fd t \'IN Ru'! C~t Ont ~ Y..'h:low ~
ID l'1 \~ 111 rr. • "

6 - a :««~ « n .a.
'?- *i m@
-. ' "' ,;J. 41 It"",.."' + ,.11!1 • .. twI.
'ff. 11: .;
fl B 16 • ' I ~ . . . I :1 o ~ :• r ®to
<!I. .-..
$.El. 11.
¢ -'" Y 1 i I +J¢ Q
++,. 4\
K f'
T 0 o .,n ·i.hT"~· ;
· di · 1t r ...:.... ii"'•.,,,.,.. !1 V
Ttill ~:!
Figure 2-7-2-1 Work window with the "Utility" icon in place.
3) Save the one-line diagram by left-clicking on "Docwnent" on the screen's upper left and
then left-click on "Save". That will save it to its default name "lLineOOl .drw''.
4) The "NEW BUS" icon is also in the "Component" toolbar. Left-click, drag, and set a
"BUS" icon beneath the terminal of the work window's "Utility" icon.
5) With the cursor on the terminal of the "Utility" icon, left-click and hold down the mouse
button. Drag a line straight down to the "BUS" icon. Release the left mouse button and the "Utility"
icon will be connected to the "BUS" icon by a solid line.
6) Left-click and drag the other icons to the work window and then connect them. When
needed, the "BUS" icon can be stretched by left-clicking on an end and dragging it. The work
window can stretched out to create a larger viewing area. The drawing size can be zoomed in or out
using "Zoom" under the "View" menu or by turning the mouse's wheel on a mouse equipped with a
wheel. The resulting one-line diagram is shown in Figure 2-7-2-2.
Note:
I) SKM will not allow two impedance components in series without a "BUS" between them.
Cables and transformers are examples of impedance components.
2) SKM will not allow "BUS"es to be connected by zero impedance devices. Fuses and
circuit breakers are examples of zero impedance components.
34---SKM
PJ;>-0001
"l~ >r.' '
( i'C-:'..~
-·
t ht·~"
,..,_
~
-
:.r.
, ~-:::-F-l
i __·.,I
I.
-~
• I CBL-0001
Figure 2-7-2-2 SKM one-line diagram of the Figure 1-3-1 example with default transformer types.
No system data has been entered.
2.7.3 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
2.7.3 .1 Circuit Data Entry
SKM has many data windows for each component. With these each component can be
described with a great amount of data. However, most of it is not needed by SKM for load flow and
balanced short-circuit analyses. Here, only the required data will be entered.
Underlined values are entered into SKM.

SKM--- 35
2.7.3.1.1 Bus data for "BUS-0001 ", "BUS-0002", "BUS-0003", "BUS-0004", and "BUS-0005"
1) Double left-click on the one-line diagram's "BUS-0001" icon. Do not click on the text
"BUS-000 l" or else a "Rename Component" window will appear. Manual analysis Section 1.3.1.2.1
shows that the value of the bus's nominal line-to-line voltage is 3800 V rrns. Enter 3800 into the
"Bus Component Subview" window. Once a value has been entered, simply exit out of the window.
SKM automatically saves the value. The "BUS-0001" bus data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1-
1-1.
Ill Component
-
Editor
- --- -- - -
GJLQJL8]
Component Subviews:
81.1s
Equipment t. Arc Flash Name: 1sus-0001 P' !n Service -
Harmonic Source
Reliability Data
Optimal Power Flow r N2deBus
User ·Defined Fields Data State:
Datablock NominalfuistemVoltage: ~13_Bo_o_~I Volts (L·L) jlncomplete o::J
Description:
Scenario Manager... j
jGo To 3 Jump... I
-IDlliiiiill ,.,
Expand 11 Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-1-1 "Component Editor" "BUS-0001" window.
2) In the same way manual analysis nominal voltage values from Sections 1.3.1.1.1 and
1.3.1.1 .2 are entered into the windows for "BUS-0002" and "BUS-0004". The voltages are 480 and
120 V rms line-to-line respectively. Voltages do not have to be entered for "BUS-0003" and "BUS-
0005". SKM will assign the nominal voltages of"BUS-0002"and "BUS-0004" to them.
36---SKM
2.7.3.1.2 Data for the cable from circuit breaker C2 to motor M, "CBL-0001"
1) From the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.3.3:
Length = 200 ft.

Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance= .000078 ntft. = 0.078 n/1000 ft.
Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance= .000030 ntft. = 0.030 n/1000 ft.
2) Double left-click on the "CBL-0001" icon to open the cable's "Component Editor". Enter
the 200 ft. length on the "Cable Component Subview" window. See Figure 2-7-3-1-2-1.
- .. « N~-~- · ~ - ·~ · ~ - ··- - ~
illiJ Component Editor ~~[!8]

Component Subviews:
Cable
Impedance Name: ICBL·OOOl I ~ ln Service @
Conductor and Raceway
Damage Curve
Reliability Data
l.ibrary... Ir Link to Lib Data State: jIncomplete ~
Optimal Power Flow
User·Defined Fields
Manufacturer: !Typical IDescription: INDNE I
Datablock
Conductor Type Duct Material lnsul Type lnsul Class Volts (L·LJ
!Copper I !Non-Magnetic 11480
11 11 I
Scenario Manager...
Conductor Descr: IJWire Installation: I
I I
jGo To ·· ~ Jump.
Cable Si~e: I I Circular Mils: ~AWG I DoNotSize
<a rililiiiiill
Conguctors in Parallel/Phase: L:J Len.Qth: 1200.0 I Feet
- Bus Connection ··~
Conn.. I : Phase MatriM
From: BUS-0002 I! Fi'p A [ u,.......

from Sequence
8
To: BUS-0003 j p C ZMatr1M I I
'----- - ·-
EMp and JI Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-2-1 "Component Editor" "Cable Component Subview" "CBL-0001" window.
3) From the "Cable Component Subview" left-click on "Impedance". Then enter the positive
sequence impedance per 1000 ft. Negative and zero sequence impedances are not needed for load
flow and balanced short-circuit calculations. However, by default SKM automatically makes the
negative and zero sequence impedances the same as the positive sequence impedances. The cable
impedance data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1 -2-2.
SKM--- 37
----------------------~--------- - - ~ -w
mil Component Editor ~~~

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Component Subviews:
Cable Impedance
Conductor and Raceway R x r. 3 Phase (' Single Phase I
Damage Curve
Reliability Data
Po§itive: 10.0780 1100300 I Units: 0 hms/1000 Feet
Optimal Power Flow
User-Defined Fields
ZerQ: 10.0780 110.0300 I PU... I
Datablock
ShuntAdmittance- -
Scenario Manager... G/2 B/2
JGoTo ~ Jump.. PQsitive: 10.000000 110.000000 I Unit

&Dliml Z~ro: Io.000000 11o.000000 I Converter...
Units: Mhos/1 000 Feet
Expand 11 Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-2-2 "Component Editor" "Impedance Subview" "CBL-0001" window.
2.7.3.1.3 Data for the cable from transformer T2 to static load R, "CBL-0002"
I) From the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.3.4:
Length = 200 ft.

Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance = .000098 fl/ft. = 0.098 n/1000 ft.
Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance= .000030 fl/ft. = 0.030 fl/1000 ft.
2) The cable data is entered here as it was in 2.7.3.1.2

38 ---SKM
2.7.3.1.4 Transformer Tl data
1) Transformer Tl data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3 .1.1.1.
The transformer's input and output voltages, 3800 and 480, were already automatically entered when
the bus voltages were entered. The winding connections can be left at their default connections, t!,.-
Y(ground) for load flow and balanced short-circuit analysis. The transformer winding connections do
not matter for load flow and balanced short-circuit analysis, but will need to be corrected for
unbalanced short-circuit analysis in Section 2.7.5. The transformer's nominal kVA rating of600 kVA
is entered. The 2-winding transformer data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3- 1-4-1 .
-
~ ~~~~~ ~~~
Component Subviews:
Transformer Impedance
Name: IXF2·0001 I P' ln Service jIncomplete i] ~
Automatic LTC Manufacturer Type T
Damage Curve
Reliability Data !.ibrary... Jr Link to Lib IN DNE 11 I
Optimal Power Flow
User-Defined Fields Nominal kV8: lsoo.o IEull Load kVA: 1soo.o I r Do Not Size
Datablock Primary Secondary
Connection: jDelta iJ jwye-Ground ~
Scenario Manager. .. Rateg Voltage: 13800 I V(L-L) 1480 I V(L·L)
IGo To ::::J Jump.. ft us Voltage: 13800 I V(L·L) 14t:O I V-(L·L)
*amim ~J
Full Load Amps:
Tap!£:
f§f.-2- -
10.00
I
1721.7
10.00
I
Phase Shift Angle: 130.0 I deg P' Link r INST Protection
- Bus Connection - Type
Connecjions.
·I lo Three Phase
r Single Phase
JswoJ•dS;., ~1
From: BU S-0001 Mid Tap
To: BU S-0002 C- Single Phase
EMpand . II Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-4-1 Transformer Tl "Component Editor" ''2-Winding Transformer Component

Subview" window with default (not yet corrected for this example) winding connections.
SKM--- 39
2) Select the "Transfonner Impedance Component Subview". Then enter % positive

sequence impedances. The base for the % values is the transfonner's nominal rating. The impedances
can be taken directly from the manual analysis in Section 1.3.1.1.1. They are:
Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance in Percent on Transfonner Base = 1. 73%

Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance in Percent on Transfonner Base= 1.52%
By default SKM automatically inputs the same values for transfonner negative and zero
sequence impedances as for positive sequence impedances. These values do not affect load flow and
balanced short-circuit analyses.
The transfonner impedance data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1-4-2.
ITTil Component Editor G.JlQJL8]

Component Subviews:
2·Windino Transformer ~ Sequence Impedance in Percent on Transformer Base- - - - · -
Calculate from:
Automatic LTC
Damage Curve %R %X %Z and~/R. ..
Reliability Data
Optimal Power Flow Positive: 117300 111.5200 Per.!J.nit...
Datablock ;;;:ero: 11 .7300 111 .5200 %ZandR%...
%Z and kWLoss ... I
Scenario Manager... I ~ Neutral Impedance --------~ Sizing Info --~
jGo To ::::J Jump ... I r Do Not Size
R [Ohms] X (Ohms]
*l.imMI Primar,I!: 10 00000 110 00000 I Calc... j Sizing Criteria:
joemand ::i]
~econdary: 10.00000 110.00000 I Cale... ! Size To/LF Rating:
IFullLoad kVA ::i]
~ No Load Loss in Percent on Transformer Base
p + jQ
Transformer Base
~10.-00-oo~l lo.oooo
INominal kVA ::i]
Expand jj Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-4-2 Transfonner Tl "Component Editor" "Transfonner Impedance Component

Subview" window.
40 ---SKM
2.7.3.1.5 Transformer T2 data
1) Transformer T2 data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.1.2.
The transformer's input and output voltages, 480 and 120, were already automatically entered when
the bus voltages were entered. The transformer's nominal kV A rating of 90 kVA is now entered.
Data is entered as it was in Section 2.7.3 .1.4.
Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance in Percent on Transformer Base= 2.00%

Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance in Percent on Transformer Base= 1.80%
2) The transformer data is entered here as it was in Section 2.7.3.1.4.
2.7.3.1.6 Utilitydata
1) Impedances are taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.2.2.
Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance = .2 n

Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance = .3 Q
2) The impedances are converted to per-unit values with a 100 MV A base. The values that
SKM will accept are calculated below and underlined:
Positive Sequence Per-Unit Resistive Impedance Contribution=

(Positive Sequence Resistive Impedance) (Power baseNLL2) =
.2x(100 x 106/38002) = 1.385
Positive Sequence Per-Unit Inductive Impedance Contribution=

(Positive Sequence Inductive Impedance) (Power baseNLL2) =
.3x(100 x 106/38002) = 2.078
3) The manual analysis 3800 voltage of Section 1.3.1.2.1 was previously automatically
entered when 3800 was entered on "BUS-0001".
4) For load flow analysis and balanced short-circuit analysis, values for the negative and zero
sequence impedances and connection configuration are not needed and can be left at default values.
SKM---41
5) The utility data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1-6-1.

-~------------ ·-------~---N - --- --------- 0 •
mil Component Editor ~§[f8]
Component Subviews:
Harmonic Impedance
Reliability Data
Name: IUTIL-0001 11" !n Service Iincomplete ~ [!]
Optimal Power Flow [ Initial Operating Conditions
Datablock
e: ~PU An_gle: I0. DO I Degrees
1
---- - - - - ____J
(- Enter MVA/kVA/Amps C. Enter Per Unit Update...
Utility Contribution
Contribution X/R:
Scenario Manager... I Three Pha§e: ~ ~IM-V- A-~~
~
~ Jump .. I ~ MVA ~
JGo To ].ine to Ground:
l!lmll!ml Per Unit Contribution
R X
Base/Rated MVA: ~ fositive 11 .385000112.078000 I
i!ase/ Rated Y:oltage ~-L): ~ ;;;:ero 11000000 I [1000000]
j Bus Connection - - --
i Bus: BUS-0001 Connec!ion ...

L
Expand 11 Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-6-1 Utility "Component Editor" "Utility Component Subview" window.
2.7.3.1.7 Motor M data
1) Motor M horsepower is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.4.
Rated Size = 250 hp

Power Factor = .918
Efficiency = .9286
2) The 480 volt motor voltage was already automatically entered when the "BUS-0002"
voltage was specified.
42 ---SKM
3) The induction motor M data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1-7-1.
ITTiJ Component Editor ~§[8]

Component Subviews:
lnduct1011 Motor
Diversit.v and Loading
ANSI Contribution
Name: IMTRl-0001 I P" Jn Service fBI
TCC Starting Curve
Harmonic Source
Reliability Data
Load Profile
Optimal Power Flow
User-Defined Fields
Datablock
Power factor:
Scenario Manager...I Starting PF:
jGo To ::iJ Jump... I
Efficienc.I!:
®1gm111m111 ~1
Pojes:
Description:
Ph_ase l
nn.ecti~nj
------
I
--Bus Connection---···----·-·-- - Co.
PA 1 W.ve·Ground
Connecjion...
' P" I
B lo Wye
Bus: BUS-0003
I rv c J I Delta
Expand JI Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-7-1 Motor M "Component Editor" "Induction Motor Component Subview"

window.
2.7.3.1.8 General load R data
1) General load R data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.5. The
underlined data can be directly input to the SKM program.
Rated Size= 30.0 kVA

Power Factor= Unity
sequence impedances and connection configuration are not needed and can be left at default values.
SKM--- 43
3) The general load R data window is shown in Figure 2-7-3-1-8-1.
Component Subviews:
Gener al Load
Load Diversity
Harmonic Source
Name: ILOAD-0001 I P' Jn Service lfjl
Reliability Data
Load Profile
Rated~ize: 130.000 I lkVA 3 Data State:
Optimal Power Flow j1ncomplete ::ij
User·Defined Fields Power factor: 11.000000 l l unity 3
Datablock
Rated Volt.sige: 1120 I Volts (L·L]
Scenario Manager... Description: I I
jGo To . ::iJ Jump..
Bus Connection ~ Phase - - Connection-

Connec!ion ...
I P' A I Wye·Ground
Bus: BUS -0005 P' B CO Wye
P' c I Delta
Expand .. II Shrink
Figure 2-7-3-1-8-1 "General Load" R "Component Editor" "General Load Component Subview"
window.
2.7.3.1.9 Circuit breaker Cl and C2 and fuse Fl data
No data input is necessary.

44---SKM
2.7.3.2 Load flow Analysis
l) Left-click on the icon in the "Tool" toolbar that looks like a person sitting at computer in
front of a cyan colored background. This is titled "Balanced System Studies". The window in Figure
2-7-3-2-1 appears.
Balanced System Study Setup ~

· Studies······················································ Report File - - --
r Demand Load S':' i~_I fdlrpt r /.\pferio
r. ;l.ns1.IN t ~
r Sizing
r H:E 'W1nni:1 ~ J z rpt I Aror"'r"·
I LoadFlow Setup_. J J11 rpt r ;lpi:..nd
r. Cornp1e.hens.l'Y!?.
r SC r .6JJ::.1 . Setup. I lsc rpt I ,\,._ ,,
r IEC 60:309
r JECE.J'b3
Length of Reported Component Name: ... 14 Characters (-
30 Characters
- ---
r Load Schedules ~ li:>rpt ·r .b.ppenc
System Input Data Report: jinput. rpt I Append

W Overwrite Existing Reports View Study Message .. 1
I Do not Display Warnings for Unbalanced Components

Def ault Aeport Path: C:\PTW32\Projects\exampleSKM
Help
I Format...
I Header...
II Aun
I Cancel
I
Figure 2-7-3-2-1 "Balanced System Study Setup" window.
2) Left-click on "Load Flow" and "Run".
3) A "Study Messages" window appears. See Figure 2-7-3-2-2.

