Amrutvahini College Of Engineering, Sangamner

DIST- AHMEDNAGAR, PIN- 422608

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGIEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22

A
MINI – PROJECT
ON
Boundary Layer Separation Controlling Methods

SUBJECT: FLUID MECHANICS

Course Code: 202049

IN

FOURTH SEMESTER
Successfully Submitted To

Project Guide: Deshmukh K.B

Submitted By
SR. ROLL
NO. NO. NAME OF STUDENT
1. 2166 Gamane Sonal Balasaheb
2. 2167 Ghegadmal Chaitanya Kishor
3. 2168 Ghule Vaibhav Kailas
4. 2169 Gite Vaibhav Uttam
5. 2170 Gunjal Vaibhav Chimaji
 Mini-Project Report

Title of Mini-Project: - Boundary Layer Separation Controlling Methods

Introduction:

Boundary Layer: In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the
immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. The liquid or
gas in the boundary layer tends to cling to the surface.

Types of boundary layer:

Laminar Boundary Layer: The laminar boundary is a very smooth flow, while the turbulent
boundary layer contains swirls or "eddies." The laminar flow creates less skin friction drag than the
turbulent flow, but is less stable. Boundary layer flow over a wing surface begins as a smooth
laminar flow. As the flow continues back from the leading edge, the laminar boundary layer
increases in thickness.

Turbulent Boundary Layer: At some distance back from the leading edge, the smooth laminar
flow breaks down and transitions to a turbulent flow. From a drag standpoint, it is advisable to have
the transition from laminar to turbulent flow as far aft on the wing as possible, or have a large
amount of the wing surface within the laminar portion of the boundary layer. The low energy laminar
flow, however, tends to break down more suddenly than the turbulent layer.

Boundary Layer Separation:

• Boundary layer thickness is largely affected by the pressure gradient. If the pressure gradient
is zero (as in case of flat plate), the boundary layer increases continuously.

• When the pressure decreases in the direction of flow (with negative pressure gradient), the
pressure forces act in the direction of flow hence accelerates the flow. Due to this. the
thickness of boundary layer decreases.

• When the pressure increases in the direction of flow (with positive pressure gradient), the
pressure forces act against the direction of flow hence retards the flow. Due to this, the
thickness of boundary layer increases rapidly.

• Also the shear force brings the fluid in the boundary layer to rest and causes back flow. Due
to this, the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but it is shifted away from the
boundary. This phenomenon is known as boundary layer separation.

• For better understanding, consider the flow over a curved surface as shown in Figure. When
the fluid flows over a curved surface, it accelerates from A to C.
• At point C , the velocity just outside the boundary is maximum (Umax) hence the pressure is
minimum.

• It means from A to C, the pressure gradient (dp/dx) is negative and the pressure force acts in
the flow direction on the fluid in the boundary layer.

• Similarly, beyond point C pressure increases and pressure gradient (dp/dx) is positive. Hence
the pressure force acts against the direction of flow and retards the flow in boundary layer.

• At some distance from point C, the liquid in the boundary layer is brought to stand still. At
this point (S) velocity gradient (du/dy) is zero at the boundary

• It means the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but starts to separate from it. The
point where velocity gradient is zero (du/dy= 0) is called as Separation Point (S)

• Further retardation of fluid on the downstream side of S close to the boundary may give rise
to a reverse flow i.e. at point D.

• When all the points with zero velocity are joined by a line, the line is called as separation
stream line.

• Due to reverse flow, between separation stream line and the boundary, irregular eddies are
formed and hence lots of energy is dissipated. This zone is called as wake.
Effects of Boundary Layer Separation :

Separation of boundary layer should be avoided due to following reasons:

• High amount of energy is lost.

• The body is subjected to lateral vibration which may cause the failure.

• Pressure drag is increased to great extent hence additional resistance to flow is developed.

Methods for controlling the Separation of Boundary Layer

The following methods are used to control or avoid the separation of boundary layer:
1. Proper Body Design: Design the body properly which will move the separation point as much
downstream as possible. Due to this, the wake portion and hence the pressure drag is also
reduced. This is called as streamlining the body. For example, aerofoil shape of the cars.

2. Delaying the flow separation artificially: Delaying the flow separation in the boundary can be
done by changing the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent by providing the artificial
roughness. For example roughness in the golf ball.

3. Accelerate the flow by providing slots: The retarded fluid layer can be accelerated by providing
the slots near the leading edge.
4. Suction of retarded fluid in boundary layer: In this technique the retarded fluid in the
boundary layer is sucked out through the suction slots.

5. Fluid acceleration by blowing: In this technique, some extra amount of energy is supplied to the
retarded fluid by injecting a high velocity fluid from a blower or fan.
 There will be measures taken by the Government to ensure better standards in terms
of design and safety of urban and rural roads. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is to be put
in use to ensure efficient and safe transport system which will be on par with international best
practices.

