A computer is an electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data.

Computer can perform complex or challenging tasks, quickly, precisely and reliably.
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different types of computer based on principles of operation:
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Analog computers – works by measuring rather than counting, like measuring graphs, voltage,
pressure, speed and temperature.
Examples: Thermometer, Analogue Clock, Seismometer, Voltmeter, Tide Predictor
Digital Computer- These computers can handle more complex computations and process data at
a higher speed. It can perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, and also logical operations.
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Most of the computer that available today are Digital Computers

Purposes of Digital Computer:

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General Purpose computers – are the computer commonly used today
Example: Personal Computer, Laptop, Smartphone
Special Purpose- used for specific task or to solve a particular problem
Examples: ATM, Automatic Washing Machine, Digital Camera
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Hybrid Computer: Combination of the best features of Analog and Digital Computers.
The hybrid computer has a speed of an Analog Computer and the accuracy of the Digital
Computer.
Hybrid Computer are fast, reliable and provide accurate results.
Examples: Petrol pump, Vital Signs Monitor
Types of Computers based on Sizes and Functionalities
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Mainframe Computers - also known as big iron, is a high-performance computer used for large-
scale, compute-intensive purposes and tasks that require greater availability and security than
smaller-scale machines. Historically, mainframes have been associated with centralized rather
than distributed computing. Popular in big industries like E-Business, Banking, Healthcare and
Airlines Companies.
Example: Universal Automatic Computer from UNIVAC series and ZSeries mainframe
computer from IBM
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Minicomputers - computer that was smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe
or supercomputer but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer.
Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering computations, business transaction
processing, file handling, and database management.
Minicomputer are intended for a number of activities such as : Switch Board Control; Dedicated
applications for graphics and Computer design; Allow multiple users to interact on a single
system; Allow a single system to control and monitor manufacturing activates.
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Server Computers - A server is a computer program or device that provides a service to another
computer program and its user, also known as the client. In a data center, the physical computer
that a server program runs on is also frequently referred to as a server. That machine might be
a dedicated server or it might be used for other purposes. It is design to process request and
deliver data to another computer over the internet or a local network. With the help of server,
we can share files; use a shared printer, Host a network and even internet games.
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Micro Computers – the smallest, least expensive and the most used types of the computers. It is
commonly known as the personal Computers that we see at our homes or schools.
Examples: Desktop Computers, Tablet, Wearable Computers , Laptops
Super Computers – Most powerful computers in terms of speed and accuracy. They are capable
of executing trillions of instructions per seconds and designed to solve the most complex
mathematical calculations.
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Components of Computer:
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Hardware – Tangible part of the computer
Example: System Unit, Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse
Software – Programs or applications that runs on a computer, Enables computer to perform
Specific Task
Two Classifications of Software:
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System Software – performs all the operations the computer needs to run
Application Software – perform specific functions like word processing, video editing , and
internet browsing.
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Peopleware - refers to the person that uses the computer in the development of hardware and
software systems.
Example: Computer engineers, Website designers, Computer Technicians, Software Designers,
Software Engineers, Server Administrators and Computer Programmers.
Basic Parts of a Computer System
A computer system consists of various components that work together to process data and perform
tasks. Here are the basic parts of a computer system, along with their meanings and functions:
Central Processing Unit (CPU):The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations.
Function: It processes data and instructions from memory, performs arithmetic and logical operations,
and controls other system components.
Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):RAM is the computer's volatile, temporary storage where
data and programs are loaded while in use.
Function: It stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly for active tasks, improving
system performance.
Storage Devices (Hard Drive, SSD, etc.):Storage devices provide non-volatile, long-term storage for data,
software, and files.
Function: They store the operating system, applications, user data, and other files, preserving them even
when the computer is powered off.
Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and interconnects all other
components.
Function: It provides pathways for data, power, and communication between the CPU, memory,
storage, and other peripherals.
Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.):Input devices allow users to provide data and commands to the
computer.
Function: They transmit user input to the computer, enabling users to interact with software and control
the system.
Output Devices (Monitor, Printer, etc.):Output devices display or produce information for users.
Function: They present data, text, images, and multimedia to users or produce physical copies of
documents.
Operating System (OS):The operating system is system software that manages hardware resources and
provides services to software applications.
Function: It controls hardware, manages memory and storage, runs software, and facilitates user
interaction, making the computer usable.
Software Applications: Software applications (or simply "software") are programs that perform specific
tasks or functions.
Function: Users install and run software applications to perform a wide range of tasks, from word
processing and web browsing to gaming and video editing.
Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the computer's components.