SKM---45
Fatal Errors: 0 Warnings: 0 Edit Errors 11 Rerun . I
System: Jan 10. 2009 08 :06:51

System: Input Data Report Saved in :
System: C:\PTW32\PROJECTS\EXAMPLESKM\INPUT .RPT
System:«< Running Newton Load Flow Study >»
System: Jan 10, 2009 08:06:52
System: « < Running Load Flow » >
System: Jan 10, 2009 08:06:52 End of Load Flow Input Data Reading
System: Jan 10, 2009 08:06:52
System:<« End Load Flow Study »>
Help Close
Figure 2-7-3-2-2 "Study Messages" window.
4) Left-click "Close" on the "Study Messages" window.
5) Left-click on "Run" in the upper menu and then left-click on "Datablock Format.." The
window in Figure 2-7-3-2-3 appears.
46 ---SKM
Datablock Format i:g"]

Formats for One-Line and Probe:
Type
Branch Fault Currents (1E C60909) A j Apply
Branch Fault Currents (IEC61363)
r Component Editor I Bus Fault Currents (A_FAU LT) Set Default
TCC Setting View I Bus Fault Currents (Comprehensive) \
Bus Fault Currents (IE C60909) New...
Data Visualizer i
Bus Fault Currents (I EC61363)
Data State 3:1' Edit.. .
Demand Load Data
Device EvaluationAN Sl Branch Rename ...
<"' 0 ne-Line I Device Evaluation Comprehensive Branch
TCC One-Line View Device Evaluation IEC Br an ch Copy
f' Probe Device Ratings
Harmonics F'.oc;le
Impedance Data -- Bus Thevenin Equivalent
Impedance Data·· Components Delete
r Import I Export lnout Data
Close
"' '
One-Line Default: Help
Last Applied: Load Flow Current Import...
Figure 2-7-3-2-3 "Datablock Format" window.
6) Left-click on "One-Line/TCC One-Line View'', "Load Flow Current", and then on

"Apply". Move the "Datablock Format" out of the way to see the one-line diagram with load flow
currents. See Figure 2-7-3-2-4.
SKM---47
BUS-0001
lF <:;lm!!tt 3US A
XF2 -0:x>!
-+~....,..~~~~~~~...,...~~--r-B US-0002
LF Currtnt 30 7,60 A
PD-0003
CBL-0001 XFl -0002
BUS,0003 BUs,.¢004
LF ~-~t 2 'i L50 A ~ · -LF Cu.natt 154,44 A-
CBL-0002
BU~-{)00 ;
lF Curr.nt IS4044 A
'
LOAD-0001
Figure 2-7-3-2-4 One-line diagram with load flow currents.
8) Select "Load Flow Voltage" in "Datablock Format" and follow the same procedures as in
6). This will produce Figure 2-7-3-3-5.
Note:
There are many quantities available in the "Datablock Format" window and even more
quantities can be imported to the "Datablock Format" by left-clicking on ''New".
48---SKM
B U~ X\0 1
LF\"oll.i ; •3lSO l2 \"
-------------...-B i::~ OOl

lF \"<ill<g• 4' 3 O~ \"
CBl-O:>Ol "
-i"" •
B U~ ... :¢03 BU!-00:>4

LF \o l n ~: 4 55 ~4 V lF \"<ill•~· ll ' 40 \"
CBl-0002
B U~ -000 5
l F \ "olu.g: 1n IS,_.
LO.ID-:>:>Ol
Figure 2-7-3-2-5 One-line diagram with load flow voltages.
1) As with the load flow analysis of Section 2.7.3 , left-click on the icon in the "Tool" toolbar
that looks like a person sitting at computer in front of a cyan colored background. This is titled
"Balanced System Studies".
2) The "Balanced System Study Setup" window appears. On this, left-click on "SC" <Short-
Circuit> and "Comprehensive". See Figure 2-7-4-1.
SKM---49
Balanced Syste~ Study Setup - -- -- ~
Std'
u 1es ·····································•···········•···• Repor tFI1e -
r Demand Load - ~t,~·. I ldl 1pl r ;'.>.ppcmJ
r. .<\n:,:1,llEC
r Sizing ('" IEF \.v'i111g ~ I ~? rp• r .<\pp,'rd
r Load Flow
~ Jif pl r <\i:ipend
C. Comprehensive
f.' SC ( .. ANSI Setup... I jsc.rpt r Append
r IEC 60909
r IEC 61363
r. r I
Length of Reported Component Name:
- --- - - --
14 Characters
----- -
30 Characters _J
I Load Schedules ~ j 1.~ rpc I P.ppend
System Input Data Report: li~p~t.rpt. ) Append

I" Overwrite Existing Reports View Study Message. . I
I Do not Display Warnings for Unbalanced Components
Default Report Path: C:\PT\.1132\Projects\exampleSKM
Help Format... Header... I I.__ _R_u_n_ __. _ _ ca_n_c_el_~
Figure 2-7-4-1 "Balanced System Study Setup".
3) In the "SC" box left-click on "Setup ... ". The "Comprehensive Short Circuit Study"
window appears. In this left-click on "Three Phase Fault", "All Buses", and "OK" as shown in Figure
2-7-4-2.
50---SKM
Fault Type -----·----- r·· Faulted Bus- - - - 1·- Calculation Models ------·· OK
P" Three Phase Fault I C. All Buses j P" Motor Contribution Cancel
r Single Line to Ground i! Selected Buses j P" Transformer Tap
r Line to Line Fault [ SelecL I P" Transformer Phase Shift
Help
r Line to Line to Ground I ,1 r Line Shunt

I I r Wye-Grounded Filters I
'-----------' L__ [~ Co~~~~~~~-rs_ __,

~:.;~::~~::'.an,; Adjust~~nt ··---------------- -·1 -r.
[ 0
Gene1.3tor lmpedanc.e -·--·-]
.
r lncludeAdjustment !
I
II r Sub-Lrdnsient (R + Xd'')
Tran'.-ient [F:a +Xd')

_____ _j [_______________...........
-··-------
Report Specifications
.
I
~ F-ir-st_B_u_s_F-ro_m_F_a_u_lt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _i--.
...].
rrPre Fault Voltage
Load Flow
Bus Voltages: I
Branch Currents: I~---------------.
First Branch From Fault i] I!
Phase or Sequence: IReport phase qu~ntities i] I r PU Voltage
p ForAllBuses
Fault Current Calculation: jInitial Symmetrical RMS (with 1/2 Cycle Asyi]
,~ PU Voltage
J0. 5
Fnrer for F ·'''~h BiL .. j
Asymmetrical Fa ult Current at Time: Cycles
r 30 Cycles Duty (;" No Load with Tap
Figure 2-7-4-2 "Comprehensive Short Circuit Study" for balanced three-phase short circuits.
4) On the "Balanced System Study Setup" left-click on "Run". Move the "Study Messages"
window out of the way or delete it. The one-line diagram now shows balanced three-phase short
circuits as they would occur at each bus. Each current was determined for one short circuit at a time.
The current values do not represent simultaneously occurring short circuits. See Figure 2-7-4-3.
SKM--- 51
PD-0001
BU~..000 1
0232 .-'.!f.1 ';3P
XFl-0001
- - - - - - - - - - - - -......-BUS..0002
20400 .-'.!f.1'; 3P
PD-0003
CBL-0001 XFl-0002
BUS..O".l.l3 BUS-OCX>4 ,
- 10 153 A!t1>'3P 1343 S Ampd P
~ITRl-000 1 CBL-0002
BUS-0003
~ 74 7 .~;3P
LOAD-0001
Figure 2-7-4-3 "Bus Fault Currents (Comprehensive)". This gives the balanced three-phase short-
circuit currents that would occur at each bus. The short-circuit current values represent one short
circuit at a time.
52---SKM
2.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Unbalanced short-circuit analysis requires more information than load flow and balanced
short-circuit analysis require. The voltage supply and the impedances used in the load flow and
balanced short-circuit analyses are symmetrical components positive sequence impedances. For
unbalanced short-circuit analysis symmetrical components negative and zero sequence impedances
are also needed. Furthermore, unlike balanced analyses, the SKM one-line diagram needs correct
transformer connections (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Y(ground), Y-t:., etc.).
2.7.5.l Data for the Cable from Circuit Breaker C2 to Motor M, "CBL-0001 "
SKM assumes the negative and zero sequence impedances are the same as the positive. The
zero sequence impedances could be adjusted if necessary. However, in this example circuit the zero
sequence impedances are the same as the positive, so nothing needs to be changed.
2.7.5 .2 Data for the Cable from Transformer T2 to Static Load R, "CBL-0002"
As with the cable in Section 2.7.5.1, nothing needs to be changed.
2.7.5.3 Transformer Tl Data
I) Transformer Tl data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.1. l.
2) As with the cables, SKM assumes that the negative sequence and zero sequence
impedances are the same as the positive. Again the zero sequence impedance could be changed if
desired, but that is not necessary here. It has the same values as the positive.
3) To correct the transformer winding connections, return to the one-line diagram, double
left-click on the transformer, and enter the correct winding connections on the "Component Editor"
''2-winding Transformer Component Subview". This is shown for transformer Tl in Figure 2-7-5-3-
1.
SKM--- 53
~~- " -- ~ . ~ ~ . ~ - ~ ·-~-~ --" ~
!li Component Editor - Scenario[ Base Project J ~LQJ~

- - - - - - -- - - -- - -
Component Subviews:
-W1nd1nq Transformer
Transformer Impedance
Name: IXF2-0001 IP !n Service ] Incomplete iJ
Automatic LTC Manufacturer Type
Damage Curve
Reliability Data ].ibrary... Ir Link to Lib INONE I ~I---~
Optimal Power Flow
User-Defined Fields Nominal kV8: jsoo.o IEull Load kVA: ~ls_oo_.o_~ p Oo Not Size
Datablock Primary Secondary
Connection: jWye·Ground ~ IMslGl!flGliJ
Scenario Manager... I RateJj Voltage: 13800 IV[L·LJ 1480 IV(L·LJ
jGo To :ij Jump... I 6_us Voltage: 13800 IV[L·LJ 14:30 IV[L·LJ
~
*amMJ Full Load Amps:
Tap~: 10.00
I
1721 .7
10.00
Phase Shitt Angle:
['~ Com""'c:: ;.,

BUS-0001
10.0
00 1. 1
Ideg P Link ) INST Protection
~;Y~~ree Phase !standard Shell iJ
(' Single Phase
Mid Tap
~u_.:.:0002 __ I ,- Single Phase _J
Expand 11 Shrink
Figure 2-7-5-3-1 Transformer Tl "Component Editor" "2-Winding Transformer Component

Subview" with correct winding connections.
2.7.5.4 Transformer T2 Data
I) As with Tl, the zero sequence impedance does not have to be changed.
2) Using the "Component Editor" "2-Winding Transformer Component Subview" change

the winding connections to Y(ground)-Y.
54---SKM
2.7.5 .5 Utility Data
1) Impedances are taken from the manual analysis infommtion in Section 1.3 .1.2.2.
2) SKM assumes that the negative sequence impedances are the same as the positive.
3) SKM assumes very large values for the zero sequence impedances. These must be changed
to agree with supplied values.
The values from Section 1.3.1.2.2 are:

Zero Sequence Resistive Impedance = .1 n
Zero Sequence Inductive Impedance = .15 n
4) The impedances are converted to per-unit values with a 100 MVA base. The values that
SKM will accept are calculated below and underlined:
Zero Sequence Per-Unit Resistive Impedance Contribution=

(Zero Sequence Resistive Impedance) (Power baseNLL2) =
.1x(IOO x 106/38002) = .6925
Zero Sequence Per-Unit Inductive Impedance Contribution=

(Zero Sequence Inductive Impedance) (Power baseNLL2) =
.15x(100 x 106/38002) = 1.039
4) The utility data window is shown in Figure 2-7-5-5-1.

SKM--- 55
[;JIJ Component Editor GJLQ]rRJ

Component Subviews:
Utility
Harmonic Impedance
Reliability Data
Optimal Power Flow
User-Defined Fields
Harne: lu m -0001
[ Initial Operating Conditions

Voltgge: ~ pu
I17 !n Service
An.gle:
J1ncomplete
I0. DO IDegrees
.:J m
Datablock I
r Enter MVA/kVA/Amps lo Enter Per Unit
- Utility Contribution
Update... I
Contribution XIA :
I
Scenario Manager... Three Pha§e: ~ jMVA iJ ~
JGo To iJ Jump... I ].ine to Ground: J1 6.0 J MVA
~
mrommo - Per Unit Contribution
A x
Base/R ated MVA: f1DOYJ fositive 11 .3850001~
Base/AatedY:oltage (L·L): 13800 I ~era Ia.692500 111 .039000 I
[ '"' C:0M~t0o
Bus: BUS -0001 Connec!ion ...
11
Expand .. 'I I Shrink
Figure 2-7-5-5-1 Utility "Component Editor" "Utility Component Subview" window.
2.7.5.6 Motor M Data
SKM selected typical positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances using the already
input rated motor horsepower, power factor, efficiency, connection, and voltage. It is not necessary
to enter more data here.
2.7.5.7 General Load R Data
2.7.3.8 Circuit Breaker Cl and C2 and Fuse Fl Data

56---SKM
2.7.5.9 Unbalanced Short-Circuit Analysis ofa Line-to-Ground Short Circuit
I) As with the load flow analysis of Section 2.7.3, left-click on the icon in the "Tool'' toolbar
that looks like a person sitting at computer in front of a cyan colored background. This is titled
"Balanced System Studies".
2) The "Balanced System Study Setup" window appears. On this, left-click on "SC" <Short
Circuit> and "Comprehensive". See Figure 2-7-5-9-1.
~ Studies ...................................................... Report
r DemandLoad ~ Jdlrpt r .l.\ppend
r .. I'> i'lmi.INEC
5rzrng I IEE \.'firinq ~;atup... I Jsvpt
r LoadFlow Setup.. I Jll.rpt
r. Comprehensive
P° SC r ANSI Setup... , jsc.rpt r Append
r IEC 60909
r IEC61363
Length of Reported Component Name: lo 14 Characters r 30 Characters
r Load Schedules . Setup.. I lis rpt r .~ppenci
System Input Data Report: jinput.rpt r Append

W Overwrite Existing Reports View Study Message. . I
r Do not Display Warnings for Unbalanced Components
Default Report Path: C:\PTW32\Projects\exampleSKM
Help Format... Header... Run Cancel
Figure 2-7-5-9-1 "Balanced System Study Setup" window.
3) On the "Balanced System Study Setup" window left-click on "Setup . .. " in the "SC" box.
This will cause the "Comprehensive Short Circuit Study" window to appear.
SKM--- 57
4) In the "Comprehensive Short Circuit Study" window select "Single Line to Ground" and
"All Buses". Then left-click on "OK". See Figure 2-7-5-9-2.
Comprehensive Short Circuit Study- - . - --- . . . - . - --· -- - - --· -- -· - [i8J

Fault Type Faulted Bus I Calculation Models OK
I Three Phase Fault r.· All Buses II l"' Motor Contribution
Cancel
I"'
l"' Single Line to Ground
I Line to Line Fault r c Selected Buses
• i>IBC" I l"'
Transformer Tap
Transformer Phase Shift
Help
J Line to Line to Ground I Line Shunt

r
r· Cable Resistance Adjustment

l Wye-Grounded Filters I
Var Compensators
--- --
Temperature· ~ 'C
I
_ ~ ncludeAd1ustment
Report Specifications - Pre Fault Voltage - -
I Bus Voltages: ~JF

-ir-st_B_u_s-
Fr_o_m_F-au-lt_ _______ iJ_, < Load Flow
j Branch Currents: IFirst Branch From Fault iJ I I
1
Phase or Sequence: JReport phase quantities iJ i c rPUVoltageFor All Buses
I Fault Current Calculation: ] Initial Symmetrical RMS (with 1/2 Cycle AsyiJ J
I PUVoltage
Asymmetrical Fault Current at Time: lo< Cycles
I 30 Cycles Duty r. No Load with Tap
Figure 2-7-5-9-2 "Comprehensive Short Circuit Study" window.
5) The "Balanced System Study Setup" window reappears. On it, left-click on "Run".
6) The "Study Messages" window ofFigure 2-7-5-9-3 appears.

58 ---SKM
Study Messages ~
Fatal Errors: 0 Warnings: 0 Edit Errors 11 Rerun
System: Jan 10. 2009 09:23:29

System: Input Data Report Saved in :
System C:\PTW32\PROJECTS\EXAMPLESKM\INPUT.RPT
System: Jan 10, 2009 09:23:30
System:«< Running Short-Circuit Study >»
Running SLG fault...
Writing lo Report and Data Base...
Fault studies completed ...
System: Short-Circuit Study Report Saved In:
System: C:\PTW32\PROJECTS\EXAMPLE SKM\SC.RPT
System: Jan 10. 2009 09:23:30
System:«< End Short-Circuit Study »>
Help Close
Figure 2-7-5-9-3 "Study Messages" window.
7) Delete the "Study Messages" window. This reveals the one-line diagram beneath it with
single-line-to-ground, "SLG", short-circuit currents at buses that have a ground path. This can be
seen in Figure 2-7-5-9-4.
SKM--- 59
PD-0001
BUS~¢0 1
i 46i A"'!'>SLG
XFl -00~ 1
- t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . , . . . . B US-0002
21437 ."'"P> SL?
c: BU5'0003
PD-0003
XFl-0002
10131."'"P>SLG
CBL-0002
BUS-1>005
LO.ID-000 1
Figure 2-7-5-9-4 One-line diagram with single-line-to-ground, "SLG", short-circuit currents.
2.8 SKM REFERENCES
1) SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., Power*Tools for Windows Tutorial, 2008. It is 360 pages
long and 8.5" x 11 ". A person learning SKM should get a copy. It is currently available for free on
http://www.SKM.com/PTW V6.5 Tutorial.pdf
2) SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., PTW Tutorial video. This is a DVD disk meant for running
on Windows. It is free and comes with the Demo disk. A person learning SKM should get a copy. It
is available for free at http://www.skm.com/afshtml
60
3.0 ETAP
ETAP is an acronym for Electrical Transient Analysis Program. It was first made available in
1986.
3.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY ETAP
The 2008 ETAP Product Overview sales brochure states:
"ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation,
and operation of generation, distribution, and industrial power systems. ETAP is
developed under an established quality assurance program and is used as a high impact
program worldwide. As a fully integrated enterprise solution, ETAP extends to a Real-
Time Intelligent Power Management System to monitor, control, automate, simulate,
and optimize the operation of your system."
ETAP sales staff says advantages of their program are:
"l) ETAP has a three dimensional database which allows for easy 'what-if
scenarios. ETAP can store unlimited ' what-if scenarios in one integrated common
database. Our competition can only accomplish this with multiple database copies.
2) ETAP allows for composite networks and unlimited nested one-line diagrams.
3) ETAP automatically tells you if your equipment is correctly sized via graphical
reports.
4) 88% of nuclear power facilities are standardized on ETAP. ETAP is the only
NRC certified power system software provider.
5) ETAP has 45,000 licenses worldwide, making it the largest power system
software supplier in the world.
6) Customers accustomed to competitor's software say that ETAP's graphics are

leaps and bounds ahead of the competition and that ETAP back annotation is more
presentable.
7) You can export ETAP files to AutoCAD DXF files. Other programs, at best,
only allow export of image files.
8) You can import existing Ground Grid Systems created inAutoCAD to ETAP.
ETAP--- 61
9) Easily interfaces with ETAP Real-Time Systems such as ILS, PSMS, &
EMS."
The 2008 ETAP Product Overview sales brochures list the following ETAP program modules:
" l) Base Package:
ETAP Base Package is a set of core tools, embedded analysis modules, and
engineering libraries that allow you to create, configure, customize, and manage your
system model. Core tools allow you to quickly and easily build 3-phase and I-phase AC
and DC network one-line diagrams with unlimited buses and elements including detailed
instrumentation and grounding components. Base Package includes an intelligent one-
line diagram, element editors, configuration manager, report manager, project and study
wizards, multi-dimensional database, theme manager, data exchange, and user access
management. Embedded analysis modules such as Cable Ampacity, Cable Sizing, and
Transmission Line Constants provide integrated as well as stand-alone capabilities to
design, analyze, and size equipment. Engineering libraries provide complete verified and
validated data based on equipment manufacturer's published data.
2) Simulation & Analysis:
Short-Circuit ANSlllEEEIJEC: Save hours of tedious hand calculations and

take the guesswork out of short circuit analysis by automating the process with multiple
calculation and result analysis tools within ETAP.
The Short-Circuit module makes it easy to go from selecting elements from the
comprehensive libraries of short circuit current ratings to performing dozens of different
types of short circuit analysis with the purpose of finding the worst-case device duty.
Built-in intelligence allows it to automatically apply all ANSI I IEEE or IEC factors and
ratios required for high and low voltage device duty evaluation. Determine short-circuit
currents and automatically compare these values against manufacturer short circuit
current ratings. Overstressed device alarms are automatically displayed on the one-line
diagram and reports.
OTI closely monitors industry standards and OEM data to ensure ETAP is
always up-to-date. The Short-Circuit module seamlessly integrates with device
coordination and performs arc flash hazard calculations.
Arc Flash: ETAP Arc Flash Analysis software brings you new and enhanced
capabilities which allow for faster and easier performance of arc flash hazard analysis.
Identify and analyze high risk arc flash areas in your electrical system with greater
flexibility by simulating various incident energy mitigation methods.
Arc Flash is a completely integrated module that solves multiple scenarios to
determine worst-case incident energy levels. It also produces professional reports and
high quality arc flash labels at the press of a button.
62---ETAP
Load Ftow: With ETAPs advanced load flow analysis software module, you
can create and validate your system model with ease and obtain accurate and reliable
results. Built-in features like automatic device evaluation, summary alarms I warnings,
result analyzer, and intelligent graphics make it the rriost efficient power flow analysis
program available today.
ETAP load flow analysis software calculates bus voltages, branch power factors,
currents, and power flows throughout the electrical system. ETAP allows for swing,
voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple power grids and
generator connections, It is capable of performing analysis on both radial and loop
systems. ETAP allows you to select from several different methods in order to achieve
the best calculation efficiency and accuracy.
Motor Acceleration: The Motor Acceleration module enables engineers to