• Safer Vehicles
The vehicles on the roads must be signed off as in line with international standards so that they
pose least threat in terms of safety on the roads and harm to the environment. For this the safety
features must be monitored from the stage of design, production, operation and maintenance of
vehicles.

• Safer Drivers
The government will take measures to ensure that only highly capable and competent
drivers are behind the wheel by making the system of driver licensing stricter.

• Safer conditions for Vulnerable Road Users

The needs of people on the road (including the physically challenged, the vulnerable
and non-motorized transport) will be taken into account during the design and construction of
all road facilities. Town planners, highway, engineers, traffic engineers and architects will have
to keep ‘best practices’ while working on roads.

• Road Traffic Safety Education and Training

Publicity campaigns, training and education will be used to create awareness and
instill road safety knowledge among the population (both in the community and in educational
institutions).

• Safety Laws Enforcement

Various state and other governments will be aided by the Government of India to
strengthen enforcements. This will make safety law implementation more uniform and
effective. Highway Patrolling on National and State Highways will also be increased in number
and frequency.

• Emergency Medical Amenities for Accidents on the Road

 There will be all efforts made from the government to ensure that everyone who is
involved in accidents on the road will get quick, superior medical care. The main features of
such medical care includes efficient rescue operations and conducting first aid at the accident
site, as well as transporting the injured to the hospital for further care. Further, the government
will ensure that all hospitals near National Highways/ State Highways are prepared to care for
those who are injured in road accidents sufficiently.

• HRD and Research for Road Safety

Programmes of road safety research will be encouraged by the government. This
includes identifying priority areas, funding research, founding research and academic
institutions etc. The results of such research will be disseminated by the government through
workshops, training, publication, conferences and websites.

Implementation Strategy:
National road safety board is an agency that the government has dedicated to supervise
the matters related to road safety. This board is meant to provide strategies that will implement
road safety policy. National road safety fund is also to be established by the government to fund
road activities.

Eye test for availing DL:

People above the age of 50 years will soon have to go for eye tests if they wish to renew
their driving licenses. The Maharashtra transport and road safety bill is waiting for the
president’s approval. It can make the eye test mandatory for the people above the age of 50
years to get an eye test done for renewing their dls. As per an official, general medical certificate
is what has to be submitted now. If the bill is passed then eye test from a certified
ophthalmologist will also be required.

National road safety measures by the Road Transport and Highways Ministry:
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has taken significant measures to fulfill
India’s commitment to reduce road accidents by 50% by the year 2020. The ministry has set
aside Rs.600 crores to enforce road safety measures by constructing better roads, raising
standards for safer vehicles, and improving emergency care. Some of the important measures
taken by the ministry include; the amended 2016 Motor Vehicle Bill, setting up State Road
Safety councils, launching an Indian Bridge Management System, and IDTRs. Currently, 22
states have a valid road safety policy, and 11 states have exclusive road safety funds. HAS is
another initiative by the ministry, wherein the control centre gathers traffic data, and sends out
alerts to be broadcast on the AIR.

Priority of Transport Department is Road Safety

 Road safety is the top priority of the Transport Department and efforts are being made to ensure
that there is a reduction in death and injuries due to road accidents. He also spoke about the
changes that are being made to the Motor Vehicles Act by the Central government to increase
penalties given to traffic offenders. The Government of Manipur has also put forth the rule
making it mandatory for riders and pillions on a two wheeler to wear a helmet. A stringent
drive will be launched so as to enforce this directive at the earliest which will be called ‘No
Helmet No Petrol’. In order to ensure the safety of school going children, a notification has
been issued mandating that school vehicles must not carry over 1.5 times the seating capacity.
A yellow strip must also be mandatorily painted on vehicles that carry school children.

Driving License to be revoked on Third Offence:

Due to the rising number of accidents and resulting fatalities in the country, a guide for
road transport sector has been constituted by a Group of Ministers. Recommendations include
granting driving license only after the candidate has completed 16 years for gearless vehicles
and revoking license for the third offence.
They have also pointed out that Rules of Regulation of 1989 have become obsolete and that
there is an urgent need to issue new regulations based on today’s requirements. This group is
headed by Yoonus Khan who is the transport minister of Rajasthan. Other suggestions include
stricter evaluation during permanent license procurement, issue of learner’s license online,
doing away with truck driver’s dress code, allowing vehicular registration at dealer’s end and
so on.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed: -

First, we will form the four students’ group for micro project. Then finalized topic with mutual
discussion under guidance of teacher. As topic finalized, Then Search the website of sangamner
sugar factory. We will try to search available resources for information related to cogeneration plant.
Next step will be to select suitable information collection from it.
Write Summarized report then report preparation and finalization of it under guidance of
teacher. Then there will be presentation of micro project to subject teacher. Report submission will
be done after necessary correction if given by teacher.
6.0 Actual Resource Used: -

Sr. Name of Specificatio n Qty. Remark

no. resources /
material
 1. Internet - mobile
1. 1.https://www.bankbazar.co,/drivinglicence/details-
national-road-safety-policy.html

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM2
700566/

2. Reference books A text book of Automobile Engineering 1 Available in

college
library
3. Government As per availability on internet. 1 -
magazine (if
any)

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects: -

• To study the RTO Policies for enhancing Road Safety.