Function: It converts electricity from the outlet into the appropriate voltages and currents needed by
the computer, ensuring proper operation.
Expansion Cards (GPU, Sound Card, etc.): Expansion cards are optional components that can be added
to enhance the computer's capabilities.
Function: Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), sound cards, network cards, and others provide specialized
functions or improved performance.
Cooling System: The cooling system includes fans, heat sinks, and sometimes liquid cooling to regulate
the temperature of the CPU and other heat-producing components.
Function: It prevents overheating and maintains the system's stability and longevity by dissipating
excess heat.
These basic parts collectively create a computer system capable of executing a wide range of tasks, from
simple calculations to complex data processing and multimedia production. Each component plays a
vital role in the overall functionality of the system.
Input Devices:
Keyboard: Allows users to input text, commands, and other data into the computer by pressing keys.
Mouse (or Pointing Device): Translates physical movements and clicks into on-screen cursor
movements and actions, facilitating graphical interaction.
Touchpad: Commonly found on laptops, it provides a touch-sensitive surface for cursor control.
Touchscreen: Allows users to interact directly with the computer's display by touching it, commonly
used in tablets and smartphones.
Microphone: Captures audio input, enabling voice commands, recording, and communication.
Webcam (or Camera): Captures video input, used for video conferencing, streaming, and taking
pictures.
Scanner: Converts physical documents or images into digital format for storage or editing.
Barcode Scanner: Reads barcodes for inventory tracking, retail, and various applications.
Joystick and Gamepad: Used for gaming and controlling software that requires precise directional input.
Trackball: Offers an alternative to the mouse, allowing cursor control by rotating a ball.
Digital Pen (Stylus): Used for drawing, handwriting recognition, and precise input on touchscreen
devices.
Biometric Scanners (Fingerprint, Iris, Face Recognition): Authenticate users based on unique biological
traits.
Light Pen: Detects light on the screen's surface and is used for drawing and selecting objects.
Graphic Tablet: A digital drawing surface often used by artists and designers.
Barcode Reader: Scans barcodes for product identification and tracking.
Output Devices:
Monitor (or Display): Displays visual information, including text, images, videos, and GUIs.
Printer: Produces hard copies of documents, images, and other digital content.
Projector: Displays computer content on a larger screen or surface for presentations.
Speakers: Output audio, allowing users to hear sound from applications, videos, and games.
Headphones/Earphones: Provide audio output for private listening.
Soundbar: External audio device for improved sound quality.
Haptic Feedback Devices: Provide tactile feedback, such as vibration, to enhance user experience in
gaming and simulations.
LED Indicator Lights: Provide visual cues for device status (e.g., power, connectivity).
Braille Display: Converts digital text into tactile Braille characters for visually impaired users.
Plotters: Used for high-precision printing and drawing, often in engineering and design.
Electronic Signs and Displays: Used in retail, advertising, and public information systems.
Notification Lights and LEDs: Provide status updates for devices and applications.
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D Printers: Create physical objects from digital designs.
E-paper Displays: Mimic the appearance of printed text and are commonly used in e-readers.
These input and output devices enable users to interact with and receive information from computers,
making them essential components of a computer system.
Connection of PC Hardware and Peripheral Devices
Connecting peripheral devices to a PC involves physically connecting these devices to the appropriate
ports on the computer and, in some cases, installing device drivers or configuring settings. Here's a
general overview of how to connect various peripheral devices to a PC:
Mouse and Keyboard:
Most modern PCs have USB ports, so you can connect USB mice and keyboards directly to these ports.
Older systems might use PS/2 ports for keyboards and mice. Ensure the correct connectors are used.
Wireless mice and keyboards typically come with a USB receiver that plugs into a USB port.
Monitor (Display):
Connect the monitor to the appropriate video port on the PC, such as HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI, or VGA.
The choice of port depends on the available connections on both the monitor and PC.
Ensure that the monitor is powered on and set to the correct input source.
Printer:
Most modern printers connect via USB, so you can simply plug the USB cable into a USB port on the PC.
For network printers, you can connect them to the local network, and the PC can access them over the
network.
Install the printer drivers if prompted or download them from the manufacturer's website.
External Storage (Hard Drives, Flash Drives, etc.):
Connect external storage devices to USB, eSATA, or Thunderbolt ports, depending on the available
connectors.
The PC should automatically detect and mount the device, allowing you to access the data.
Install any necessary drivers if prompted.
Speakers and Audio Devices:
Connect speakers to the audio output (typically a 3.5mm audio jack or USB port) on the PC.
For microphones or other audio input devices, connect them to the appropriate audio input port
(3.5mm microphone jack, USB port, etc.).
Configure audio settings in the operating system to ensure the correct input and output devices are
selected.
Network Devices (Router, Modem, Ethernet Cable):
Connect the modem to the router (if applicable) and connect the router to the PC using Ethernet cables.
Alternatively, you can connect to a Wi-Fi network by selecting the network from the list of available Wi-
Fi networks and entering the Wi-Fi password.
Network devices are usually plug-and-play, but you may need to configure network settings in some
cases.
Scanners, Cameras, and Other USB Devices:
Connect these devices to available USB ports.
Install any necessary device drivers and associated software.
Game Controllers (Joysticks, Gamepads, etc.):
Connect these devices to USB ports or follow the manufacturer's instructions for wireless connectivity.
Install any necessary drivers or configuration software for optimal performance.
External Displays (Projectors, Additional Monitors):
Connect these devices to the appropriate video port on the PC, just like you would with a regular
monitor.
Configure display settings in the operating system to extend or duplicate the desktop, as desired.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply):
Connect the UPS to a power outlet and connect the PC to the UPS via the provided power cables.
This provides backup power to the PC in case of power outages.