thoroughly evaluate the impact of load changes to electric power systems. Motor
Acceleration is fully capable of starting one motor or transitioning an entire power
system to another state. Sequence-start a series of machines using static or dynamic
models, operate Motor Operated Valves (MOVs), and simulate the switching actions of
Load Tap Changers. Advanced plotting and time varying graphical display enable
engineers to quickly evaluate results and make decisions.
Panel & Single Phase Systems: Developed for electrical designers and
engineers, the Panel Systems module combines a graphical user interface and the
intelligence of ETAP to easily design and analyze low voltage distribution systems.
Coupled with exclusive features and advanced capabilities, Panel Systems is a
quality tool you would only expect from the leader in power system analysis software.
3) Protective Devices:
ETAP Star device protection and coordination program provides an intuitive

and logical approach to Time Current Characteristic (TCC) analysis with features and
capabilities such as graphical user interface, true-to-the-form protective devices
modeling,_ extensive Verified & Validated (V&V) device library, embedded analysis
modules, and integrated, rule-based design.
Using intelligent one-line diagrams, comprehensive device libraries, and a
three-dimensional database, ETAP Star offers insight into troubleshooting false trips,
relay mis-operation, and mis-coordination.
ETAP--- 63
4) Relay Testing and Simulation:
The ETAP Advanced Relay Testing and Transient Simulator (ARTIS) is a

new concept that utilizes hardware and software technologies for testing, calibrating, and
simulating relays.
ETAP ARTIS combines the short circuit and protection device coordination
capabilities of ETAP with the relay testing hardware. It provides actual steady-state and
transient responses of relays for comparisons with the manufacturers published data.
ARTIS is designed to improve system protection, coordination, and reliability, hence
decreasing operational and maintenance costs.
5) Cable Systems:
Underground Thermal Analysis: Underground Thermal Analysis helps

engineers to design cable systems to operate to their maximum potential while providing
secure and reliable operation.
The advanced graphical interface allows for design of cable raceway systems to
meet existing and future needs by using precise calculations to determine required cable
sizes, their physical capabilities, and maximum derated ampacity.
In addition, transient temperature analysis computes temperature profiles for
cable currents, reducing the risk of damage to cable systems under emergency conditions.
Cable Pulling: Accurate prediction of cable pulling forces is essential for the
proper design of cable systems. This knowledge makes it possible to avoid under-
estimated and/or over conservative design practices to achieve substantial capital savings
during construction. The Cable Pulling module accounts for multiple cables of different
sizes and allows complex 3-D pulling path geometry. A point-by-point calculation
method is performed at every conduit bend and pull point. Both the forward and reverse
pulling tensions are calculated for determining the preferred direction of pull.
Cable Ampacity: ETAP calculates cable ampacity based on NEC and ICEA
P.54-440 methods for U/G duct banks, U/G direct buried, A/G cable trays, A/G
conduits, and air drops. The process is systematic and simple. For example, for A/G
trays, simply enter the tray height, width, and percent fill, ETAP calculates the derated
ampacity based on user specified ambient and conductor operating temperatures. For
duct banks, specify the number of rows, columns, ambient temperature, and soil thermals
resistivity, ETAP calculates the derated ampacity based on the hottest location not
exceeding the maximum operating temperature.
Cable Sizing: ETAP provides optimal and alternative cable sizes based on
voltage drop and load current requirements. Load current can be based on the full-load
amp of any element on the one-line diagram or as a user-specified value. You can size
cables (motor feeders, transformer cables, etc.) instantly based on the cable derated
ampacity for any type of installation (direct banks, trays, conduit in air, etc.).
64---ETAP
6) Power Quality:
With ETAPs Harmonic Analysis module, you can identify harmonic problems,
reduce nuisance trips, design and test filters, and report distortion limit violations.
Comprehensive load flow and frequency scan calculations are performed using detailed
harmonic models and non-integer harmonic filters. Results are shown graphically,
including harmonic order, harmonic spectrum plots, and harmonic waveform plots, as
well as Crystal Reports.
7) Dynamics & Transients:
Transient Stability: The Transient Stability module enables engineers to

accurately model power system dynamics and simulate system disturbances and events.
Typical transient stability studies include identifying critical clearing time, motor dynamic
acceleration, load shedding schedule, fast bus transfer timing, and generator start-up.
You can split a system or combine multiple subsystems, simulate automatic relay actions
and associated circuit breaker operations, accelerate or re-accelerate motors. Combined
with enhanced plotting and graphical results, engineers can truly use this module to
master power system stability studies.
Generator Start-Up: Using full frequency-dependent machine and network

models, the Generator Start-Up module analyzes cold-state starting of generators under
normal and emergency conditions. The entire generator start-up process is modeled,
including automatic control relay simulation and the dynamic behavior of exciters/AVRs,
governors, turbines, and Power System Stabilizers (PSS). You can simulate the starting
of generators, connection of generators to the network before reaching synchronizing
speed, acceleration of motors, action ofMOVs, and operation circuit breakers.
Wind Turbine Generator: The Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) module allows
you to design and monitor wind farms via a highly flexible graphic interface optimized for
both steady-state and dynamic simulation. The WTG module is fully integrated with all
ETAP calculation modules such as Load Flow, Short Circuit, Transient Stability,
Harmonic Analysis, Protective Device Coordination, and ETAP Real-Time. User-defined
actions may be added to simulate disturbances like wind variation and relay operations. It
also predicts the dynamic response of each individual wind turbine generator. Analysis
results may be utilized to analyze alternative turbine placement, tuning of control
parameters, selection and placement of protective devices, and sizing associated
equipment.
ETAP--- 65
User-Defined Dynamic Model: User-Defined Dynamic Models (UDM) can be

used to model or customize complex machine control systems. This module allows you
to build control block diagrams needed to simulate the behavior of machines in Transient
Stability and Generator Start-Up simulations. UDM provides independent self-testing via
load rejection, load acceptance, and terminal bus faults for validation of models and their
dynamic behavior.
Motor Parameter Estimation: The ETAP Parameter Estimation program

calculates equivalent circuit model parameters for machines at starting conditions. The
calculation is based on advanced mathematical estimation and curve fitting techniques,
which require only the machine performance characteristic data.
The estimated model together with its parameters can be used to represent the
machine dynamics during motor starting and transient stability studies. Machine
characteristic curves based on the estimated model are automatically updated into the
corresponding motor editor. Additional key machine characteristic and nameplate data
are automatically calculated based upon the estimated model.
8) Ground Grid Systems:

Finite Element Method
IEEE 80 & 665 Methods
9) Distribution Systems:
Unbalanced Load Flow
Optimal Power Flow
Optimal Capacitor Placement
Reliability Assessment
10) Geographic Information System:

GIS Map
11) Transmission Line:

Line Constants
Line Ampacity
Sag & Tension
HV DC Transmission Link
12) Transformer:
MVASizing
Tap Optimization
13) DC Systems:
Load Flow
Short-Circuit
Battery Discharge & Sizing
66---ETAP
14) Control Systems:

DC Control Systems Diagram
15) Data Exchange:

DataX
SmartPlant Electrical Interface
Microsoft Access & Excel Interface
e-DPP Interface
CAD Interface
16) Real-Time Monitoring & Simulation:

Advance Monitoring
Energy Accounting
Real-Time Simulation
Event Playback
Load Forecasting
17) Energy Management System:

Automatic Generation Control
Economic Dispatch
Supervisory Control
Interchange Scheduling
Reserve Management
18) intelligent Load Shedding:

Load Preservation
Load Restoration
Load Shedding Validation
19) Intelligent Substation:

Substation Automation
Switching Management
Load Management"
ETAP--- 67
3.2 OBTAINING ETAP
ETAP can be obtained directly from the company that owns it, Operation Technology, Inc.
or from a regional sales representative. The main office is:
Operation Technology, Inc.

17 Goodyear, Suite 100
Irvine, CA 92618
1-800-477-ETAP
1-949-462-0100
fax 1-949-462-0200
http://ETAP.com/
ETAP is sold in modules. These are listed in Section 3.1. Every user buys a base package and
then other modules are added as desired. ETAP is available in nuclear versions.
ETAP offers a free 60 day Demo version.
All of this section's examples were done with the ETAP 6.0 Demo.
3.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR ETAP 6.0
Operating System
Microsoft Windows XP (SP2) Professional or Home Edition,
or Microsoft Server 2003 (SP2), Microsoft Server 2003 R2 (SP2)
Other Program Requirements

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 or higher (for minimum level as specified by the operating
system in use),
Microsoft.NET Framework v2.0 (SP!),
or Microsoft.NET Framework vi.I (SPl)
PC Configuration Requirements
Parallel port, USB port, or serial port (for stand-alone licensing only)
CD-ROM or DVD drive
5 to 80 GB hard disk space (based on project size, number of buses)
19" monitor recommended (dual monitors highly recommended)
Minimum display resolution - I 024 x 768
68---ETAP
Recommended Hardware Requirements

6.0.0Demo
Intel Pentium 4
512MBRAM
500 Bus Projects
Intel Pentium 4 - 2.0 GHz (or dual quad core -E6600) or better
1 GBRAM
2000 Bus Projects
(Highly Recommended)
Intel Pentium 4 - 3.2 GHz with Hyper-Threading Technology (or dual/quad core -
E6700) or better with high speed bus or equivalent
2 GB of RAM (high speed)
10000 Bus Projects and Higher
Intel Xeon - 3.2 GHz with Hyper-Threading for dual/quad core - X6800) or better
with high speed system bus or AMD equivalent
2 to 4 GB RAM (high speed)
3.4 ETAPDEMOLIMITATIONS
1) It is operational for 60 days. After that, contact Operation Technology to ask for an
extension.
2) A maximum of 12 AC buses or 10 DC buses can be evaluated.
3) Circuits and data cannot be saved.
4) On the standard 6.0 Demo CD the active modules are Load Flow, Short-Circuit (ANSI
and IEC), Star-Protective Device Coordination, and Arc Flash. Most other modules can be made
active by requesting Activation Codes from Operation Technology.
5) Printed output reports and plots are restricted to the original example reports included
with the Demo .
3.5 ETAP TRAINING AND TUTORIALS
ETAP offers free online introductory tutorials, for-a-fee online training, and classroom
training. Information on these can be found on the ETAP website, ht tp://ETAP.com.
There are 29 free online tutorials. Some are videos, others are text with figures. The beginner
should go through these, especially the ones showing how to create one-line diagrams and do load
flow studies.
J
ETAP--- 69
For-a-fee online training is offered by ETAP, although at the time this book was composed,
most of their for-a-fee training was done in classrooms.
ETAP classroom training is done at their home office and in many locations around the
world. Most of these are for a fee.
3.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE ETAP DEMO
The Demo disk comes with a two page "Setup and Installation Guide". If you do not have
the" .. .Guide", setup is still not difficult. A four-character installation code is needed to setup ETAP.
If you do not have it, contact Operation Technology.
3. 7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH ETAP
The same example as was analyzed manually in Section 1.3 is analyzed here with ETAP using
its Base, Load Flow, and Short-Circuit -ANSI/IEEE Packages.
3.7.1 SETTING UP THE ETAP DEMO FOR USE ON THE SYSTEM OF FIGURE 1-3-1
The ETAP Demo will do a load flow analysis on a, ''New Project". However, using the
''New Project" mode with the ETAP Demo disables its "Short-Circuit Analysis" capability. To use
the "Short-Circuit Analysis" capability of ETAP it is necessary to have the Demo bring up its
"Example Project (ANSI)" or "Example Project (IEC)" systems. Then those systems are deleted in
ETAP's "Edit" mode and are replaced with the desired system.
Here the ETAP "Example Project (ANSI)" will be brought up and then modified to become
the system ofFigure 1-3-1.
1) Start ETAP by double left-clicking on the ETAP icon.
2) On the "Welcome to ETAP" window left-click "OK".
3) On the "Select Demo Project" window select the default "Example Project (ANSI)" and
left-click "OK".
4) On the "ETAP Logon" window left-click "OK".
5) On the "Select Access Level" window select the default "Project Editor" and left-click
"OK".
70---ETAP
6) A number ofETAP windows will appear. The top and active window is "Study View
(Edit Mode)". See Figure 3-7-1-1.
rmJ @I
Ge:~=.pdf St111Lb"111y~t. pdl
Figure 3-7-1-1 "Example Project (ANSI)" system.
7) Block and delete the system. The "Grid I" and "Grid 2" colored blocks will be left after
the system has been deleted. Drag them to the right side and leave them there. The result can be seen
in Figure 3-7-1-2.
ETAP--- 71
llAl'600 ~twlyVaw(l<11tMmlt) r..-~I'):-
...
~,
~
•
-
Figure 3-7-1-2 Cleared work window, ready for the Figure 1-3-1 system.
8) On the left of the screen left-click on the "System Dumpster" icon. It looks like a trash
can.
9) On the "Dumpster" window delete the "SubOL 1" and "SubOL2". This will make
designations like Tl and T2 available for use on the system ofFigure 1-3-1 .
10) The work window is now ready for creating a new one-line diagram.
1) The one-line diagran1 ofFigure 1-3-1 will be re-created below with ETAP.
2) Left-click on the "Power Grid" icon in the "AC Edit" toolbar (the toolbar near the right
side with transfonner symbols and "BUS" on it), release the button (do not hold the left mouse
button down, as would be done with some CAD programs). Drag the icon to a central location on
the work window, then left-click again to set the icon in place. After an icon is placed on the one-line
diagram it can be moved by left-clicking on it, holding the left button down, and then releasing the
left button when the icon is in the proper location. See Figure 3-7-2-1.
72---ETAP
~ llAP 6 0 0 [Study View (ldil /Mdt')I ~1!1[8]
9!!'
•
I ......... _,_ ............ i

~Ad
''"':10;,;~,.=-..=. =============================="'1-;~-~--
Figure 3-7-2-1 Work window with "Power Grid" icon in place.
3) Left-click, drag, and set a "BUS" icon beneath the terminal of the work window's "Power
Grid" icon.
4) With the cursor on the terminal of the "Power Grid" icon, left-click and hold down the
mouse button. The terminal will turn purple. Drag a line straight down to the "BUS" icon until the
"BUS" icon turns purple. Release the left mouse button and the "Power Grid" icon will be connected
to the "BUS" icon by a red line.
5) Left-click and drag the other icons to the work window and then connect them. When
needed, the "BUS" icon can be stretched by left-clicking on an end and dragging it. The result is
shown in Figure 3-7-2-2.
Note:
1) ETAP will not allow two impedance components in series without a "BUS" or ''NODE"
between them. Cables and transformers are examples of impedance components.
2) ETAP will allow two or more zero impedance components in series without
interconnecting "BUS"es or ''NODE"s. Fuses, circuit breakers, and switches are examples of zero
impedance components.
3) ETAP can use "BUS"es or ''NODE"s between series components. "BUS"es can accept
many components. ''NODE"s can only accept two components.
ETAP--- 73
""
...
-~
Bud
1 ... 2
'"
u
4'( f ll'.'I.
l u•l
'"-+-----~---
'"
...'"'t)
"
~:1"·'
Cabh11
o:t.
lu•' O k'J
C o bl•l~
Kul
00
..... '"
'"
•• l.o • <ll
•
..
\j ff!~~p
J4.!'i k'" ~IaiaSubs11ti011
OD e-LlDelMq:r•m
I
Figure 3-7-2-2 Work window of the Figure 1-3-1 example one-line diagram with default
transformer types. No system data has been entered yet.
6) Note that the cables are labeled "Cable 11 " and "Cable 12" rather than "Cable I" and
"Cable 2". This is because the lower cable numbers are still saved by ETAP for the original ETAP
Demo example.
3.7.3 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
3.7.3.l Circuit Data Entry
ETAP has many data windows for each component. With these, the user can input a great
amount of data. However, most of this data is not needed by ETAP for load flow and balanced short-
circuit analyses. Here, only the required data will be entered.
Underlined values are entered into ETAP.

74---ETAP
3.7.3.1.1 "Power Grid Editor- PG l" data
1) Right-click on the "Power Grid" icon and select "Properties" to bring up the "Power Grid
Editor - PGl" "Info" tab shown in Figure 3-7-3-1-1-1.
Power Grid Editor - PG1 ~
I OkV Swing
Info
ID [~--·----·-·---·------------! 0 1n Service
0 Out of Service
Bus J Busl vJOkV
Equipment Configuration
Tag# [ - - - - -.. -----·---·-1 Normal
Mode
0 Swing
Name
0 Voltage Control
0 Mvar Control
Description
0 PF Control
Figure 3-7-3-1-1-1 "Power Grid Editor" "Info" tab.
2) Values needed for the "Power Grid Editor - PG l" "Rating" tab are taken from the manual
analysis information in Sections 1.3.1.2.1 and 1.3.1.2.2. They are:
Rated kV = 3.8
Positive sequence RS 1 = .2 n
Positive sequence XS 1 = .3 n
The underlined value, 3.8, can be entered directly into the "Power Grid Editor - PG I"
"Rating" window. The impedances need to be converted to per cent values with a I 00 MV A base.
ETAP--- 75
The values that ETAP will accept are calculated below and underlined:
%RPOS = RS 1x(Power baseNLL2) x 100

= .2x(l00 x 106/38002) xi 00 = 138.5
%XPOS = XS I x(Power baseNLL2) x I 00

6 2
= .3 (JOO x 10 /3800 ) x!OO = 207.8
sequence impedances and the connection configuration are not needed. Here, those impedances and
the connection configuration will be left at defuult values.
4) Select the "Rating" tab and enter 3.8, 138.5, and 207.8 into the "Power Grid Editor -
PGl " . Also enter 100 for the "Operating %V''. This shows that 100% of the 3.8 kV is applied to the
system. The filled out "Rating" tab is shown in Figure 3-7-3-1-1-2.
Power Grid Editor - PG1 rgJ

~ Rating I Harmonic I Reliability JI Energy Price II Remarl<s I Comment I
3.BkV Swing
Rated kV OU ~ I 0 Balanced 0 Unbalanced
Gen. Cat. 'Y.V l(anale MW Mvar 41?.F Qmax Qmin J

1 Desian 100 0
? Normal 100 0
4:
L
3 Shutdown 100 0 _,.
4 Emergency 100 0
'i Standbv 100 0
6 Startun 100 0 iv-
Operating
~~ v Vangle MW Mvar
~ co co co
SC Rating SC Imp . (100 MVA base)
I
MVAsc X/ R kAsc 'l'. R 'Z )( J
3-Phase J 40.044 I [JD ~ Pos.

~ 0§]
1-Phase [~o.044 I I 1.5_1 I s.oB4J
Neg. I 138.5 I 0§]
Zero I 138.5 I 0§] I
Figure 3-7-3-1-1-2 "Power Grid Editor - PG I" "Rating" tab.