• To study the importance of road safety.

8.0 Skilled Developed / Learning Outcome of Micro-Project:

This project developed and improved our various skills. While making this project we learn how to do
our concepts clears about any topic. We made this project with all teamwork. We understood how to work
in a team and this project work showed us the importance of teamwork. We developed various skills like
Team
work skills, presentation skills and Technical skills.

Deshmukh S.V.

Name and Sign of

Subject Teacher’s
 Annexure IV Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: - Ambre Vishal Dipak Enrollment No: - 1800800164

Name of programme: - Automobile Engineering Semester: - ME-6I

Course Title: - Mechanical Engineering Code: - 22656

Title of Micro-project: - Prepare a Case study a RTO Policies for enhancing Road Safety.

Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CI603.1 Interpret vehicle layouts with chassis specification and power flow diagram of transmission systerm
CI603.3 Select suspension system for different applications
CI603.5 Select service tools for relevant service operation in automobile shop

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent Subject

No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10) Total

(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert above total marks out of 6 Marks)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature Review/
information collection
3. Completion of the
target as per project
proposal
4. Analysis of data and /
representation.
5. Quality of prototype/
Model
6. Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Vivo (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
7. Presentation
8. Viva

(A) (B)
(B) Process and Product Assessment (6 Individual Presentation / Vivo (4 Total
Marks) Marks) Mar
ks 10
 Comments/Suggestions about team works/leadership/inter-personal communication (If any):-

Name and designations of the Teacher:-

Dated Signature: -

Annexure
Micro Project Evaluation Sheet
IV

Name of student: - Ghegadmal Chaitanya Kishor Enrollment No: - 1800800193

Name of programme: - Automobile Engineering Semester: - ME-6I

Course Title: - Mechanical Engineering Code: - 22566
Title of Micro-project: - Prepare a Case study a RTO Policies for enhancing Road Safety.

Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CI603.1 Interpret vehicle layouts with chassis specification and power flow diagram of transmission systerm
CI603.3 Select suspension system for different applications
CI603.5 Select service tools for relevant service operation in automobile shop

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent Subject

No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10) Total

(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert above total marks out of 6 Marks)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature Review/
information collection
3. Completion of the
target as per project
proposal
4. Analysis of data and /
representation.
5. Quality of prototype/
Model
6. Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Vivo (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
 7. Presentation
8. Viva

(A) (B)
(B) Process and Product Assessment (6 Individual Presentation / Vivo (4 Total
Marks) Marks) Mar
ks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team works/leadership/inter-personal communication (If any):-

Name and designations of the Teacher:-

Dated Signature: -

Annexure IV
Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

Name of student: - Deshmukh Sudarshan Ramdas Enrollment No: - 1800800195

Name of programme: - Automobile Engineering Semester: - ME-6I

Course Title: - Mechanical Engineering Code: - 22656
Title of Micro-project: - Prepare a Case study a RTO Policies for enhancing Road Safety

Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CI603.1 Interpret vehicle layouts with chassis specification and power flow diagram of transmission systerm
CI603.3 Select suspension system for different applications
CI603.5 Select service tools for relevant service operation in automobile shop

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent Subject

No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10) Total

(A) Process and Product Assessment (Convert above total marks out of 6 Marks)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature Review/
information collection
 3. Completion of the
target as per project
proposal
4. Analysis of data and /
representation.
5. Quality of prototype/
Model
6. Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Vivo (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
7. Presentation
8. Viva

(A) (B)
(B) Process and Product Assessment (6 Individual Presentation / Vivo (4 Total
Marks) Marks) Mar
ks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team works/leadership/inter-personal communication (If any):-

Name and designations of the Teacher:-

Dated Signature: -
 Annexure
Micro Project Evaluation Sheet
IV

Name of student: - Hase Om Santosh Enrollment No: - 1800800237

Name of programme: - Automobile Engineering Semester: - ME-6I

Course Title: - Mechanical Engineering Code: - 22656
Title of Micro-project: - Prepare a Case study a RTO Policies for enhancing Road Safety

Course Outcomes Achieved:-

CI603.1 Interpret vehicle layouts with chassis specification and power flow diagram of transmission systerm
CI603.3 Select suspension system for different applications
CI603.5 Select service tools for relevant service operation in automobile shop