Environment and Geography Snippet Part 1

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Environment & Geography Snippet (Part 1)

INDEX
Flora in News 24) Camelids
25) Dancing Frogs
1) Prosopis chilensis
26) Amolops Siju
2) Senna spectabilis
27) Namdapha Flying Squirrel
3) Conocarpus trees
28) Noa-Dihing Music Frog
4) Hijol Tree (Indian Oak)
29) Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)
5) Red Sanders
30) Dugongs
6) Neelakurinji
31) ‘Stygarctus keralensis’ and ‘Batillipes kalami’
7) Baobab trees
8) Desiccation-Tolerant Vascular (DT) Plants
9) Salsola Oppositifolia Desfontainia Protected Areas in News
10) Sago
1) Yaya Tso Lake: La
11) Fish Mint
2) Gupteswar Forest
12) Impatiens Karuppusamy
3) Dark Sky Reserve
13) Himalayan Medicinal Plants
4) Kaas Plateau
14) Bor Thekera
5) Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve (DKTR)
15) Wildlife News: Forest Fire Tragedy and Proposed
6) Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
Solution for Gibbon Sanctuary
7) Greater Panna Landscape Council (GPLC)
8) Agumbe Forest
Fauna in News 9) Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
10) Barda Wildlife Sanctuary
1) Pangolin
11) Amazon River Basin
2) Manis Mysteria
12) Kamlang Tiger Reserve
3) Dickinsonia
13) Willingdon Island, Kerala
4) Greater Scaup
14) Kuno National Park
5) Dodo and Nicobar Pigeon
15) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)
6) White Tufted Royal Butterfly
16) Yellowstone National Park
7) Conjoined Silverline
17) Hasdeo Aranyas Forest
8) Noble’s Helen
18) Yasuni National Park
9) Sea Butterfly
19) Island of Maui
10) Gekko Mizoramensis
20) Katchatheevu Islands
11) Gambusia Affinis
21) New Ramsar Sites
12) Pterygotrigla Intermedica
22) 12 Resorts Declared Illegal in Crucial Elephant
13) Protosterol Biota
Corridor of India
14) Cryptobiosis
23) Mangroves: A Forgotten Ecosystem and the Tragic
15) Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C
Story of Marichjhapi
16) Tharosaurus Indicus
24) Wildlife News: Forest Fire Tragedy and Proposed
17) Megalosaurus
Solution for Gibbon Sanctuary
18) Red Fire Ant
25) Tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh
19) Sangai Deer
26) Kole wetland under threat
20) Walking Leaves
27) Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary
21) Armageddon Reedtail
28) Gundla Brahmeswaram Wild-Life Sanctuary
22) Kylinxia Zhangi
29) Chinnar Wild-Life Sanctuary
23) Mithun
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Flora in News
Prosopis chilensis
1) Species: Prosopis chilensis, also known as the Chilean mesquite, is a small to medium-sized legume tree.
2) Native Range: Originates from South America (Argentina,
Bolivia, Chile, Peru).
3) Habitat: Thrives in arid and semi-arid areas with access to
groundwater (3-10 meters below the surface). It is highly
drought-resistant.
4) Invasive Spread: Prosopis chilensis has become an invasive
species in many regions outside of its native range, including
the Gulf of Mannar.
5) Negative Impacts:
a) Outcompetes native vegetation, leading to biodiversity
loss.
b) Forms dense thickets, altering the ecosystem structure.
c) Can impact the livelihoods of people who rely on native plant resources.
6) Reasons for Invasive Success:
a) High tolerance for harsh environmental conditions.
b) Rapid growth and reproduction.
c) Seeds dispersed by livestock and other animals.
7) Management: Controlling the spread of Prosopis chilensis is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach.
Strategies may include:
a) Physical Removal: Manual cutting or uprooting, especially for smaller infestations.
b) Biological Control: Introduction of natural enemies (insects, fungi) from its native range that can suppress
growth.
c) Integrated Management: Combining multiple control methods for greater effectiveness.
Invasive Species in India in News – Plants