76---ETAP
3.7.3.1.2 Circuit breaker Cl and C2 and fuse Fl data
3.7.3.1.3 Transformer Tl data
1) Transformer Tl data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.1.1 .
Rating Prim. kV= 3.8

Rating Sec. kV= 0.48
Rating MVA = ~
The transformer% impedances (.6 MV A and 3800/480 V rms base) are:
Positive sequence %RT11=1.73%
Positive sequence %XT11 = 1.52%
These need to be converted to units that ETAP will accept.
Impedance Positive %Z = (%RT11 2 + %XT11 2) 112

= (l.73 2 + 1.522) 112 = 2.30
Impedance Positive XIR = %XT11/%RT11

= 1.52/ 1.73 = .879
the connection configuration will be left at defuult values.
3) Right-click on the transformer Tl icon, select "Properties" and the "Rating" tab, and enter
the underlined data to create the ''2-Winding Transformer Editor - Tl" window shown in Figure 3-
7-3-1-3-1.
ETAP--- 77
. - ~ --·. --- . - ·- ------- ~ .. . ~ ~~- - ~-- -' ' -~ --- - . ~ - -~
2-Winding Transformer Editor - T1 ~
~ j~[f~~~-~J Protecti;;-11 Harm~n-;il Re1~ifyll Re°ma-;ks !I c~ i

I 0.6 MVA Liquid-Fill Other 55/ 65 C 3-.8 0.48 kV
Rating Connected Bus
kV ( MVA I Max MVA FU\ Norn . kV

Prim _ l_E_~
L~J [jl:_~J [9Ll6 3.8
Sec _ I o.4 s I mu D
Impedance Z Va1iation Z Tolerance
I
Typical X/R ]
@- 5 %.Tap
~; z X/R
co ~;
PositiveI 2.3- J o.s7s- I
Zero I
@ + 5 ~~ Tap
2.3- I l~ J
I 0 Iz
T)'Pical Z & X/ R
[i] [iJ a ~ 1!2--------------- -~~ ~ 00 I OK Ii lcanc~I
Figure 3-7-3-1-3-1 Transfonner "2 Winding Transfonner Editor - Tl " "Rating" tab window.
78 ---ETAP
3.7.3.1.4 Transformer T2 data
1) Transformer T2 data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section l .3. 1.1.2.
Rating Prim. kV = .48

Rating Sec. kV= 0.12
Rating MV A= .09
The transformer% impedances (.09 MV A and 480/120 V rms base) are:
Positive sequence %RT! I = 2.00%
Positive sequence %XTI 1 = 1.80%
These need to be converted to units that ETAP will accept.
Impedance Positive %Z = (%RTl 12 + %XTJ J2) 1f2

= (2.00 2 + 1.802) 1(2 = 2.69
Impedance Positive X/R = %XTl 1/%RTI 1

= 1.80/2.00 = .900
2) The transformer data is entered as it was in Section 3.7.3.1.3.
3. 7.3.1.5 Data for the cable from circuit breaker C2 to motor M, "Cable 11"
I) From the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.3.3:
Length = 200 ft
Impedance (per conductor) Pos. R = 0.078, (nil 000 ft.)
Impedance (per conductor) Pos. X = 0.030, (n/1000 ft.)
Select Units n per 1000 ft
the connection configuration will be left at default values.
3) Two Cable Editor windows are needed to use the raw data of Section 1.3. 1.3.3, the "Info"
tab window and the "Impedance" tab window. Right-click on the cable icon between the circuit
breaker C2 and the motor M to bring up the Cable Editor windows. The filled out windows are
shown in Figures 3-7-3-1-5-1and3-7-3-1-5-2.
ETAP--- 79
Cdble Editor - Cable11 l8J

1--:-:-,...,_-'-R-'-
eliability ___J
Info Impedance Physical
Info
ID lmmI © In Service
0 Out of Service
From I._Bus4_________.,=I o.4skv

Connection
To I.____ _ _ _ _ _ ___.,
Bus5 __.! 0.48 kV
3 Ph.3se
l Phase
Equipment Ubraiy
Tag# .___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___,

Ubrary ...
0 Unk to Ubraiy
Name
Length
Length ~ ~
Descliption
Tolerance I_ O J •4
# Conductors I Phase [ 1 J
Figure 3-7-3-1-5-1 "Cable Editor - Cable 11" "Info" tab window.

80---ETAP
Cable Editor - Cable11 ti]
Impedance (per conductor) Untts
R x y
Pos . I 111@1 ~' ,---o ] (!) Ohms per
Q Ohms
Zero [_~ l [ o l 0
Cable Temperature
Base 175 v .i., 'C Min. 75 'C Max. 75 'C
Figure 3-7-3-1-5-2 2-"Cable Editor-Cable 11" "Impedance" tab window.
J
ETAP--- 81
3.7.3.1.6 Data for the cable from transformer T2 to static load R, "Cable 12"
1) From the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1 .3.4:
Length = 200 .ft

Select Units il..lli;r 1000 .ft
2) The cable data is entered here as it was in 3. 7.3.1.5
3.7.3.1.7 MotorMdata
1) Motor M data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.4.
Ratings HP = 250
Ratings kV= 0.48
3) Also select MFR for typical manufacturer's data relating to the 250 hp and .48 kV.
2) The data is entered on two windows the "Nameplate" window and the "Typical
Nameplate Data" sub-window. See Figures 3-7-3-1-7-1 and 3-7-3-1-7-2.
82 ---ETAP
Induction Machine Editor - Mtr1 ~

j-P~ctio;;:-lf ... CabLe"/".,,,
Vd.,.,,__JJ__Ca
:.__;_,
ble .Amp -R~biifyil-R~~~;- J--c~;;;-;;;;t --J
I Info I Nameplate Model I Inertia I Load Start Dev Start Cat '
I 1 250 HP 0.48 kV Cable Info not available

Ratings
100 l', 75 ~~ 50 l', Rated
~ 1·-·250___1 kV j"¥i~41i""J % PF j""9T8--I p;1~s-1 J"9i~8--I ~'. Slip r· 1·5 I Poles
IkVA I !219. FLA ~ 'l, Bf !~II ~ @I&] RPM [ § ] RPM 1soo I

I Ubrary ... 1 1 None SF
Loading
Motor Load Feeder Loss
Operating Load: JO kW +i JO kvar
--·----~-----------~---------..----------·---'
Figure 3-7-3-1-7-1 Motor M "Induction Machine Editor Mtrl " "Nameplate" tab window.
J
ETAP--- 83
Typical Nameplate Data
Amp .%PF, %EFF, <kVA

NEC
I )I:3el :~' 11 r- r- r- r-
MEC Typical Cale, Cale.
I
MFR
I
1 Jl1SelectJ 1263" JsiT I 920s: 8i9
I Cale. Typical Typical Cale.
EMisting
I JI ?elect J j
I 31s.2 l 84.89 l 82.75 J2s5"
Cale. EMisting EMisting Cale.
~ I Libt,;11y I
Figure 3-7-3-1-7-2 Motor M "Typical Nameplate Data", sub-window of the ''Nameplate" tab
window.
3.7.3.1.8 "Static Load" R data
I) "Static Load" R data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.5.
Ratings kV = 0.12
Ratings MVA= 0.030
the connection configuration will be left at default values.
3) Right-click on the "Static Load" icon, the "Loading" tab, and then enter the underlined
data to create the "Static Load Editor - Load I" window shown in Figure 3-7-3-1-8-1.
84---ETAP
-~ Loading [~~Jl~-~~1p ll~ll~JJ3~1~-e-nt_,I______,

I 1 0.03 MW 0 Mvar 0.12 kV Cable Info not available
Ratings
Grounding
kV IMVA I MW Mvar Y, PF .Amps 00
[ illi CQrol ~I 1-0- 11- 10011=1¥D ·
ICalculator... j
Loading
Load Feeder Loss
~oa_din~ Category ~-Load.ing j MW I Mvar I MW i' Mvar I
1 ! Desigr\ 100 0.03 0 O' 0
..1., ='="
BraRe· 100 Q.03 Oc· 0 0 "
~
J I F.ulll~d· 100 0.03 Q 0 0

~
4_' Su.mmeilol)d 0 0 ·o,· 0 0
...§... Winter Load 0 0 0 0 0
6..J' Start ()p 0 0 '2,,__ 0 0
~ Emergency. 0 0
>---· 0 0 0
a · Shutdown_ 0 0 o· 0 0
~ Accident
,__.... 0 0 0 0 0
10 toad C'at..10 0 0 0 0 0 v
Operating Load: jo' MW + J J. . -0-- Mvar
Figure 3-7-3-1-8-1 R "Static Load Editor Load I" "Loading" tab window.
3.7.3.2 Load Flow Analysis
I) Left-click on the upper icon that looks like a balanced scale with a P and Q on it. This is
next to the "Edit" icon and is titled "Load Flow Analysis".
2) On the toolbar on the right left-click the icon that hasp kV and q on it. This is titled "Run
Load Flow".
3) The work window will be replaced by a "Load Flow Analysis" window. By default it
contains line currents (in Arms) and percent voltages. See Figure 3-7-3-2-1.
ETAP--- 85
PGl
to . OH lr~).'!iO~
Bugl f3 8 . lA
+3 8 .1A
Bus£
+J e. lA
Tl
a.~ w.n.
8ug3 99 -).%
+2.69. 9A +J4 . lA
) 99 -).% g9 · ).%
Bu94 Bu96
~69 . 9A +:3 4 . lA
Cablell T2
0 . 09 11""1.
Bus? 911 -"6 "'

Bu95
+136 . 5A
Cablel2
200 ft
Mtrl 9". !>9 %
~50 HP Bu98
+136 . 5A
Lcadl
0 . 03 11""1.
Figure 3-7-3-2-1 Default window of"Load Flow Analysis".
4) The output can be customized by using the selection tool on the right toolbar. Its icon
looks like a computer monitor and it is titled "Display Options". Select the "Voltage Unit" to be "V"
to display bus voltages. This will make it easier to compare the ETAP results with those of the
manual analysis. See Figure 3-7-3-2-2 for "Load Flow Analysis" with "V" as the "Voltage Unit".
86---ETAP
Tl
o.~ llV1t.
Bug3
.. 69.9A
Bug4
) ,.1s-1 <J
Bug6
.. 69 . 9A
0 . 09 llV1t.
<J
Bus? )_"1.ll -7.
,.&1 . 9 <J
Bug5
tJ.36 . SA
9A
CablelZ
zoo ft
Mtr'. <J
250 lll Bug8 "1.)_3-5
+136 .SA
Loadl
0.03 IC"1.
Figure 3-7-3-2-2 "Load Flow Analysis" output with bus voltages shown.
1) Left-click on the upper icon that looks like a lightning bolt. This icon is titled "Short-
Circuit Analysis".
2) The short-circuit location must be designated. To do this left-click on the icon above and
to the right of the lightning bolt icon. The icon looks like a suitcase and is titled, "Edit Case Study".
3) A window titled, "Short Circuit Case Study" opens. On this select "Bus 2", the bus just
downstream ofcircuit breaker Cl. See Figure 3-7-4-1.
ETAP--- 87
Short Circuit Study Case L8"]

Standard kc Flash Adjustment Alert
Study Case ID Transfom1er Tap Equip. Cable & OL Heater
1~ 0 Adjust Base kV Include Impedance for:

OMV Motors
Load Terminal Fault
0 Use Nominal Tap OLVMotors
D Cale. Load Term . SC
Panel/ UPS/ 1Ph Subsystem Report Motor Contribution Based on ·
0Panel Contribution Level 0 Motor Status
0UPS 0 Loading Categol}'
01-Phase I0 Both
Bus Selection
Fault Dont Fault
Bus2 D Aii Buses Bus1
BusJ
OMV Buses
Bus4
O LVBuses Bus5
Bus&
[ « Fault J Bus7
Bus8
[ -Fault >> j
Stud)• Remarks
[second-lin
_e_m
~ re-
m-ari<
_s _f_
o_r '-
'A_
N_S_
ID-uty
-~ .. -
st-
udy
~c-as
-e-
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~---.
Figure 3-7-4-1 Short Circuit Case Study window, "Bus 2" selected.
4) Left-click on the icon on the right hand side of the screen, the one that has three lines
going into one and has "duty" written under it. This icon is titled "Running 3-Phase Device Duty
(ANSI 37)". The result is shown in Figure 3-7-4-2.
88 ---ETAP
pi;1
Bus3
ti . 25
CB2 ) o-i..9 ~
Bus4 O·
Bus?
Cable12
Mtrl
Busa
Loadl
Figure 3-7-4-2 Currents (in kA) during a balanced short circuit at "Bus 2'', the output of circuit
breaker Cl.
5) In a similar way, the balanced short-circuit currents can be found at "Bus 4" and "Bus 6" .
See Figures 3-7-4-3 and 3-7-4-4.
ETAP--- 89
Tl
Bu3 3 .j.1 9 . 5 4
CB2
Bus4 {is . S420
"1 . 29 . €".it
'f;J Bu37
() . 031
Bus5
.29
Cablel ;t
Mtrl
Bug 8
Loadl
Figure 3-7-4-3 Currents (in kA) during a balanced short circuit at "Bus 4", the output of circuit
breaker C2.
90---ETAP
Tl
Bu 93 .19 - 54
'1 . 29
CB2 )
Bu 94 Bu!16
'1 . 29 20 _ 6 !:Ji.
Cable1 1 T2
~ Bu!!?
Bug5 o. o'.11
'1 . 29
Ce ble 1 2
Mtrl
Bu g8
Loadl
Figure 3-7-4-4 Currents (in kA) during a balanced short circuit at "Bus 6", the output of fuse Fl .
Unbalanced short-circuit analysis requires more information than load flow and balanced
short-circuit analysis require. The voltage supply and the impedances used in the load flow and
balanced short-circuit analyses are symmetrical components positive sequence values. For
unbalanced short-circuit analysis symmetrical components negative and zero sequence impedances
are also needed. Furthermore, unlike balanced analyses, the ETAP one-line diagram has to have
correct transformer connections (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Y(ground), Y-6, etc.).
ETAP--- 91
3.7.5.1 "Power Grid Editor PGl " Data
1) ETAP has automatically selected source and line negative and zero sequence impedances
that are equal to their positive sequence impedances. This is correct for the negative sequence
impedances, but the zero sequence impedances must be changed, to those of Section 1.3.1.2.2 of the
manual calculation. Right-click on the "Power Grid" icon, select "Properties", and bring up the
"Rating" tab shown in Figure 3-7-5-1-1.
Power Grid Editor - PG1 cg]

~ Ratingl Harmonic 1 ~11 Energy Price I~[ Commeni I
3.8kV Swing
Rated kV
Gen. Cat. ':(I/

[IO
Vana!~
m
MW
I 0 Balanced
Mvar %1?F
0
Qmax
Unbalanced
Qmir\ I
1 Desian 100 0 ~
2· Normal 100 0
Shutdown 100 0 =
Emeraencv 100 0
Standbv 100 0
1 Startuo 100 0 ~
Operating
"I. v Vangle MW Mvar
~ co I 0.234 I ~
SC Rating SC Imp . (100 MVA base)
MVAsc XIR kAsc "!, R 'Z x
3-Phase I 40.044 I QI] ~

Pos.
~ ~
Neg. [ 138.s I [ 207.B I
1-Phase [ 48.0~~_J [ 1.so1_] ~
Zero ~ ~
[i1[i}!B ~ I PG 1 ~ I~ ji1 lf2] [OK Jj leancelj
Figure 3-7-5-1-1 "Power Grid Editor - PG I" "Rating" tab with correct zero sequence impedances.
92---ETAP
2) Enter zero sequence impedances to be half the value of the positive sequence impedances,
as they were with the manual calculation values. The entered values should be:
%RZERO = (138.5%)/2 = 69.2
%:XZERO = (207.8%)/2 = 103.9
3.7.5.2 Circuit Breaker Cl and C2 and Fuse Fl Data
3.7.5.3 Transfonner Tl Data
1) ETAP automatically makes the negative and zero sequence impedances the same as the
positive sequence impedances, as they are in Section 1.3. I. I. I. ETAP allows the zero sequence
impedances to be changed, but that is not necessary in this example.
2) The winding connections and "Solid" neutral grounding of the transfonner should be
selected with the "Grounding" tab window. The "Grounding" tab window is shown in Figure 3-7-5-
3-1.
J
ETAP--- 93
- - - • ¥ ~- - - -- -- - - - -- - ~¥ - -
·-~!~~~!~ Grounding j~z~~Jl .P~tect~~j Harmonic_JL!3.:liabii~j! R~ma;ks" I Comment I

I1
I
[). 6 MVA Liquid-Fill Other 55/ 65 C 3.B 0.4B kV
Display
(!) Font () Symbols
T}'Pe
ISolid .·· ---· -- ·-·;;I
Secondary
Figure 3-7-5-3-1 Transformer Tl "Grounding" tab window.
1) ETAP automatically makes the negative and zero sequence impedances the same as the
positive sequence impedances, as they are in Section 1.3.1.1.2. ETAP allows the zero sequence
impedances to be changed, but that is not necessary in this example.
2) The winding connections of the transformer should be selected with the "Grounding" tab.
The "Grounding" tab window is shown in Figure 3-7-5-4-1 .
94---ETAP
~ -- ---
I Info If Rating ~ Tap j Grounding l Sizing I Protection I Harmonic I Reliability jl~ l[c;;;;;;;;;;t
0.09 MVA Uquid·Fill Other 55/ 65 C 0.48 0.12 kV
Display
@ Font Q Symbols
Primary
Type
IJY.J] I s_
._ oli_d _ _ _ _v__,I
Secondar/
Type
1£Y.:'.I '~Op_
en _ _~
vI
Figure 3-7-5-4-1 Transformer T2 "Grounding" tab window.
3. 7.5.5 Data for the Cable from Circuit Breaker C2 to Motor M, "Cable 11 "
ETAP assumes that the negative sequence impedances are the same as the positive. The zero
sequence impedances need to be entered manually. In Section 1.3.1.3.3 the zero sequence
impedances are the same as the positive. They should be entered into the "Impedance" tab window as
shown in Figure 3-7-5-5-1 .
ETAP--- 95
Cable Editor - Cable11 ~

Reliability II Remari<s ]I Comment I
Info I lmpildance I Physical II loading II- Protection II Ampacity JI Sizing II Routing
Impedance (per conductor) Un~s -

R x y
Pos. [ 111im I [§] I o J 0 0hmsper I 1000 I E::3
Q Ohms
Zero
~ [§] [ 0 I
-
Cable Ternperature
Base [75 v I'C Min. [J[J ·c Max. [J[J ·c
Figure 3-7-5-5-1 2-Cable Editor "Impedance" tab window, "Cable 11".
3.7.5.6 Data for the Cable from Transformer T2 to Static Load R, "Cable 12"
sequence impedances need to be entered manually. In Section 1.3.1.3.4 the zero sequence
impedances are the same as the positive. They should be entered into the "Impedance" tab window as
they were for "Cable 11 " in Section 3. 7.5.5.
96---ETAP
3.7.5.7 Motor M Data ·
ETAP selected typical negative and zero sequence impedances when motor data was input. It
is not necessary to add further motor data to the ETAP program.
3.7.5.8 Static Load R Data
sequence impedances are infinite, since the neutral is isolated. It is not necessary to add further static
load data to the ETAP program.
1) Left-click on the upper icon that looks like a lightning bolt. This icon is titled "Short-
Circuit Analysis''.
2) The short-circuit location must be designated. To do this left-click on the icon above and
to the right of the lightning bolt icon. The icon looks like a suitcase and is titled, "Edit Case Study".
3) A window titled, "Short Circuit Case Study" opens. On this select 'Bus 5", the bus just
upstream of motor M.
4) Just to the left of the suitcase icon there is a small window that allows the selection of the
"Study Case". Ifit has not already been selected, select "ANSI - LG".
5) Select the "Run 3-Phase, LG, LL, LLG( 1.5 - 4 Cycle)" icon in the "Short-Circuit
Toolbar". The icon looks like a lightning bolt with a number 4 and a sine wave under it. This will
predict the currents and voltages within the time from 1.5 to 4 cycles from the start of the short
circuit.
6) On the "Short-Circuit Toolbar" on the right select the "Display Options Short-Circuit"
icon, the one that looks like a computer monitor. In the window that comes up select in "Fault
Type", "L-G", and "Phase Values (A, B, C)". See Figure 3-7-5-9-1. Then left-click "OK". The
resulting display is shown in Figure 3-7-5-9-2.
ETAP---97
Voltage Un~
fi?v ~-J 0Show Un~s
Fault T~pe
0 3-Phase
(€> L-G () Vb . 310

O L-L 0 Sequence Values (1. 2. 0)
O L-L- G 0 Phase Values (A. B. C}
Displa)' Motor Contributions
~ Medium Voltage Motors
~ Large Low Voltage Motors
~ Small Low Voltage Motors
Figure 3-7-5-9-1 "Display Options Short-Circuit" window.

98---ETAP
PG1
1-21
O. OSl
Busl +o - 0 43
CB1
1. 21
Q_OS l
Bus2 +<L 0 4 3
+i . 21
O_OSl
. 043
9 .6
0.40 3
Bus3 +o - 342
~+'-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i• · '
9.6 i& WI :ii 9 . 11
)0 - 40 3 Q. 'f."J
~ . 3 42 .B us6 o .2~ 'f.'1 ii\I
o.2u
o .i& WI
i• ·'
: ii 9 . 11
Cablell
(l .21 ~ ii\I
9 _6 o.2s
0
0 . 403 .B us7
Buss +o - 342
to
..TO . 612. zo
O • Of ~
_40 3 0 ~ 0 - 35 Cable12
_342 ~ 0
Mtrl
Busa
Figure 3-7-5-9-2 Line-to-ground short circuit at "BUS 5'', the input to the motor M. Phase voltages
and currents (in kA) are displayed. Values have been dragged to make reading easier.
3.8 ETAPREFERENCE
Operation Technology, Inc., ETAP 6. 0 Demo Getting Started, 2006. It is 173 pages long and
8.5'' x 11 ". A person learning ETAP should get a copy. It is available for free on the ETAP website.
99
4.0 EDSA
The EDSA Micro Corporation is also simply called EDSA . Originally, EDSA was an
acronym for Electrical Design Simulation & Analysis. EDSA develops program solutions for
electrical power systems. Their Paladin program products have been used for more than 25
years.
This book is concerned with their Paladin DesignBase Version 2.0 electrical power
system analysis program. In the electrical industry, the Paladin DesignBase program is
sometimes referred to by its company's name, EDSA .
4.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY EDSA
EDSA states:
"Paladin DesignBase is an internationalized, ubiquitous modeling system

that can be used to create, analyze and simulate virtually any type of electrical power
distribution system regardless of complexity. It provides the technological richness
needed to analyze systems from a variety of perspectives: from static to dynamic
simulations, including the ability to model and embed the detailed control logic of
the intelligent electronic devices responsible for controlling how power flows
throughout the system.
EDSA products meet safety standards established by the U.S. Nuclear

Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Nuclear Procurement Issues Committee
(NUPIC). Paladin DesignBase complies with IEEE/ANSI, IEC and Mil Standards.
In addition, a library of more than 50 optional Paladin DesignBase Solutions

Modules allow users to perform specialized forms of analysis and optimization,
including Fault Analysis, Protection Coordination, Power Flow Analysis, Power
Quality Analysis and Mitigation, Dynamic Behavior Simulation, Design
Optimization, and Sizing Optimization.
Paladin DesignBase provides three crucial benefits for users:
The DesignBase serves as the basis for powerful modeling, simulation,

analysis, and ' what if testing in a teaming environment, and in an integrated, easy-
to-use modeling environment.
100---EDSA
The engineering intent behind all facets of the electrical engineer's design is
unambiguously documented and preserved.. . to guide downstream construction,
installation, and maintenance crews.
Once the facility is operational, the DesignBase can - using EDSA ' s Paladin
Live platform - serve as benchmark against which actual measurements are
compared, in order to identify potential operational problems while they are still in
the formative stages ... and there is still time to preempt them. "
Typically Paladin DesignBase users purchase its modules in packages. Users buy a base
module and some other modules to create their own total program package. The packages may
contain from 3 to over 50 modules. Below is a copy of the 2009 EDSA website list of Paladin
DesignBase modules:
"1) Base Modules (included with all package types)

Editor (Graphical Interface)
Loader
Build Devices
2) Fault Analysis
AC Short Circuit - 3 Phase ANSI/IEEE & PDE and IEC 909
AC Single Phase Short Circuit
AC & DC Arc Flash Evaluation (NFPA 70E 2004 & IEEE 1584)
AC Short Circuit - IEC 363
DC Short Circuit Classical & IEC 61660
3) Protection Coordination
AC & DC System Protective Device Coordination
Distance Relays
4) Power Flow Analysis

Advanced Power Flow
Advanced Single Phase Power Flow
Advanced Motor Starting
Power Flow Phase Development
AC Voltage Profile
Integrated AC/DC Load Flow
Object Orientated DC Load Flow
PSO (Power System Optimization)
Voltage Stability & Contingency Analysis
Load Forecasting
EDSA--- 101
5) Power Quality Analysis and Mitigation

Harmonics Analysis (with Automatic Filter Sizing)
Reliability Worth Assessment of Distribution System
Capacitor Sizing
6) Dynamic Behavior Simulation

Advanced Transient Stability Analysis (with Model Builder)
EMTAP (Electromagnetic Transient Analysis)
7) Design Optimization
Schedules
Induction Motor Parameters
Computation oflmpedance Parameters - Sync Motors
Advanced Substation Grounding Grid Design 3-D Plotting
Cable Pulling
Cable Magnetic Field
Transmission Line Parameters
Shielding
Advanced Power Cable Ampacity
8) Sizing Optimization
Battery Sizing
NEC Wire Sizing
Generator Set Sizing
Bare wire Sizing
Short Line Parameters
Sag and Tension"
4.2 OBTAINING PALADIN DESIGNBASE
Paladin DesignBase can be obtained directly from EDSA, any of its 21 international agents
or its U.S. manufacturers representatives as listed on their web site. EDSA's U.S. headquarters are:
EDSA Micro Corporation

16870 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 330
San Diego, CA 92127
1-800-362-0603
http://EDSA.com/
102---EDSA
4.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR PALADIN DESIGNBASE 2.0
Operating System
Microsoft Windows XP,
or Microsoft Windows 2000
Other Programs
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Microsoft Office 2000 or higher
PC Configuration
CD-ROM drive
160 GB available hard disk space (3.8 GB is satisfactory for analyzing small systems)
Mouse/pointer (Microsoft lntelliMouse recommended)
Monitor with at least 1024 x 768 display resolution (24 bit recommended)
Sound card and speakers (optional for tutorials)
Recommended Hardware Requirements

Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon XP or higher processor
2 to 4 GB RAM (.5 GB is satisfactory for analyzing small systems)
4.4 PALADIN DESIGNBASETRIAL VERSION LIMITATIONS
The Trial Version is a full-featured version capable of handling 100 buses with all the options
that come with the "PE"-type package. Normally, the Trial Version is active for only 14 days. If
more time is needed, contact EDSA to ask for an extension.
4.5 PALADIN DESIGNBASETRAINING AND TUTORIALS
EDSA offers Paladin DesignBase CDs with free introductory video tutorials (playable on a
computer with Windows), guides, and manuals. There are 57 separate video tutorials on one CD and
53 written guides and manuals on another. These CDs accompany the Trial Version CD. They also
offer for-a-fee classroom training at their San Diego headquarters; this three day training comes free
for one user with any software purchase. EDSA training courses qualify for Continuing Education
Units (CEUs) and Professional Development Hours (PDHs). IEEE members also qualify for a
I 0% discount on normal course tuition. Further information on these can be found on the EDSA
website, http://www.edsa.com/.
EDSA--- 103
EDSA also provides several interactive demos of their software's basic features on their web
site.
The beginner should go through the introductory video tutorials, guides, and manuals,
especially the ones showing how to create a one-line diagram, do power-flow (called load flow by
SKM and ETAP) analysis, and do short-circuit (fault) analysis.
For the beginner, the most useful video tutorials are: Building 3phase One Line, Plug-
Sockets, Back Annotation, Power Flow Simulation, and Fault Analysis All Buses.
The document guides and manuals are much more detailed than the videos. For the beginner,
the most useful of them are: Getting Started with Paladin DesignBase <file 1> (main.pdf) and
Getting Started with Paladin DesignBase <file 2> (users_guides_main.pdf). These two link to other
useful documents on the CD such as, Quick Start Guide and Creating Your Job File in DesignBase.
Some of the other documents on the CD that would be of interest to the beginner are Complete
Installation Guide (Installation_Guide. pdf), and Short Circuit Analysis Program ANSI/IECIIEEE &
Protective Device Evaluation (3 _Phase_Short_Circuit.pdf).
4.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRIAL VERSION
The Paladin DesignBase program disk comes with a printed 42 page Installation Guide.
There is also a 57 page Installation Guide on the Documents CD. On the CD it can be accessed
through Getting Started with Paladin DesignBase <file 1> (main.pdf) or directly from
Installation_Guide.pdf.
Ifonly 14 days ofactivation are needed, then it is possible to install the Trial Version without
contacting EDSA. Just follow the procedures given in the Installation Guides, but type nothing in
when the computer asks for a User Name, Organization, and Serial Number. Also, do not select
"Configure EDSA Client License" or "Create EDSA Admin Account". Finally in the last window,
the "Paladin Client Licensure Manager V2.00.00" window, just select "Close". The computer should
install the program so that it can be used for 14 days.
If it is anticipated that longer than 14 days of activation are needed, an EDSA sales
representative should be contacted in advance of installing the program. In some cases, longer trial
periods are allowed. To have a longer trial period, EDSA would provide you with a temporary serial
number and password.
104---EDSA
4. 7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH PALADIN DESIGNBASE
The same example as was analyzed manually in Section 1.3 is analyzed here with Paladin
DesignBase using its power-flow and short-circuit capabilities.
4.7.l CREATING A JOB FILE AND DRAWING FILE FOR USE ON THE SYSTEM OF
FIGURE 1-3-1
1) Start Paladin DesignBase by double left-clicking on its icon. The window shown in Figure
4-7-1-1 appears.
Forltetl, PfftlllFl
Figure 4-7-1-1 Opening window of Paladin DesignBase.
2) On the opening window, left-click on "File", and then on "New Drawing File ... " A
window titled "New Drawing" will appear. Select the "EDSA" tab in that window.
3) On the "EDSA" window, left-click on "Electrical One-Line AC 3Phase.axt". See Figure 4-

7-1-2.
EDSA--- 105
Select a template for the type of drawing you want to create:
General ] Building Services EDSA ] Electrical ] Facilities] Factory] Industrial] Network] UML ] Web ]
'
'
EDSA AVA Model Builder.axt
EDSA General Model Builder.axt
...
~~
---
Browse Templates ... 1
' ED SA Governor ModeI Builder.axt Description

' Electrical One·Line AC 3Phase IEC.axt AC Jphase electrical one·line. ANSI
' Electrical One·LineAC 3Phase.axt symbols are loaded and page size is
set to ANSI B landscape orientation.
' Electrical One·Line AC and DC IEC.axt Default Bus Voltage is set to 13.800.
'
'
Electrical One·LineAC and DC.axt
Electrical One·Line DC IEC.axt
Electrical One·Line DC.axt
r Default Base Kva is set to 10.000.
Default Frequency is set to 60Hz.
Scale is 1:1
Electrical One·Line Single·Phase IEC.axt

' Electrical One·Line Single·Phase.axt
Ti;mplate HelP.
~· Always show this dialog for new drawings OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-1-2 Window selecting "Electrical One-Line AC 3Phase.axt".
4) Left-click on "OK". A "Create a New EDSA Project" window will appear. In that window
type in the file name "exampleEDSA". The directory where the file is to be saved could also be
selected. Here the default location will be used. See Figure 4-7-1-3.
106---EDSA
Create New EDSA Project ~~

Look in: Ib Projects
[G
My Recent
Documents
Desktop
v
My Documents
I
QV
J
My Computer
My Network
Places
Ale name: JexampleEDSA Open I
Ries of type: jEDSA Projectst. EPR) eance1 1
)}
Figure 4-7-1-3 Window to save "exampleEDSA" file.
5) Left-click on "Open". On the "Select Access Level" window select the default "Project
Editor" and left-click "OK". A "Data Protection" window appears. The use of a password is
optional. Then left-click on "OK". An "EDSA Edit JobFile [example EDSA] Master File" window
appears. This is in Figure 4-7-1-4.
EDSA--- 107
EDSA Edit JobFile [exampleEDSA] Master File GJI611'.8]
l l l I
1P Br an ch Del aults DC Delau Its Scenarios Time Periods File Locations J
Bus Del aults I AC Bran ch Del aults j JP Bran ch DelauIts I
General I Network Settings j AC Visibility I Visibility j Name Management ]
Gener al Inlormation:
II Electrical One·Line 3-Phase to Single-Phase project
Project Number I
Project Name I
Title I
Company I
Drawing Number I
Revision Number I
Engineer I
Revision History
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-1-4 "EDSA Edit JobFile [example EDSA] Master File" window for entering "JobFile"
data.
6) The information requested in the "EDSA Edit JobFile [example EDSA] Master File"
window is useful for projects that need to be stored. However, for the "exampleEDSA" the fields can
be left blank and "OK" left-clicked.
7) The blank work window of Figure 4-7-1-5 appears.