Lantana camara Where: Widespread across India; particularly problematic in forests, tiger reserves,
(Lantana) agricultural land in central India, Western Ghats, and Himalayan regions.
Impacts: Forms impenetrable thickets, outcompetes native plants, alters soil composition,
toxic to livestock, increases forest fire risk.
Prosopis juliflora Where: Widespread in arid and semi-arid regions, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,
(Mesquite) causing major issues in the Thar Desert and Banni grasslands.
Impacts: Deep tap roots access scarce groundwater, alters soil chemistry, lowers agricultural
productivity, creates thorny thickets hindering movement of people and animals.
Chromolaena Where: Primarily impacts northeastern India, Western Ghats and Himalayan foothills.
odorata (Christmas Impacts: Forms dense thickets, reducing biodiversity in forests and plantations, potentially
Bush) allelopathic to other plants.
Parthenium Where: Widespread across India, major problems in agricultural fields, roadsides, and
hysterophorus wastelands.
(Carrot Grass) Impacts: Highly allergenic to humans and livestock, lowers crop yields, outcompetes native
grasses impacting grazing.
Eichhornia Where: Found in almost all freshwater ecosystems across India, particularly severe in
crassipes (Water wetlands, lakes, and slow-moving rivers.
Hyacinth) Impacts: Blocks waterways hindering navigation and fishing, depletes oxygen levels affecting
aquatic life, disrupts water flow for irrigation.
Invasive Species in India in News – Animals
Nile tilapia Where: Widespread in freshwater bodies, notably reservoirs, lakes, and rivers throughout
(Oreochromis India.
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niloticus) Impacts: Aggressive predator and competitor, displaces native fish species, impacting both
biodiversity and local fisheries.
Red-eared slider Where: Found in lakes, ponds, and wetlands in urban and semi-urban areas across the
turtle (Trachemys country.
scripta elegans) Impacts: Competes with native turtles for food and basking sites, potentially spreads diseases
to native turtle populations.
Apple snail Where: Established in wetlands, rice paddies, and other agricultural water systems in eastern
(Pomacea and northeastern states.
maculata) Impacts: Voracious consumer of aquatic vegetation, including rice, leading to massive crop
losses.
Fall Armyworm Where: Has spread to nearly all of India's maize-growing regions.
(Spodoptera Impacts: Highly destructive pest of maize, causing significant economic losses to farmers. Also
frugiperda) impacts other crops like sorghum and millet.
Senna spectabilis
1) Why in News? The Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) has released a management plan to address the
invasive species Senna spectabilis, posing a threat to biodiversity in the Nilgiris region.
2) Species: Senna spectabilis, also known as the golden shower tree
or popcorn tree, is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to tropical
regions of America.
3) Invasive Spread: Senna spectabilis has become a significant
invasive weed in the Nilgiris, overtaking large areas alongside
another invasive species, Lantana camara.
4) Negative Impacts:
a) Its dense foliage blocks sunlight, hindering the growth of
native trees and grasses.
b) This competition for resources leads to food shortages for
wildlife, particularly herbivores.
5) Management: The KFRI's management plan aims to eradicate Senna spectabilis and control further spread,
protecting the delicate ecosystem of the Nilgiris.
Conocarpus trees
1) Why in News? Conocarpus trees, a hardy invasive mangrove
species, have been recently banned by the Gujarat government
due to their detrimental impact on the environment and human
health. Telangana had previously implemented a similar ban.
2) Species Characteristics: Conocarpus trees are adaptable
evergreens with dark-green, shiny leaves.
a) They easily thrive in diverse environments ranging from
coastal inter-tidal zones to arid deserts and urban
landscapes.
3) Popularity Despite Risks: Despite their invasive nature,
Conocarpus trees were widely used in public spaces for their
ornamental appearance and resilience.
a) However, their winter flowering releases particles that can
cause respiratory issues like cold, coughing, asthma, and
allergies.
b) Their extensive root systems have also been known to damage telecommunication lines, drainage systems,
and freshwater resources.
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4) Reasons for the Ban: The Gujarat government's decision to ban Conocarpus trees highlights the growing
awareness of the ecological damage and health risks posed by this invasive species. The ban aims to protect
native biodiversity and prioritize public well-being.
Hijol Tree (Indian Oak)