108---EDSA
~!je; fdl Ut'ff lfM'l "WINI IoalJ Oit!IQMe ~ ~ ~- ttoclfy ~ U.

~~~~
ill! PMbQeUrittoOAcliY0•-.: 0
-
j P~I ij (!]
6~i;i •Elil ii av H<"-• i "'N ~ Iii <)C>AC ~QQ!\~ 1 11110 <1 n l• l c \ •
, r::lCil !~uf \ G"'oJI il lil !ll 'IOSila ~~ 11 \r:l !• \lil !Bl CA ,_.,, jo. iJ I
I - -... r;;....__
6l~illi
.!.h l
----il
El EJ
1.S'S,tlattery l l.f'5$11tery 2
.... ....
0
0
........
0
.... ANSllrd .
Motor i
....0 , .... ,
0
. N61S'ff'dl. N ISlS'11"(h.
- .!. ""'" > .

Figure 4-7-1-5 Blank work window for "exampleEDSA", ready for the Figure 1-3-1 system.
1) The one-line diagram of Figure 1-3-1 will be re-created below with Paladin DesignBase.
2) Left-click and hold the button down on the "Power Grid/Utility l " icon in the
"ansibus_simple" toolbar (the toolbar on the right side), drag the icon to a central location on the
work window, and then release the button to set the icon in place. After an icon is placed on the one-
line diagram, then it can then be moved by left-clicking on it, holding the left button down, and then
releasing the left button when the icon is in the proper location. The "Power Grid/Utility l" icon may
be very small. To increase its size, zoom-in using "Zoom In/Out" under the "View" menu. See Figure
4-7-2-1.
EDSA--- 109
D~g [ il[b. -~p ~)(!Qlft """ ~lill [ " b"<I C\!Q<lll<i! lali'l '6 lll. C E
, !!)fa~d o ... ·~ i» "' fJ t.r!>t.. i:.!i:t. l lll~ll!_:'J_"'"""d' :__ ::J __ _
A ._J>J
j...-.._'"'* :.:J
01 ~ii·
•e
,._
Grld,vtityl
....L
,.,.
Gold~ l'( S
~ 1•,+.
Ji' '
""'
Gener1lor l
...,
i
Gener11ora
El []
lPSftNtlery\i..F'S~tltfV2
.... 0
(i)
.... . ...
0
""'""'· »1511rd .
0 0
..... ..... ,
Al~l :S\ndl. AN:SIS\oftdl,
e . ,.
~ y
For~,prtul'I P...ielof\
Figure 4-7-2-1 Work window with the "Power Grid/Utility I" zoomed-in icon in place.
3) Save the drawing file by left-clicking on "File" and "Save Drawing File".
4) Set up the "AutoSnap" feature so that the icons will easily snap together. To do this, go to
"Tools" and then select "AutoSnap". On the "AutoSnap" window, left-click on "Clear All", and then
select "Sockets" and "Geometry", as shown in Figure 4-7-2-2.
110---EDSA
Snap to: -------

/ r Endpoints () r Tangent
0 r Centers J._ r Perpendicular
x r Intersections E1 ~ Sockets
/ r Midpoints /' 1" Geometry

0 r Quadrants ~n I Grid Clear All
Options
[
~ Show AutoSnap ToolTi~ - Snap distance [pixels):
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-2-2 "AutoSnap" window.
5) The icons useful for creating three-phase one-line diagrams are on the "ansibus_sin1ple"
and "ansibra_simple" toolbars. Left-clicking the icons to the right of the icon toolbar will switch from
one toolbar to another.
6) Left-click and drag the rest of the circuit's icons to the work window. Connect the icons
by touching them to the icon they are to connect to and then releasing the left mouse button. When
an icon being added is properly positioned to connect, a message, "Connect to Socket" or "Connect
to Geometry", will appear near the connection point. Ifan icon is properly connected to a live icon, it
appears black. If it appears as another color, then it is not connected.
7) To insert a bus bar, first set the bus bar in a place near the icon it is to connect to. Then
drag the ends of the bus bar out to stretch it to a desired width. Next left-click on the desired icon to
select it. Finally, drag and drop the desired icon's lead on to the bus bar. When the dragged lead is
ready to be connected a message "Connect to Geometry" appears nearby. Then, the left mouse
button can be released. When the "BUS" is properly connected to a live lead it becomes black.
8) The "EDSA Tools" "Back Annotation" window is used to select the values that will be
displayed next to the icons. To get to the "Back Annotation" window, left-click on the "Back
Annotation" icon, the icon that has an "Aa" in it. This is in the lower row of the upper icons, sixth to
the right from the toolbar left. The selected annotations are shown in the windows in Figures 4-7-2-3
and 4-7-2-4.
EDSA--- 111
-···--· Colo! and fonl·-·-1 [- Decimal P1:"'e P,eci,;,,-1
Bus Input Data J B1anch Input Oal:a J

r A<.<o·Aehem
~
• Colo!... J f ont_., J ,
0
,
,
,
2
,
3
,
4
Deselect el ~ems I
Genet al Description - 10 Mola1lrciutDat.---------~ r8 UPS Battery lll)UI data- - - - - - - ,
r E~~:-1
1
Shcxt Qcuit Modell--------~
P' Bus Name
r Lbi!!11yName
r Pert Numbe1(PU)
W Mot01 Rat:i'lg r Sync MolOI Gr"-"<ing
r
r
UPS Type
no1uPS ur0t.
r MUli>l>W>gfaclOl
r An-<> Aatno
I
r Oescr\:ltion r Notes
,l_I
r MotOf Power FactOf r SIPoles
Load f low Model

r Cat:egoiy r eo«111 r Mot01 Eff1Ciency r UPS Load Chaiacteiotic r Load on UPS
r Afea r We;ghl(WTJ
r r rr r UPS Sauce But ID r UPS L=

Manufacll•ef {MFR) Zone
l© r
i.1·
GenOlalOI I""' Data· - AecMgiigKWKvi!!lf Rat:edKwK\lar
._r_____________ I
W SyslemVoltage(Vs) UPS Load Active Reactive Power
r General:Of Ralrlg r General:Of GrCIU"ldWlg
_]
r Maintenance S~ Date (M¥t. Sch.)
r Phase Ar9e r Load Owacleristic r l~ICU$lom0ata
IEC Nameplate Vob r Generation Data

Ir 1- 1reir1 r1e
TypeofGenerat:Of r Connected l oadOal:a

I_____ -----
Figure 4-7-2-3 "EDSA Tools" "Bus Input Data" window.

112 ---EDSA
r··--· Colo! and Font ·-···1 I* Decinal Place P1ecisic>r11
I Auto-Refresh 1• Colo1. .. 1 Font... Ii f I

. j 0 ; ---·--··--·-··-
I-·---- 2 3 4 I
..J
Bus 1npli Data Branch ltl)Ul Data I
I
Deselect all items
rr Cable Specfo lf'1)1.Jl Data -
r Br.!lnChName r POllN""bel(PUJ r c.i;. Amoaclv Rat"' r Rat"°
I Li:lfaryName r MarUacturer (MFA) r C~SPCfPhaSe
r Desc1iption r Cost($] r c.i;.Long1h r Material

Impedance Unit
r F1cqucncy r Woi!#(Wl] [;; Resistance
r; Otvns/100)
r Tempe1atll'e rc.._v r PU/1000 r A andX Ohms r Amps
r Equipment Class r Notes r kVOI
r Maintenance Schedule Date

"'kVAR ...... r Z%
r r
rr Switch and Pfol.ectiYe Device l'1JUI: Data -
r
v~•aoe
Top r
A andX%
XIA
Import Custom Data
r Impost Teld File Select Teld File I Assign Fields I

r A andX Ohms r Momentary Rating (Im) r Cooing Type r Cooling FaclOI - ------------ !
I lnterruptRating (lc) r AmpRat.... (lnJ r Tap l ocation
Figure 4-7-2-4 "EDSA Tools" "Branch Input Data" window.
9) The one-line diagram is in Figure 4-7-2-5.

EDSA--- 113
'lfle Edt ~ irMtl Fgrnat Iooh O.laQatc l!flllyRs ~lion~·"'~~~ Z P~lftit : JOOA<.,_-e e.-. :.f
jfege l ij (!)
D~ I;! Si(?t ; .• tlil ')( ~1:1 1 ~ ~ ~ lill " Cl" <i Q1Q<!!t<ll l !OIO oJ II • c I E
~l;dltO.Jd !iA.•~ l.;j' R. (J li,. @. lo ~~\ II ;I ... liJ WJ CA Scr11Jricr'1 · ::::J
A
-'"'
l...tiu._'"'1lle ::J
,.,,., .~., IGRID ~. ,.,,, 6l ~illii
~.1. .. ........ A riJ:+:
";]_ ~
' 2:1HVA. !:::.
'I
JQ<bl'inl Re<blie<2
~
\] T
9 l!I
Mo.:ed l oad I UNdsct.oJie
'
m El
~ El
...... ..........
........
_J_
T
Sh.t!tRHclor ( ..-Ol('O"I
..,__,
Paoe1of1
Figure 4-7-2-5 Work window of the Figure 1-3-1 "exampleEDSA" one-line diagram with default
transformer winding connections and default voltages. No system data has been entered yet.
I 0) Paladin DesignBase has a "Make Straight" command to straighten one-line diagram

leads. It is in the upper row of icons, fourth to the left from the too lbar right. Applying it to the circuit
produces Figure 4-7-2-6.
114---EDSA
.U~-~-~'.....~-. ~~. ~~~~-:~.-.~~.-~~-. ~ . .~~-~~--~-~J~..L~~.~ . ~~ . ~.~:. ~-·-········--···-· -·---

n P~e, iJGJ !
;~~ = =~!-~•::;:,:~}~: :~~L~ ~~1~.: i~l:~~~~~! " ! n __::i__~~ ... ~~
1~b.Jo-~ iJ
OJ ~ illii'
I ~ _y_ • .!J
I ""' "·~ £J
I"8" ·:··
! »& JM1
~
i ~llO< l ~•ID<S
i 8 0
j uPS,13ettet v L lPS,~Ut<v2-
i
)
!
f rn~
~
iac~
ilf f 0
W§ .
AN";Jlnd.
~
0
A/.15[Jn:I •
"'"''
©1 0
'
~;,:!aav
Al~!:'t· Al~~-
~QO HF
e ~
.... y
t>
<•
kir~, pttS Fl .P.lof\
Figu re 4-7-2-6 Work window of the Figure 4-7-2-5 after applying the "Make Straight" command.
4.7.3 POWER-FLOW ANALYSIS
4.7.3.1 Circuit Data Entry
Paladin DesignBase has many data windows for each component. With these, the user can
input a great amount of data. However, most of this data is not needed for power-flow (load flow)
and balanced short-circuit analyses. Here, only required data will be entered.
Underlined values are entered into Paladin DesignBase.
4.7.3.1.1 "Power Grid/Utility I" data
1) Double left-click on the "Power Grid/Utility l " icon. On the window that opens enter
3800 V rms, the value from the manual analysis Section 1.3.1.2. l for the "System Volt". See Figure
4-7-3-1-1-1.
EDSA--- 115
0 £DSA JobFile [example£DSA] - Device [1) ID [1] ~ , '"l ['gJ

~ Conn ection Information --------~ Voltage -------------~
Name 1
System Volt J38oM
Actual Operating V )38oM
Operating Status----, r Frequency T.emperoturei]
on I l/ ISi•• A!Ell
I
I I I
Description Short Circuit Load Flow PDC I Reliability I lnstallalion I Optimization I
- Optional Description
__ 1[ Dynamic Doto
[ Non-Essential Essential Critical Stand-By - Maintenance Schedule~·--
! ~~~~-'~~~-' -· Machine Dynamic Data
I
a February. 2009 a
-
Category jS tandard iJ Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat r Arc HeatCategory =
:q
I Noles: ::~; 2b 27 2e 29
1 2 3 4 5
J[I
6 7 iL JNoArcHeat __::!J
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
!
Serial Number Label

Description
Figure 4-7-3-1-1-1 "Power Grid/Utility l" first window.
2) On the same window, select the "Short Circuit" tab. Then in the appearing window in the
"Power Data Type" select "Per Unit". The "Utility Base kVA', "3 Phase Per Unit Values", and
"Grounding" will be available to receive values. For power-flow analysis and balanced short-circuit
analysis, values for the negative and zero sequence impedances and connection configuration are not
needed. Here, those impedances will be set to zero and the connection configuration will be left at its
default value. They will be corrected later when analyzing a line-to-ground short circuit in Section
4.7.5.
Using values from Section 1.3.1.2.2 to enter the following data:
"Utility Base kVA" =Transformer Tl Base kVA = 600 kVA

"R +" = RSl µu = .008310
"X +"=XS l pu = .01246
116---EDSA
3) Left-click "OK" after the data is entered. The filled out "Short Circuit" tab window is
shown in Figure 4-7-3-1-1-2.
'.I
Connection Information - r Voltage
Name 1 I
System Volt J 3800.0
I Actual Operating V j38oQo
L
r Operating Status I Frequency Temperature
I On I l11 1§@• R*W

Optional Location Information - - ·1 !
[ Zone J iJ
Area ---i)-,
,....I L
--=====---=-_:______.. : - - - --
Description Short Circuit J Load Flow J PDC J Reliability J 1nstallation J Optimization]
- Kva
Power Data Type
SCKVA- - I
3.p I 40062
r
3 Phase UtilityX/R -
I X/R Jl .49940
I
+
- Mva • - Sequence XIR
;; : __,;:;_~
- Amps X/R - J0.00000 1 - FaulType XIR
r_
• ·Per U n ~
__ " X/R 0 Jo 00000
Utility Base Kva lsoo

3 Phase Per Unit Values
Grounding ISolid R + lo.008310 X+ 10 01 2460

R - J0.000000 x" 10.000000
R 0 ID.000000 x 0 10000000
Figure 4-7-3-1-1-2 "Power Grid/Utility l" "Short Circuit" tab.
4.7.3. 1.2 Circuit breaker Cl and C2 and fuse Fl data
By default, Paladin DesignBase automatically enters small impedances for circuit breakers
and fuses. The default Cl, C2, and Fl impedances are much smaller than those of the cables and
components that they are in series with so they have no significant impact on the circuit. No data
input is necessary.
EDSA--- 117
4.7.3. l.3 Transformer Tl data
l) Paladin DesignBase has a library of transformer data. A transformer's voltages are

entered and then a typical transformer of the same kVA rating can be selected. Paladin DesignBase
will automatically choose needed impedances. However, the example transformer Tl in Section
1.3.1 . l .1 is not a typical transformer. Its impedances must be entered manually into the program.
2) At the top of the transformer window enter the transformer nominal voltages and power
capacity. See Figure 4-7-3-1-3-1.
The entered values are:

"System Voltage" "From Voltage"= 3800
"System Voltage" "To Voltage"= 480
"Nameplate" "From Voltage"= 3800
''Nameplate" "To Voltage" = 480
"kVA Rating" = 600.00
118---EDSA
Transformer
~Kva
~Hertz
iJ From 4
- - - Connection Information --~
. System Voltages
From Voltage ~ r
To 5
I
Nameplate----,
D1st11bute jJsoo I-
rData Entry Forma]
r. ActuolValues
r Per Unit
-
To Voltage ~ I D1st11bute ~ i
·-----~~----· -·-J
I l
Description Short Circuit] Load Flow PDC J Reliability] Installation ]
Optional Description - - - - - -
Non-Essential Essential Cr!icol Stand-By - Maintenance Schedule - - - - - - ,
I I I I
a February. 2009 a
-
Category jstandard Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sal
Notes: 25 28 '27 28 29 3(1 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 I
Part Number
Manufacturer
22 23 24 25
2 ! ~: 2~ J
Serial Number
Cost ~ Weight ~ Description
~--------·---··----·-- ----
Save to Lib1 ary I Normalize
Figure 4-7-3-1-3-1 Transformer T 1 first window of data.
3) On the "Short Circuit" tab window, enter the percent positive sequence impedances of
Section 1.3.1.1.1. Zero sequence impedances will be set to zero. They are not needed for power-flow
and balanced short-circuit calculations. Also, the transformer winding connections are not needed.
They will be left at their default connections. Figure 4-7-3-1-3-2 shows the entered values.

"%R+"= 1.73
''%X +" = 1.52
EDSA--- 119
Branch Name Tfansformer

~----- Connection Information -----~ Data Entry F0<ma1
Library J ~ From 4 To 5 \. Actual Values
~Kva .System Voltages- - - - - -
-~::~~late--] r
Kva Rating Per Un~
Frequency r s o - - Hertz From Voltage ~ r Distribute
[ To Voltage ~ r Distribute ~
I I
Description Short Circuit Load Flow PDC I Reliability I Installation I
Transformer Resistance and Aeactance -·---·-"--1
R•%11 .73000 X+ %j1.52000

-
• - --,W•=I""'.. '''""'"']
- Delta
- Y Ungrounded
R 0 % I0.00000 X 0 %j0.00000
- Y Sofid\y Grounded
- Y Impedance Grounded
Open, SC Tests J J - Zig Zag
Ii I --
Secondary (TO)Winding Grounding
z + %12.30289 X/R + J0.87861 Delta
z o%1000000 X/R 0 I0.00000 Y Ungrounded
Translormer taps on Load Flow tab are also used by

Short Circuit programs and are common to both.
_j i :;i~::a~:.u~~:~nded
----·--·--··-·-··---··---1
I" Network Transformer (used in IEC60909 method]
Save to Library I
I
Normalize
·----
Phase Shilt (Positive Sequence)
Standard Special Secondary ~ Deg
Figure 4-7-3-1-3-2 Transformer Tl "Short Circuit" tab window data.
4. 7-3. l .4 Transformer T2 data
I) Transformer T2 data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.1.2.
Data is entered the same way as it was for transformer Tl.

"System Voltage" "From Voltage"= 480
"System Voltage" "To Voltage" = 120
"Nameplate" "From Voltage"= 480
''Nameplate" "To Voltage"= 120
"kVA Rating" = 90.00
''%R +" = 2.00
''%X +" = 1.80
120---EDSA
4.7.3.1.5 Data for the cable from circuit breaker C2 to motor M
"Cable Length" = 200 :fi

"R + Ohms/1000 ft"= 0.078, (Q/1000 ft.)
"X + Ohms/1000 ft"= 0.030, (Q/1000 ft.)
2) Enter the length of the cable and select "User Defined" in the first cable window as shown
in Figure 4-7-3-1-5-1.
Branch Name Feeder
Libra: ------ -~ · iJ l~rom "'la_ _-_c_onne;~i~: Information I r. D=~~~a~;.~::at

I
lr
c- Per Unit
Cable Length ~ Feel I iJ I f EH1Sllng Connecl10n Status Normal Connection Status I
Cables per Phase

Size
r-
I
:;
__:_i
I ':"
I
I [__!
~osed
· Open
~ r i-. Norm-:;;y Closed
I ~ · Normally Open
J 11
'
Cable Frequency rso-- Hz I - -- --
------
!" User Defined I L I 1
Description J Cable/Line Data PDCI I Reliabaily j lnstal/alion I

OptionalDescriplion· · - - - · - - -
Non-Essential Essentinl CrKlcal Stand-By Maintenance Schedule - - ~
I I I I
r
. Category js1andard
Notes:
I
iJ I Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fn Sal
-
1
-~·!) .:~
2 3 4 5 6 7
~
9 10 11 12 13 14
.,1
I 11
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Part Number 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
4
Manulaclurer 13-Conductor Cables
Serial Number
L__ ---Cosl lo.oo _ Weigh! lo.oo Description !copper
Save lo Library j Calculate Short Line Parameters
Figure 4-7-3-1-5-1 First cable window.

EDSA--- 121
3) Open the "Cable/Line Data" tab window and enter the positive sequence impedances.
Zero sequence impedances are not needed for power-flow and balanced short-circuit calculations.
Here, zero will be entered for those impedances. Correct values will be entered later in the
unbalanced short-circuit analysis section. The "Cable/Line Data" tab window is shown in Figure 4-7-
3-1-5-2.
0 EDSA Jobfile [example£0SA) - Device [7) - 10 [7) [JLQJ~

Branch Name 7 Feeder
Connection lnfOlmahon Data Entry Format
Library iJ From IB Tol9

1 r. Actual Value•
Cable Length
I
~~ r Existing Connection Status Normal Connection Status 1 I l" Per Unit
Cable• per Phase
Size I
~
iJ I ! LI
- - Closed
- Open
l
- .I
r.I - NormallyClose~ 11
- Normally Open I
rso--
Ij
Cable Frequency Hz
l'7 User Defined
Description Cable/Line Data J PDC I Reliability ) Installation)
Cable Resistance and Reactance at 25.0 C· - 1/2 L·G Charging Capacitance -
R + Ohm•/1000 ft I0.07800
RO Ohm•/1000 ft lo.00000
Moterial · · -
X + Ohm•/1000 ft I0.03000
XOOhm•/1000 ft I0.00000
Temperatures··
l!_
=I - mMhos
I · -µFarad Zero Seq

...--=---
mFarad Pos~ive Seq I0.00000
I0.00000
mMho•/1000 Ft
mMho•/1000 F~
- - Copper
- Aluminum
I r Temperature Insensitive
Mutuol Coupling Information

SC
PF
~C
~ C
I
j l
Roted Temperalure
Coble Ampocrty Roting

j2· 75 (CJ 167 (F)
io:oo- _J 1
_J
Feeder I iJ Coupling Length Jo- Feet

From ~------- Zero Seq Resistonce RmO I0.00000 Ohms
To Zero Seq Reactance XmO lo.00000 Ohms
Save to Library I Calculate Short Line Parameters
Figure 4-7-3-1-5-2 "Cable/Line Data" tab window.

122---EDSA
4.7.3.1.6 Data for the cable from transformer T2 to static load R
Length = 200 ft
2) The cable data is entered here as it was in 4.7.3.1.5.
4.7.3.1.7 Motor M data
1) Motor M data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.4.
Ratings HP = 250
Ratings kV= 0.48
2) Paladin DesignBase has a motor in its library that fits these parameters. On the first motor
window select "Library". The "Library" allows the selection of"250 HP-480 V". Once "250 HP-480
V" is selected and "OK" left-clicked, all needed motor data is entered. The first motor window,
where "Library" is selected, is shown in Figure 4-7-3-1-7-1.
EDSA--- 123
0 EDSA JobFile [exampleEDSA) · Device [9) · ID (9) ~ ID lEJ

j Connection Information Induction Moto1 ,-Voltage- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
~-
I Name 9
System Volt l48o:0
i LibraryJ,..2-50_H
_P--4- 8_0_V-- -3
-r
RatedVoU~
I
••
Operating Status [ Frequency
r
n
Optional Location Information

'
Zone J 3 Area J
l l
Description J Short Circuit Load Flow Motor Start PDC l l Reliability j lnstollation l Optimization l
/ Optional Description- - · - ·
'[J;1 ynamic Doto
Dynamic data not available or
, Hon-Essential Essential Critical Stand-By Maintenance Schedule·-·····-·····--··--·
. motor dynamics to be ignored
I I I I I
a February. 2009 a Motor Dynomic Data J
-
Cotegory Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sal [ Arc Heot Cotegory ~
25 26 2.7 2(~ 31 ~
4 ~·
~i[I
Notes: JNoArcHeat
1 2 5 7