1) Why in News? A recent study warns that the suitable habitat for the Indian Oak (Hijol) tree in the India-
Bangladesh landscape could shrink by over 50% due to changes in rainfall and temperature patterns.
2) Species: Hijol (Barringtonia acutangula), also known as Indian Oak, is
a medium-sized evergreen tree.
3) Habitat: This floodplain tree is native to coastal wetlands of southern
Asia and northern Australasia. It thrives along rivers and in freshwater
swamps.
4) Ecological Importance: Hijol trees are a significant part of the
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin ecosystem.
5) Vulnerability: Climate change poses a serious threat to the future of Hijol, as suitable habitats may be drastically
reduced.
6) Medicinal Uses: The bark of the Indian Oak contains tannins, which have potential benefits for heart health.
Red Sanders
1) Why in News? India has been removed from the Review of Significant Trade (RST) process for Red Sanders,
signaling improved conservation and management practices. However, the species has been reclassified as
'endangered' on the IUCN Red List, highlighting its continued vulnerability.
2) Species: Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), a tree endemic
to the Eastern Ghats region of Andhra Pradesh, India.
3) Habitat: Thrives in rocky, degraded, and fallow lands with red
soil and a hot, dry climate.
4) High Demand: The rich red wood of Red Sanders is prized for its
use in cosmetics, musical instruments, and luxury furniture,
leading to illegal exploitation.
5) Threats: Smuggling, forest fires, cattle grazing, and other
human-caused disturbances pose significant threats to Red
Sander populations.
6) Conservation Status:
a) IUCN Red List: Endangered (reclassified in 2023).
b) CITES Appendix II: Trade is regulated to prevent
overexploitation.
c) India's Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule II.
7) Review of Significant Trade (RST): India was under this CITES
process since 2004, subjecting it to increased scrutiny and
potential trade suspensions. Recent removal indicates positive
steps in Red Sanders protection.
Neelakurinji
1) Why in News? The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has recently listed
Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) under Schedule III of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA),
classifying it as a protected plant.
2) Species: Neelakurinji is a shrub endemic to the Shola forests of the Western Ghats in South India.
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3) Unique Flowering: The plant has a peculiar flowering

cycle, blooming only once every 12 years and covering
entire hillsides in a beautiful shade of blue.
4) Etymology: The name "Neelakurinji" references the
blue color of the blossom and its association with the
Kunthi River, which flows through Kerala's Silent Valley
National Park.
5) Cultural Significance: The widespread blooming of
Neelakurinji holds cultural importance for local
communities. It's particularly notable in areas like the
Eravikulam National Park near Munnar, Kerala.
6) Inspiration for the Nilgiris: The distinctive blue hue of
the Neelakurinji flowers is the reason behind the name
"Nilgiri Hills" (meaning "blue mountains").
7) Protection Measures: The inclusion in the WLPA aims
to prevent the uprooting or destruction of Neelakurinji
plants. Those found violating the protection order
could face fines and imprisonment.
Baobab trees
1) Why in News? The Madhya Pradesh government has decided to restrict the translocation of Baobab trees in the
Dhar region, following protests from local Bhil tribes who hold the trees sacred.
2) Species: Baobabs (Adansonia digitata) are a group of deciduous trees with
unique, often massive trunks.
3) Distribution: Native to mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Australia.
4) Nickname: Their thick trunks and sparse, root-like branches give them the
appearance of being planted upside down, earning them the nickname
"upside-down tree."
5) Water Storage: Baobabs have adapted to arid environments by storing
large amounts of water within their swollen trunks.
6) Resilience: They are incredibly long-lived and produce nutritious fruits
even during harsh drought conditions.
7) Cultural Significance: Baobab trees hold deep cultural and spiritual
importance for many African communities and for the Bhil tribes in India.
8) Controversy in India: Despite their non-native status in India, Baobabs are
being considered for infrastructure development purposes. This has led to
conflicts with local communities who revere the trees.
Desiccation-Tolerant Vascular (DT) Plants