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Part Number 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5
Manufacturer
Serial Number Lobel

Cost ro.oo- Weight [D.00 Description
Save to Ubra1y I
Figure 4-7-3-1-7-1 Motor M "Induction Machine Editor Mtrl" "Description" tab window.
3) The Paladin DesignBase library selects a motor efficiency and power factor that is close
to, but different from, that used in the manual, SKM, and ETAP analyses. To make it easier to
compare results, the efficiency and power factor in the Paladin DesignBase "Short Circuit" tab
window will be over-written with the previously used values of:
"% Efficiency" = 92.86

"% Power Factor"= 91.8
4.7.3 .1.8 "Static Load" R data
I) "Static Load" R data is taken from the manual analysis information in Section 1.3.1.5.
124---EDSA
Systerri Voltage= Rated Voltage = 120

Electrical Rating kW= 30.00
Electrical Rating kV AR= 0.00
% Efficiency = I 00. 00
2) For power-flow analysis and balanced short-circuit analysis, values for the negative and
zero sequence impedances and connection configuration are not needed and can be left at default
values.
3) Enter the voltage, power, and efficiency data into the "Load Flow" tab window. See
Figure 4-7-3-1-8-1.
Voltage System Volt 1- -120.0 --
RatedVolt j12o:O
,____..___ [
- - - - I
Op~~tingl Status --, . Frequency Tempe1ature 1
r· Optional Location lnl01mation -- =;-J [
ll Ei~·-
~ - iJ AreaJ ~ J
I Reliability j lnstanation l Optimization l

Description Load Flow PDC
·----·-- -
I -
Kva
j
- - Electrica1Rating 1
IJo.00 I
r -- r. Constant Kva Load
-
r
LoadCh.aracteristic]
Functional Load
~ ~ ~~: ~:v~rr Kw I r Constant Current Load r . .,pf·•: I L·J·:ld
- Shaft KW r----o:oo I.r ~""Stant~mpe-dance L' :d - . Sche~ule I
- ~ .
Kvar i· 1. Reactive Power Compensation
- Alll!l•
- Per Unft
l ---=t • Capactto r
- Load Schedule
; • KVAR Jo.oo
__J Inductor
- Automatic Voltage Control ·S tatic VAR comPensation

%Running J100.00 Off I
Efficiency% 1100.00 Demand ProlileJ
Power Factor % 1100.00

•
I - Leading
- lag ;;i ing r
Figure 4-7-3-1-8-1 "Load I" "Load Flow" tab window.

EDSA--- 125
4.7.3 .2 Power-flow Analysis
1) Left-click on the "Adv. Power Flow" icon. This is in the middle of the "EDSA tools"
toolbar. It looks like two arrows at a 45 degree angle from the horizontal with a diamond-like shape
next to them. This will cause an "Adv. Power Flow" toolbar to appear beneath the "Adv. Power
Flow" icon. See Figure 4-7-3-2-1.
DoHl i lll~ • 111 ixillll nn ' ~lill j <'Cl&<I ~Q<l\<l:t li!lli'I ~ ! II• c E
!!:Hll tlJ d G ... *'i fa' .., (I t. Si "' ~ .., I 11 Ga - Iii 11!1 i CA i ''"""'"I•. ::J
""''·'-·""" ::J 0 ~. .. l'5J 111 1•
-
...._..._
,
Ill ~'Qlll
.:1... 1
::ii
I
· I:+:!
"'"
"""'"
~· ··
~II
•i'1.oo,,
r.-~
I
~·
.~
........ 'TT•
ANS1 1·0l'rd
ShiftW>QT ... Tr-lar.rl
-$-
........
lh& i'oltaoe .VISIS'l'\tch
¢
NISllY AHSl tf;
Srult.trl 91t¥.til
l<l ,.., ·-
Pao;ieJofJ
"
Figure 4-7-3-2-1 "Adv. Power Flow" toolbar in bottom row or toolbars.
2) Neaten the one-line diagram by turning off the display of the cable impedances. Do this by
undoing the steps that were done in Step 8) of Section 4.7.2.
3) On the "Adv. Power Flow" toolbar left-click on its "Back Annotation" icon. This icon
looks like an eye and is one icon to the left from the toolbar right. Note this "Back Annotation" is
different from the "Back Annotation" that is in the toolbar above it. On the "Adv. Power Flow"
"Back Annotation" window with the "AC Power Flow" tab, select "System Voltage (Vs)'', "Bus
Voltage", and "Current Flow". Set the "Bus Voltage" units to "V" and the "Current Flow" units to
"A". Left-click "OK". See Figure 4-7-3-2-2.
126---EDSA
~
-- Color and Font.--··--·-- ! Decimal Place Precision
· i -,- - · 1
• Color. .. I~ I, ,Q 1' '2 '3 '4 I
r Auto-Refresh ------------··-- l-·-··-·---·-----·-··-·-·------·-·-----.1
I
AC Power Flow JDC Power Flow I

AC Power Flow Reporting Back Annotation- - - - - - - !
r BusName r Voltage Angle [DG] r Branch Loading [BL]
r Branch Name r % Power Factor [PF] r kVAFlow
P System Voltage [\Is I r %Voltage Drop [\Id] r kW kVar Flow
P Bus Voltage r Branch Loss [Pt QI] P Current Flow
,--··-----·--··---···---··-·-----·-------- P Display Flow Arrow · - - - - - · - · · - - - - -
Arrow Type jciosed Filled iJ Arrow Size p-

•---··-·--···-···········------·----·---··-·---··-·······--··------·-··-·--·--···------..·------····-··-·····--·-····-······- J
r---··-·---------------··-···- Unit --------·------------·-----·-·----....-- ..·-··-- -1
I , - Bus Voltage-- ~ Current Flow l - Capacity Flow·1 ;.-- Branch Loss -J
I I i I
I r· . PU r· . kA - • MW MVar I I- • kW kVar I
L=:--~ -----·· =-=-~-- - - - _ ] :__~\,\1- ~~~J l____~':"-~~~-- j
' • kV i I
·-··---·-·-----------···--------------------·-------··----··- -
___
l
.
Bus Voltage Violation - - ,
I
Current Violation~ ~ Transformer Violation l
I Under Limit[%) rss-·r .d I Under Limit[%]~ r .d Limit[%] ~ I .d
a~"""l"ljiOOJ d __'~'""l"lj100 _C _di
Under
OverLimit[%J~ j .dj
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-3-2-2 "Adv. Power Flow" "AC Power Flow" tab "Back Annotation" window.
4) On the "Adv. Power Flow" toolbar, left-click on its "Analyze" icon. This icon looks like a
calculator and is the third icon from the toolbar left. This will cause a tabulated output page to
appear. See Figure 4-7-3-2-3.
EDSA--- 127
Eio t Pmt Pmter Font Saeen Font OJboard save: As DONE
EDSA Adv~rnced Power Flov Progre.• V6 . 00 . 00
Project Ho . : Page l
Project thur1e : Date 02/ 15/2009
Title Ti•e 00 : 53 : 26 P•
Drawi ng No . : Co•pany
Revision No .: Engineer
Jobfile llaMe : exa•pleEOSA Check by
Scenario Date
Electrical One-Line 3-Phase to Single-Phas e project
Bus Result
Bus Inf o ~ Sys kV Voltage Generation Static Load Hot.or Load Load Flov Results
Type KV % Hag . Ang . HU Hv"'r HV Hvar H\I' Hva.r To Bus H,ne Hva.r .hp Y. PF
l Swing J . 80 100 . 00 0.0 0 . 25 O. O'J 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 4 0 . 25 0 . 09 40 93 . 9

15 P_Load 0 . 12 93 . 11 -61 . 4 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 03 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 H - 0 . 03 0 . 00 155 100 . 0
5 Bus bar 0 . 48 99 . 07 -30 . 2 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 12 0 . 03 0 . 00 39 100 . 0
P_Load 0 . 48 97 . 33 -30 . 2 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 00 0 . 21
••
0 . 09 8
0 . 20
-0 . 24
-0 . 21
0 . 09
-0 . 09
- 0 . 09
270 92 . 0
39 93 . 9
275 92 . 2
Figure 4- 7-3-2-3 "Adv. Power Flow" tabulated output data.
5) To see the currents and voltages displayed on the one-line diagram left-click on "DONE"
on the tabulated output. This will return the screen to the one-line diagram, but this time the one-line
diagram contains bus and branch currents and voltages. See Figure 4-7-3-2-4.
128---EDSA
5
Vs: 4SOV
4 75 . ~· oV
JS. ~· · A
~S.52A f).
''f-T.;f
v
' ~
r. "'
s
WJHP
2~ H P
Vs: 480 \I
407. sv
~' W kW
0 k'JAR
Vs: 20V
Figure 4-7-3-2-4 "Adv. Power Flow" current and voltage data displayed on the one-line diagram.
6) Notice that the currents shown in series components are not equal. For example, the
current going through the motor circuit breaker is 269.81 Arms, but the current going through the
cable that it is in series with it is 274.71 Arms. This is not correct, the currents should be equal. The
reason this happens is that EDSA uses iterative numerical methods to solve the system. Numerical
methods do not always produce an exact answer. They produce an answer within a certain tolerance.
EDSA--- 129
7) To decrease the differences between the series currents in Figure 4-7-3-2-4, left-click on
the "Options" icon in the "Adv. Power Flow" toolbar. This opens the "Options" window where
calculation tolerances and numerical methods can be selected. In this window change the "Tolerance
MV A" and "Tolerance%" to .001. Then left-click "OK". See Figure 4-7-3-2-5.
- - - - · --------·---------------·--- ·- ~- -------
0 EDSA Advanced Power flow Options ~
Select Solution Algorithm I
1-Lm"' CookoO- - - Convergence Settings ~ I OK
!!!!!!l r Fast Decou pled I Maximum lterahons l
_ !moo _ _c_an_c_el~
r Newton Raphson I f
r Hybrid Solution
l
r Tolerance
r Gauss Seidel 1 lo.001
----
Mva jo.001
~1
1 Auto Report Selection Automatic Voltage Control --! r Advanced Options -----~
I Initialize Voltage with Gauss Seidel
);; Transformer Tap
l ~ Auto Text Report

~ Generator Voltage
I
I Governor Response Solution
~- Static Var Compensation (distribute generation based on
equal droop)
Figure 4-7-3-2-5 "Adv. Power Flow" "Options" window.
8) Left-click on "Analyze" again. The result is in Figure 4-7-3-2-6. Notice that the series
currents are much closer now.
130---EDSA
~·
Vs: 4 ~0 V
47!•.55V
'.lS.SA /:::,.
·~~ ';'
cr. §
t.o
s
2~-0
2~-0
HP
HP
Vs: 480 V
407 . 4 v
~' '.lO kvV
0 kVAR
Vs: 20 V
Figure 4-7-3-2-6 "Adv. Power Flow" current and voltage data displayed on the one-line diagram
after decreasing the calculation error tolerance.
EDSA--- 131
1) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit" icon. This is near the middle of the "EDSA tools"
toolbar. It looks like lightning bolt. This will cause an "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar to appear
beneath the "AC Short Circuit" icon. On the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar select the "Analysis:"
type to be "AC ANSI/IEEE". See Figure 4-7-4-1.
j_\:! Etle Cdt 1n ir-t Fpat Ioals o.~ ~~.~ g-~ l:IOdfy ~~~-·-~~t.Mt:tool<~ba:4 - - - - - - ~_zj
~'· ' 30
r o r;;;:g Ill ~ • ill' IK ~ C "l "' ~ lill l (!C> •><i ~~®. IZ! l1llfl .t ln i• Jc E
j,[ll:il l~af l GA..•i • jO !l'. ® l o ~\\ 1 11 1 111 1 ~ Ill llll JCl l""""'I•- 31
11 .--d"'"'"'"" 3 J >1.IJ ~l!l&1 ! t l ....,-..r.. ...., , - -
:+:I
:+:
•
pl
-·
Magni! ...
At6I PhMe AUSI ;.wn:I

~T.. , fr.-.iL'a<!ret
ANSllV AHSl tH
llreakerl llrtaker l
~ .
fOl !ieb.Dtts•f l
Figure 4-7-4-1 Window showing "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar with the "AC ANSI/IEEE"
selection.
2) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Options" icon. This icon looks like a
lightning bolt and is on the left of the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar. On the window that appears,
select "All Buses" and left-click "OK". See Figure 4-7-4-2.
132---EDSA
Short Circuit A ~~l~s Basi~ -O~tio~ - -· . -· . - -- ... -- .. . -··--- -· ----- - . rg)

l
Calculation Control for ANSI/IEEE
- -Current Scenario
I
=1 I Contributlon Levels Awi!fi f Miscellaneous Options - - - .
l 1
From Fault Location for Output
lf)-::;J Only for up to 20
I" :::J Buses' faul
-------~
I
se only X to calculate Results
~---- Base
r
Voltage - - -
r.
Default Output - - - - ,
r-
Faul Impedance - -
J
•Adjusted ByTap{rurn Ratio Annotation I R: Ohms
~
1
•System Voltage !!!!!!!J •Report X: Ohms
r
r
Prelaul Voltage to be Used i'l Calculations Fauled Phase I Faul Type ~ [ - Duty Type for PDE Based On
- •System Voltage •Phase A/LG ; BC/LL&LLG •Max Branch Fault Flow
•Actual/Nameplate Voltage
• Phase B/LG ; AC/LL&LLG
• LFVoltage
11!!!!!!1 •Total Bu s Faull Curre~t .
r lr1dud1ng fihi.mt. L.o-':'id Cor!tnbution ~.Ground •Phase C/LG; AB/LL&LLG
Faul Location
Selected Buses All Buses Sliding Fault Series Fault
•
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• • •
Selected Buses:
, :r •Jve · :1 I
O~_Level Branch Currents are reported . No Fault Voltage Resuh an<!_ll_~~ C'!_rrll_f!s for Detailed Report .
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-4-2 Window showing "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Calculation" "Options"
window.
3) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Back Annotation" icon. This icon
looks like an eye and is in the middle of the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar. Note this is not the
same "Back Annotation" as was used before. On the window that opens left-click "3 Phase" "Fault
Type", select a "5 Cycle" "Fault Time" and left-click "OK". See Figure 4-7-4-3.
EDSA--- 133
0 EDSA Annotati_o_n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - l8J
K. Short Orcutt ]
Color and Font Decimal Place Precision ·:_'
I Auto-Refresh I
Display Fault Result Selection
r-
~
0 1
"
.- - -
"
2
"
3
"
4
_J
!
i
!
Options f0< Fault at Single Bus
I Bus Cunenl, X/ R. Z I Bus P1efault Voltage [Vp] I I Bus Sym. Fault Voltage tvtij I Branch Cunent.Z
1 I
Phase - Phase Phase • Neutral ~ K. Current Angle(Deg.] j1
Fault lime
15 Cycle
~ :
Phase or Sequence
I ~a;:~: Phase
1i ~~:mpon~s -
~ •Symmetrical (RMS]
Fault Type • B Phase
•DC
~ •3Phase • C Phase
• Asymmetrical
• Line·Line • Positive Sequence
• Ipeak [I inst]
• Line-G round •Negative Sequence
• Zero Sequence •Z[pu]
• • Line·Line·G round
Displa);ng Fol!TI K. Short Orcutt Flow Displayed as Untt

One Phase ~ Display Flow hrows Voltage Current Capacity
•Per Unit
•Capacity
hrow Type Jaosed Filled iJ r •MVA
~·Current hrowSize~ !!!!!• kVA
!!!I • Actual Value
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-4-3 Window showing "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Back Annotation" window for
a "3 Phase" short circuit.
4) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Analyze" icon. This icon looks like a
calculator and is the fourth icon to the right. It produces a tabulated data report. The balanced three-
phase short-circuit currents are at the bottom. Each short-circuit current was calculated assuming one
bus short circuit at a time. See Figure 4-7-4-4.
134---EDSA
EDSA
3-Phase Short Circuit v6. 50 . 00
Project No . Page 1
Project Name Date 02 /22/2 009
Title Time 03 : 07 : 08 pm
Drawing No . Company
Revis ion No . Engineer
Jobfile Name exampleEDSA Check by
Scenario 1 Date
Electrical One-line 3-Phase to Single-Phase projec t
Syst em Summary
Bas e MVA 100 . 000

System Frequence(Hz) 60
I of Total Areas Named
I of Total Zones Named
I of Total Buses
# of Active Buses
I of Total Branches
I of Active Sources 1
I of Active Motors 1
I of Active Shunts 1
I of Transformers 2
Reference Temperature( . C) 20 . 0
Impedance Displaying Temperature( .C) 25 . 0
Calculation Options
Calculating All or Mult-Buses Fau lt with Fault Z = 0 . 00000 + j 0 . 00000 Ohms

Fault Phases :
Phase A for Line-Ground Fault
Phase B. C for line-line or line-Line-Ground Fault
ANSI / IEEE Calculation :
Using ANSI Std . C37 . 010-1979 or above .
Separate R and X for X/ R, Complex Z for Fault Current
The Multiplying Factors to calculate As ym and Peak are Based on Actual X/ R
Peak Time Applies ATPC Equation
Transformer Phase Shift i s not considered .
Generator and Motor X/ R is constant .
Base Voltages Adjusted by Tap/ Turn Ratio
Prefault Voltages Use Sys tem Voltages
Jobfile Name : exampleEDSA Page
Bus Results : 5 Cycle--Symmetrical
Thevenin I~ped . ANSI

Pre-Flt 3P Flt .
Bus Name V A Z+(pu) Zo(pu) 3P X/R
1 3800 6151 2 . 4701 2 . 4962 . 5730
15 120 2779 173 . 157 307 . 106 0 . 417 2
5 480 19614 6 . 1324 3 . 8381 1 . 3003
9 480 9557 12 . 5855 17 . 9514 1 . 3290
Figure 4-7-4-4 "AC Short· Circuit" "3 Phase" tabulated output data. Balanced three-phase short-
circuit currents are at the bottom.
EDSA--- 135
Unbalanced short-circuit analysis requires more information than power-flow and balanced
short-circuit analysis require. For power-flow and balanced short-circuit analyses only symmetrical
components positive sequence impedances are needed. For unbalanced short-circuit analysis
symmetrical components negative and zero sequence impedances are also needed. Furthermore,
unlike balanced analyses, correct transformer connections are needed (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Y(ground), Y-D.,
etc.).
4.7.5.1 "Power Grid/Utility 1" Data
1) Double left-click on the circuit's "Power Grid/Utility 1" icon again and left-click on the
"Short Circuit" tab. Using values from the manual analysis Section 1.3.1 .2.2, enter the values:
"R -" = RS2pu = .008310

"X -" = XS2pu = .01246
"RO"= RSOpu = .004155
"X O" = XSOpu = .006232
The window is shown in Figure 4-7-5-1-1.

136---EDSA
~ '' .. ·I ' I ·
r Voltage
I Connection Information Utiity8us
I'-.
!
System Voll ["3aiio:o
Actual OperalingV ~
jl@•• g:;:w,
. Operal"1g Status Frequency TemP_erature
I On I
Ir Optional Location Information - -
!~ -···-·· . ·---
I I Zone! iJ Areal
L~.::. -
l
Description Short Circuit ] Load Flow J PDC } Reliability J Installation Optimization J
Power Data Typo -, 3 Phase Utility X/R-
:~:: [3c~IA 40062 j1 X/R + J1 .49940

• - Se-:iue: nc.e X/R
•
I - Amps
- Per Unit
L·L I
·G I
34694
48072
I
1 J X/R · J1 .49940
X/R 0 J1 .49988
1 - Faunype XIR
-- J
Utility Base Kva J600
Phase Per Unit Values
Grounding JSolid R + J0.008310 x+ j0.012460
R · J0.008310 x. J0.012460
[
R 0 J0.004155 x0 j0.006232
- -
Figure 4-7-5-1-1 "Power Grid/Utility l" "Short Circuit" tab with correct negative and zero
sequence impedances.
4.7.5 .2 Circuit Breaker Cl and C2 and Fuse Fl Data

EDSA--- 137
4.7.5.3 Transformer Tl Data
I) Paladin DesignBase assumes that transformer negative sequence impedances are the same
as positive sequence impedances.
2) -Double left-click on the circuit's transformer Tl "ANSI Transformer I" icon again and
left-click on the "Short Circuit" tab. Change the "Primary (From) Winding Grounding" to "Y Solidly
Grounded" and add values from the manual analysis Section l .3.1.1.1:
"R 0 %" = RT!Opu = 1.73

"X 0 %" = XTI Opu = 1.52
The window is shown in Figure 4-7-5-3-1.
Branch Name 3 Transformer

Connection Information Dala Enlry Formal
- - Library I
iJ I From r4- - - -- - To r5- -- -- - r- Actual Values
Kva Rating [6ciD.iio- Kva Syslem Voltages · Nameplate r PerUnil
r s o - - Herl2 From Vollage ~ r Dislribule I ~
l
F1equency
ToVollage ~ I Dislribule ~
Desc1iplion Sharl Ci1cuil ) Load Flow J PDC J Reliability j lnslallalion J
Transformer Resistance and Reactance P1imary (F1om) Winding Grounding

- Della
R +% 11 .73000 x +% lt52000 - Y Ungrounded
R 0 % 11 .73000 x0 % 11 .52000 - Y Solidly Grounded
• Y Impedance Grounded
Open. SC Tests I - ZigZag
- Seconda1y (To) Winding G1ounding
z + % 12.30289 X/R + I0.87861 ·Della
z 0 % 12.30289 X/R 0 I0.87861 • Y Ungrounded
• Y Solidly Grounded
· Y Impedance Grounded
Transformer taps on Load Flow tab are also used by · ZigZag
Short Circuit programs and a1e common to both.
Phase Shill (Positive Sequence)
I" Network Transformer (used in IEC60909 method) Standard Special Secondary ~ Deg
I -
Save lo Library I Normalize
Figure 4-7-5-3-1 Transformer Tl "ANSI Transformer I" "Short Circuit" tab with correct zero
sequence impedances and primary winding connection. (Note: "ANSI Transformer I" refers to the
type of transformer, not the transformer Tl.)
138---EDSA
1) The transformer T2 data needs to changed, just as it was for the transformer Tl. Change
the "Primary (From) Winding Grounding" to "Y Ungrounded" and add values from the manual
analysis Section 1.3.1.1.2:
"R 0 %" = RT20pu = 1.00

"X 0 %" = XT20pu = 7.60
The window is shown in Figure 4-7-5-4-1 .
0 EDSA JobFile [exampleEDSA) - Device (11) - 10 (11) -- - ~ ;... , ~
Branch Name 11 Transformer

Connection Information - - - - - - - . ~ata Entry Forj al