1) Why in News? Researchers have discovered 62 species of desiccation-tolerant vascular (DT) plants in India's
Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, significantly expanding our understanding of these resilient plant species.
2) What are DT Plants? Desiccation-tolerant vascular plants possess the
remarkable ability to withstand extreme dehydration, losing up to
95% of their water content, and then reviving when water becomes
available.
3) Survival in Arid Climates: This unique adaptation allows DT plants to
thrive in harsh, arid environments where most other plants would
perish.
4) Significance of the Western Ghats: The discovery of a large number
of DT plant species highlights the Western Ghats as a global hotspot for these unique organisms.
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5) Potential Applications: DT plants are being studied for their potential applications in agriculture, especially in
areas with water scarcity. Their mechanisms for drought tolerance could hold valuable lessons for developing
more resilient crops.
6) Habitat Preference: In tropical regions, DT plants are commonly found on rock outcrops, where they can endure
extreme conditions.
Salsola Oppositifolia Desfontainia

1) Species: Salsola oppositifolia Desfontainia is a perennial shrub belonging to the Amaranthaceae (amaranth)
family.
2) Halophyte Characteristics: This salt-tolerant plant
thrives in saline, arid, and semi-arid environments,
demonstrating its remarkable adaptability.
3) Distribution: Primarily found in the Kutch region of
India.
4) Ecological Role: Halophytes like Salsola oppositifolia
play a crucial role in stabilizing soil and preventing
erosion in harsh, saline environments.
5) Pharmacological Potential: Salsola oppositifolia is
believed to possess a range of pharmacological
properties, making it a potential source of valuable medicinal compounds.
Sago
1) Why in News? SAGOSERVE, a cooperative society in Salem, Tamil Nadu, has received a Geographical Indication
(GI) tag for its sago production, highlighting its unique quality and origin.
2) What is Sago? Sago is a starchy food derived from the pith of various palm
stems, but commercially, it's predominantly sourced from tapioca roots.
3) Appearance: Sago comes in the form of small, hard globules or pearls with a
characteristic pearl-white color.
4) Tapioca Connection: Tapioca is a horticultural crop that thrives in tropical
climates with warm temperatures and ample rainfall (over 100 cm per
annum).
5) Nutritional Profile: Sago is primarily a carbohydrate source, low in protein,
fat, vitamins, and minerals.
6) Benefits:
a) Easy digestibility makes it a suitable food during illness or recovery.
b) Provides quick energy due to its high carbohydrate content.
7) GI Tag Significance: The GI tag recognizes the unique quality of Salem sago, potentially boosting its market value
and protecting it from imitations.
Fish Mint
1) Why in News? Fish Mint (Houttuynia cordata) is increasingly
recognized as a potentially invasive species due to its rapid growth
and ability to spread aggressively in suitable environments.
2) Species: Fish Mint is a perennial herb with a distinct fish-like odor
and taste.
3) Diverse Names: It's known by various names like bishop's weed,
Chinese lizard tail, fish wort, fish leaf, and chameleon plant.
4) Native Range: Originates in the Himalayan foothills and extends
across Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.
5) Habitat Preference: Thrives in wet, marshy areas and can even grow
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partially submerged in water.