Library j iJ From )12 To j14 r. AclualValues
Kva Rating
Frequency
[9o'.iio- Kva
~Hertz
F~:;l~:l~::•gJ::~------~~=~~~~--1- NJ:;~plale I · Per Unit
ToVollage ~ r Distribute ~ I
._:*---·----------·-·--=~..~==----=--=-d
I
Description Short Circuit Load Flow J PDC J Refiability J lnslallation J
Transformer Resistance and Reactance- - - Primary [From) Winding Grounding -]

- Dell•
R • %j2.0000C1 x. %J1 .aoooo - Y Ungrounded
r
R 0 % J1 .00000 XO%J7.60000
- Y Solidly Grounded I
Open, SC Tests J
[
- ZigZag J
z +%J2.69072 X/R + J0.90000 - Secondary (To) Winding Grounding l
Della
I
z 0 %J7.66551 X/R 0 J7.60000
I
.
- Y Ungrounded
- Y Solidly Grounded
Transformer taps on Load Flow tab are also used by 1 - Zig Zag
Short Circuit programs and are common to both.
,- Phase Shift [Positive Sequence)- ·----------·-- De-g I
P' Network Translormer (used in IEC60909 method) I Standard Special Secondary ro:o-
1 I
Save lo Library I No1malize
Enter transformer %R[+)
Figure 4-7-5-4-1 Transformer T2 "ANSI Transformer l" "Short Circuit" tab with correct zero
sequence impedances and primary winding connection. (Note: "ANSI Transformer 1" refers to the
type of transformer, not the transformer Tl.)
EDSA---139
4.7.5.5 Data for the Cable from Circuit Breaker C2 to Motor M
Paladin DesignBase assumes that the negative sequence impedances are the same as the
positive. The zero sequence impedances need to be entered manually. In Section 1.3.1.3.3 the zero
sequence impedances are the same as the positive. They should be entered into the circuit breaker C2
to motor M "Cable" "Cable/Line Data" tab window as shown in Figure 4-7-5-5-1.
0 EDSA JobFile [exdmpleEDSA] - Device (7) - ID (7) [';] 'l ['g)

Branch Name Feeder
Connection lnformation= 1 Data Entry Format
lo Actual Values
Library j 3 From ,...,8- - - To j9
r Per Unit
Cable Length ~~ Existing Connection Status Normal Connection Status '----------'
Cables per Phase r- • - Closed
Size -----3-,
,.., 1 - Open i
Cable Frequency rso-- Hz
P User Defined
Description Cable/Line Data PDC I j Reliability j Installation j

r Cable Resistance and Reactance at 25.0 C --------~ - 1/2 L·G Charging Capacitance ---------~
I R + Ohms/1000 ftj 0.07800 X + Ohms/1000 ft jo.03000 r -_ mMhos
mFarad Positive Seq j0.00000 mMhos/1000 Ft
l RO Ohms/1000 fl j0.07800 XO Ohms/1000 ftj0.03000 - µFarad Zero Seq j0.00000 mMhos/1000 Ft
l
-Mr
ater~a~opper -------- j2. 75 [CJ~
-Temperatures- -
J --
3
r Temperature Insensitive Ir SC ro.o- c Rated Temperature 167 [F)
-Aluminum PF ~C CableAmpacityRating ro.oo- _J

, - - - - - - - - - - - Mutual Coupling Information- - - - - - - - - - ,
Feeder j 3 Coupling Length io-- Feet

Power System Optimization
c N·1 Security----,
From ..--------- Zero Seq Resistance RmO j0.00000 Ohms
To Zero Seq Reactance XmO j0.00000 Ohms Off I I
Save to Library J Calculate Short Line Parameters j
Enter X(O] value in Ohms/ 1000 Feet; if length • 0. impedance is in Ohms.
Figure 4-7-5-5-1 Circuit breaker C2 to motor M "Cable" "Cable/Line Data" tab window.
140---EDSA
4.7.5.6 Data for the Cable from Transformer T2 to Static Load R
positive. The zero sequence impedances need to be entered manually. In Section 1.3.1.3.4 the zero
sequence impedances are the same as the positive. They should be entered into the transformer T2 to
static load R "Cable" "Cable/Line Data" tab window as they were in Section 4.7.5 .5.
4.7.5 .7 Motor M Data
Paladin DesignBase selected typical negative and zero sequence impedances when motor
data was input from the Paladin DesignBase library. It is not necessary to add further data.
4.7.5.8 Static Load R Data
positive. The zero sequence impedances are infinite, since the neutral is isolated. It is not necessary to
add further data to the Paladin DesignBase program.
The procedure is practically the same as that used for balanced short-circuit analysis in
Section 4.7.4.
1) As in Section 4.7.4 left-click on the "AC Short Circuit" icon. Then on the "AC Short
Circuit Tools" toolbar, select the "Analysis:" type to be "AC ANSI/IEEE". See Figure 4-7-4-1.
2) As in Section 4.7.4 left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Options" icon. On
the window that appears, select "All Buses" and left-click "OK". See Figure 4-7-4-2.
3) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Back Annotation" icon. On the
window that opens, left-click "Line-Ground", "5 Cycle", and "Maximum Phase". Then, left-click
"OK". See Figure 4-7-5-9-1.
EDSA--- 141
~- ----- - -- ----- -[i8)

AC Short Orcul j
1a1a1~ I Ai.Jto-Refresh
Color and Font
r ~eci~~ Pl~e ~reci~~
0 1 2 3 4
I
Display Fault Result Selection -
Options for Fault at Single Bus 1
I Bus Current. XIR. Z I Bus PrefaultVoltage fVpij I Bus Sym. Fault Voltage [VI) II Branch Current, Z 1-l
Phase - Phase Phase • Neutral r '>.L , , ., ·'"nql«{D"g J
Fault Time Phase or Sequence Components
IH I- iJ • • Ma•imum Phase • X/R

•A Phase !!BJ• Symmetrical (RMS]
Fault Type • B Phase I •DC
• 3 Phase • C Phase
• Asymmetrical
•Line-Line • Positive Sequence
•I peak (linst]
!!BJ • Line-Ground •Negative Sequence
•Zero Sequence •Z(pu)
• Line-Line-Ground
AC Short Circul Row Displayed as Unl

One Phase I Voltage Current Capacity
•Per Unit
•Capacity
I I •kV I. kA
f •MVA
!!!!I • Actual Value

!!!I• Current ~ I
!!!!i•V !!!!!l•A J..i•kVA
OK Cancel
Figure 4-7-5-9-1 Window showing "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Back Annotation" window
for a "Line-Ground" short circuit
4) Left-click on the "AC Short Circuit Tools" toolbar "Analyze" icon. This produces a
tabulated data report. The line-to-ground short circuit currents are at the bottom of the report. Each
short-circuit current was calculated assuming one bus short circuit at a time. See Figure 4-7-5-9-2.
142---EDSA
EDSA
3-Phase Short Circuit v6 . 50 . 00
Project No . Page 1
Project Name Date 02/ 22/2009
Title Time 02 : 18 : 54 pm
Drawing No . Company
Revision No . Engineer
Jobfile Name exampleEDSA Check by
Scenario 1 : Date
Electrical One-Line 3-Phase to Single-Phase project
System Summary
Base MVA 100 . 000

System Fre quence(Hz ) 60
II of Total Areas Named 0
II of Total Zones Named 0
II of Total Buses 8
II of Active Buses 8
II of Total Branches 7
IIof Active Sources 1
IIof Active Motors 1
IIof Active Shunts 1
IIof Trans formers 2
Reference Temperature( .C) 20.
Impedance Displaying Temperature( .C) 25.
Calculation Options
Ca l culating All or Hult-Buses Fault with Fault Z • 0 . 00000 + j 0 . 00000 Ohms

Fault Phases :
Phase A for Line-Ground Fault
Phase B.C for Line-Line or Line-line-Ground Fault
ANSI / IEEE Calculation :
Using ANSI Std . C37 . 010-1979 or above .
Separate R and X for X/ R, Compl ex Z for Fault Current
The Multiplying Factors to calculate Asym and Peak are Based on Actual X/ R
Peak Time Applies ATPC Equation
Tra nsformer Phase Shift is not considered .
Generator and Motor X/ R i s constant .
Base Voltages Adjusted by Tap/ Turn Ratio
Prefault Voltages Use System Voltages
Jobfile Name : exampleEDSA Pa ge
Bus Results : 5 Cycle--Symmetrical
Thevenin Imped . ANSI

Bus Name
Pre-Flt LG Flt .
v A
---------------
Z+(pu) Zo(pu) JP X/R
------------------------
1 3800 7365 2 . 4701 . 2484 1 . 5730
15 120 0 173 . 158 0 . 41 72
5 480 22 438 6 . 1324 3 . 8381 1 . 3003
9 480 10037 12 . 5855 10 . 8498 1 . 3290
Figure 4-7-5-9-2 "AC Short Circuit" "Line-Ground" tabulated output data. Line-to-ground short-
circuit currents are at the bottom.
EDSA--- 143
4.8 PALADIN DESJGNBASE REFERENCES
1) EDSA, Paladin DesignBase 2.0 Documents, 2008. This is a CD containing text tutorials
and manuals. It is free and comes with the Trial Version CD. A person learning Paladin DesignBase
should read them.
2) Paladin DesignBase 2.0 Tutorials, 2008. This is a CD that plays tutorial videos on
Windows. It is free and comes with the Trial Version CD. Its tutorials can also be seen on the EDSA
website. A person learning Paladin DesignBase should see them.
144
5.0 MISCELLANEOUS
5.1 POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION SOFTWARE DATA TIPS
The computer programmer's saying, "Garbage in, garbage out", applies to power system
simulation software. Be very careful when setting up power system models and entering data.
One of the simulation software companies mentioned above states that occasionally an
impedance of zero will cause a divide by zero error in their software. This problem did not occur in
this book's example analyses, where zero values were used. However, if a divide by zero error
occurred during the analysis of a large I OOo+ bus systems it could be very aggravating. The company
therefore recommends entering non-zero values for all sequence impedances. They recommend non-
zero values for negative and zero sequence impedances even for load flow and balanced short-circuit
studies.
In the example load flow and balanced short-circuit studies, proper zero sequence and
negative sequence impedances and transformer connections (Y-Y, Y- Y(ground), Y-6, etc.)-were not
entered. This did not cause difficulties. However, in an industrial study this could lead to a problem.
In an industrial study, at some unknown future date, someone else might mistakenly use the same
data to do an unbalanced short-circuit study. If possible, enter correct impedances for all sequences
when originally entering data.
5.2 DIFFERENT RESULTS FROM DIFFERENT ANALYSES
The ETAP, SKM, and Paladin DesignBase produced output data within a +/-2% variation.
The manual analysis output data differed from the programs' averaged output data by up to 7%.
The major reason for the differences between the output data of the manual analysis and the
programs is the motor modeling method. The manual analysis used a fixed resistance in series with a
fixed inductive impedance to model the motor. SKM, ETAP, and Paladin DesignBase use a more
accurate motor model that effectively makes motor impedance decrease as applied voltage decreases.
The result was that the manual analysis predicted lower motor currents.
Another reason for differences in the output data is the way the circuits were solved. The
manual analysis used phasor and symmetrical components methods to solve the system's equations
analytically. SKM, ETAP, and Paladin DesignBase used numerical analysis methods. Numerical
analysis methods use approximation techniques to solve the equations. The different approximation
techniques may introduce significant errors. An example of a numerical analysis error can be seen in
Section 4.7.3.2 with the Paladin DesignBase power-flow analysis. In the first results of that analysis,
two series currents that should have been the same were significantly different. See Figure 4-7-3-2-4.
This was fixed by decreasing the MV A tolerance. See Figure 4-7-3-2-6.
MISCELLANEOUS--- 145
5.3 COMMON POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS STEPS
Regardless of the computer program used, there are certain steps that must be taken to carry
out a power system analysis.
1) Draw the circuit diagram.

This may require existing or proposed circuit drawings, a site visit, and meetings with
the customer.
2) Determine values for the circuit components and cabling.
This may require meetings with the customer, drawings, a site visit with
measurements, viewing of old drawings, viewing of equipment specification sheets, and contact with
equipment manufacturers. This is often the most difficult step. Remember to document the rationale
behind your choices.
3) Convert the data to a format that can be accepted by the program.
4) Enter the data into the program.
5) Run the program.
6) Check the results.
7) Print the results.
5.4 WHAT DOES THE SOFfWARE COST?
Software prices vary greatly. For under $2,000, one can purchase a single user license for a
base module that, without other modules, does little more than create one-line diagrams. For about
$60,000, one can purchase a nuclear power plant certified single user license for a program that
includes many modules. Prices may be higher for programs that can handle larger power systems,
The software companies may offer quantity discounts or other discounts. Prices may change with
time and as new program versions are released. After the initial purchase there are fees for optional
maintenance contracts and, after an initial startup period, technical support contracts.
Tuition for the software's classroom training ranges from $300 to $1,000 per day. $400 per
day is typical.
Annual support and maintenance for the programs after the first year is about $1 ,000.
To get actual prices, the potential customer should determine what he needs and then request
quotes.
146---MISCELLANEOUS
5.5 OTHER POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAMS
There are many other power system analysis programs. Below is a partial list:
Company Name Website

Amtech http://www.amtech-power.co.uk/
ASPEN http://www.aspeninc.com/
CAPE/Electrocon http://www.electrocon.com/
CYME http://www.cyme.com/
DataShare http://www.datashare.com.au/
DlgSILENT http://www.digsilent.de/
Easy Power http://www.easypower.com/
EDR http://www.edreference.corn/default. asp
MilSoft http: //www.milsoft.com/
Neplan http://www. nep Ian.ch/sites/en/default. asp
PSI http://members.shaw.ca/powersoftech/
5.6 SPICE
Spice is an acronym for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. There are
number of Spice programs available. The intended purpose of the Spice progranis is to solve low
power electronic circuits. However, they will also accurately solve high power circuits, such as those
of power systems. In some cases, such as when unusual voltages are applied to power circuits, the
Spice programs can do a better analysis than achievable with power system analysis programs.
Pspice is the most popular of the Spice programs. Details on applying PSpice to power
systems can be found in the book, PSpice Power Electronic and Power Circuit Simulation, S.
Tubbs, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9659446-9-4.
CPSJA infonnation can be obtained at www. ICGtesting.com
ll~ll~~llllll~IJIJlj~lll/
Printed in the USA
BVOW06sOJ5 1290 1 IS
385529BVOOOOIB/2/P
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SKM, ETAP, & EDSA

Power System Analysis

Introduction to popular power system simulation

for Electrical Engineers and

Stephen P. Tubbs, P.E.

NOTICE TO THE READER

AMD Athlon XP is a trademark owned by American Micro Devices, Inc.

AutoCAD is a trademark owned by Autodesk, Inc.

ETAP is a trademark owned by Operation Technology, Inc.

PSpice is a trademark owned by Cadence Design Systems, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America and United Kingdom.

INTR0 DUCTI0 N--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii

1.0 MANUAL ANALYSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1 PER-UNIT/PERCENT SYSTEM-------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1.1 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

1.1.2 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A TWO TRANSFORMER SINGLE-

1.1.3 PER-UNIT VALVES FOR A BALANCED THREE-PHASE

1.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS----------------------------------------------------- 8

1.3 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYSED MANUALLY---------------------------------- 8

1.3.1 COMPONENT DATA--------------------------------------------------------- 9

1.3.2 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------- 16

1.3 .3 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS----------------------------- 18

1.3.4 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, LINE-TO-

1.4 MANUAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS REFERENCES----------------------------------- 24

2.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY SKM--------------------------------------------------- 25

2.2 OBTAINING SKM------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

2.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SKM 6.5------------------------ 29

2.4 SKM DEMO LIMITATIONS------------------------------------------------------------ 30

2.5 SKMTRAINING AND TUTORIALS-------------------------------------------------- 30

2.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE SKMDEMO----------------------------- 30

2.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH SKM------------------------------------ 31

2.7.1 SETTING UP THE SKM DEMO FOR USE ON THE

2.7.2 CREATING A ONE-LINE DIAGRAM------------------------------------ 32

2.7.3 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------- 34

2.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS---------------------------- 48

2.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS------------------------ 52

3.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY ETAP-------------------------------------------------- 60

3.2 0 BTAININ G ETAP----------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

3.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR ETAP 6.0 ---------------------- 67

3.4 ETAP DEMO LIMITATIONS----------------------------------------------------------- 68

3.5 ETAP TRAINING AND TUTORIALS------------------------------------------------- 68

3.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE ETAP DEMO---------------------------- 69

3.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH ETAP----------------------------------- 69

3.7.1 SETTING UP THE ETAP DEMO FOR USE ON THE SYSTEM

3.7.2 CREATING A ONE-LINE DIAGRAM------------------------------------ 71

3.7.3 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------- 73

3.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS---------------------------- 86

3.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT.ANALYSIS------------------------ 90

3.8 ETAP REFERENCE----------------------------------------------------------------------- 98

4.1 FEATURES, AS STATED BY EDSA-------------------------------------------------- 99

4.2 OBTAINING PALADIN DESIGNBASE----------------------------------------------- 101

4.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR

4.4 PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRIAL VERSION LIMITATIONS--------------------- 102

4.5 PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRAINING AND TUTORIALS------------------------- 102

4.6 SETUP AND INSTALLATION OF THE PALADIN DESIGNBASE TRIAL

4.7 EXAMPLE SYSTEM ANALYZED WITH PALADIN DESIGNBASE----------- 104

4.7.1 CREATING AJOB FILE AND DRAWING FILE FOR USE

4.7.2 CREATING A ONE-LINE DIAGRAM------------------------------------ 108

4.7.3 POWER-FLOW AN AL YSIS------------------------------------------------- 114

4.7.4 BALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS----------------------------- 131

4.7.5 UNBALANCED SHORT-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS------------------------- 135

4.8 PALADIN DESIGNBASE REFERENCES---------------------------------------------- 143

5.0 MISCELLANEOUS------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 144