6) Invasive Potential: Fish Mint can outcompete native vegetation and disrupt ecosystems, particularly in wetland
areas.
7) Medicinal Uses:
a) Used in traditional medicine for digestive ailments, insect bites, fevers, coughs, influenza, and more.
b) Documented benefits in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine.
Impatiens Karuppusamy
1) Why in News? Researchers from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered a new plant species named
Impatiens karuppusamy in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu.
2) Species: Impatiens karuppusamy belongs to the Impatiens
genus, a large and diverse group of flowering plants with
over 1,000 known species.
3) Distribution: Impatiens species are found throughout
tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, and China.
4) Significance of the Discovery: The finding adds to India's
rich biodiversity, particularly within the Western Ghats
region.
5) Naming: The species is named after Dr. S. Karuppusamy
(Madhura College, Tamil Nadu) in honor of his contributions
to the study of South Indian flowering plants.
6) Unique Features: While sharing similarities with other
Impatiens species, Impatiens karuppusamy exhibits distinct characteristics that differentiate it as a new species.
This likely includes differences in leaf shape, flower size, coloration, or other botanical aspects.
Himalayan Medicinal Plants

1) Why in News? Three Himalayan medicinal plants have been added to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
highlighting the increasing vulnerability of these valuable resources.
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2) Species and Conservation Status:

a) Meizotropis pellita (Patwa):
i) Perennial shrub endemic to Uttarakhand, India.
ii) IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
iii) Potential Medicinal Uses: Essential oil with antioxidant properties.
b) Fritillaria cirrhosa (Himalayan Fritillary):
i) Perennial bulbous herb.
ii) IUCN Status: Vulnerable
iii) Traditional Uses: Treatment of bronchial disorders and pneumonia.
c) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Salampanja):
i) Perennial tuberous orchid found across the Hindu Kush and Himalayas.
ii) IUCN Status: Endangered
iii) Traditional Uses: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani systems for dysentery, gastritis, fever, coughs, and stomach
aches.
Bor Thekera
1) Why in News? Garcinia pedunculata, a medicinal plant commonly called 'Borthekera' in the Assamese language,
traditionally forbidden for raw consumption, has been found to protect from heart diseases.
2) 'Bor Thekera', is the Assamese name for the medicinal plant Garcinia pedunculata.
3) This plant is related to the better-known Garcinia
mangostana, often referred to as the purple
mangosteen.
4) Its natural habitat is in southeastern Asia, particularly
in regions of Myanmar and northeastern India.
5) It's important to note that consumption of Bor
Thekera in its raw form traditionally is not
recommended.
6) The plant is predominantly used in two ways: for
culinary and medicinal purposes. The sun-dried slices
of Bor Thekera are employed in these practices.
7) Medicinally, Bor Thekera has a wide range of
potential benefits. This includes anti-inflammatory,
anthelmintic (expelling parasitic worms), antibacterial,
antifungal, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic (lowering lipid levels), nephroprotective (protecting the kidneys), and
neuroprotective (protecting the nervous system) properties.
8) Recent findings suggest that Bor Thekera could potentially offer protection against heart diseases, although
more research is needed to substantiate these claims.
9) As for its culinary applications, it's often used as a souring agent in traditional Assamese cuisine, adding a distinct
flavor to various dishes.
10) The tree is evergreen, which means it retains green leaves throughout the year, providing a consistent source of
this valuable resource.
Wildlife News: Forest Fire Tragedy and Proposed Solution for Gibbon Sanctuary
1) Why in News? Kashmir’s Chinar trees turn colours, tourists pour in.
2) Chinar, also known as oriental plane or Platanus orientalis in scientific lexicon, is the official tree of Kashmir.
3) Its trunk can grow as tall as 25 m, and its leaves turn from green to red and orange in autumn, marking the
change in seasons.
4) Chinar trees are large deciduous trees known for their longevity and vibrant foliage.
5) In autumn, its green leaves transform into shades of red, amber, and yellow.
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6) The chinar holds cultural significance in Kashmir. Muslim Kashmiris believe it was brought by Islamic preachers
from Iran, while Hindu Kashmiris associate it with Hindu goddess Bhavani.
7) It is the State tree of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir,
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Fauna in News
Pangolin
1) Why in News? Pangolins consistently make headlines due to their tragic status as the world's most trafficked
wild mammals, highlighting the ongoing threat of illegal wildlife trade.
2) Species: Pangolins, sometimes called scaly anteaters, are unique mammals covered in protective scales. There
are eight species found across Africa and Asia.
3) Indian Species: India is home to two pangolin species:
a) Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata): Status – Endangered
b) Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla): Status - Critically Endangered
4) Ecosystem Engineers: Pangolins play a vital role in ecosystems. Their digging helps with soil aeration and
circulation, and they control insect populations.
5) Unfortunate Title: Their scales, used in traditional medicine, and their meat, considered a delicacy, drive the
illegal trade that makes pangolins the most trafficked wild mammals on the planet.
6) Conservation Challenges:
a) Poaching and illegal trafficking for scales and meat.
b) Habitat loss and fragmentation.
c) Lack of awareness and public support for their protection.
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Manis Mysteria
1) Why in News? Scientists have made the exciting discovery of a new pangolin species, named Manis mysteria.
This finding is significant as it expands our knowledge of these unique and endangered animals.
2) Species: Manis mysteria is a cryptic pangolin
species identified through the analysis of scales
confiscated in China.
3) Distinguishing Features: Genetic investigation
revealed distinct differences from known pangolin
species, leading to its classification as a separate
species.
4) Evolutionary History: Manis mysteria is believed to
have diverged from its closest relatives (Philippine
and Malayan pangolins) about 5 million years ago.
5) Conservation Concerns: Pangolins are the world's
most trafficked wild mammals. The discovery of Manis mysteria highlights the ongoing threats these animals
face and the need for urgent conservation efforts.
6) Importance of the Discovery:
a) Increases understanding of pangolin biodiversity.
b) Underscores the need for targeted protection measures.
c) Potentially offers new insights into pangolin evolution.
Dickinsonia
1) Species: Dickinsonia is an extinct genus of animals that lived during the late Ediacaran period (roughly 600-500
million years ago).
2) Appearance: Dickinsonia individuals were oval-shaped with ribbed segments, resembling a quilted mattress.
Their size varied considerably.
3) Distribution: Fossils have been found in locations including Australia, China, Russia, and Ukraine, indicating a
widespread distribution.
4) Classification Debate: The exact nature of Dickinsonia is a topic of ongoing scientific debate. Some theories
suggest they might be:
5) Early animals
a) Giant single-celled organisms
b) Lichens or some other entirely unique life form
6) Recent Study (2018): Analysis of preserved cholesterol-like molecules in Dickinsonia fossils provided strong
evidence supporting their classification as animals.
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7) Ecological Role: Dickinsonia were likely seafloor dwellers, possibly feeding on microbial mats or absorbing
nutrients through their bodies.
8) Significance: Dickinsonia fossils offer a glimpse into the diverse and enigmatic life forms that existed during the
Ediacaran period, a critical time in the early evolution of complex life on Earth.
Greater Scaup
1) Why in News? The Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), a migratory duck, was recently sighted in Manipur's Loktak
Lake after a gap of over 90 years. This rare sighting has generated renewed interest in this bird species.
2) Species: The Greater Scaup is a medium-sized
diving duck with a distinctive rounded head.
Males have a black head with a greenish
sheen, while females are brown with a white
patch at the base of the bill.
3) Locally Known As: In Manipur, the Greater
Scaup is called "Sadangman."
4) Distribution:
a) Breeding: Found in the arctic and subarctic
regions of North America, Europe, and
Asia.
b) Wintering: Migrates to warmer coastal
regions, including parts of India.
c) Family: The Greater Scaup belongs to the
Anatidae family, which includes ducks,
geese, and swans.
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5) Conservation Status: IUCN Red List classifies the Greater Scaup as "Least Concern" due to its widespread
distribution and relatively stable population.
6) Significance of Sighting: The reappearance of the Greater Scaup in Loktak Lake highlights the importance of this
wetland habitat for migratory birds. It also underscores the value of conservation efforts in protecting
biodiversity.
Dodo and Nicobar Pigeon

1) Why in News? Geneticists and conservationists have joined forces to re-introduce the Dodo, extinct since the
late 17th century, to its once native habitat in the island of Mauritius.
2) Dodo and the Nicobar Pigeon are closely related birds with shared evolutionary history and physical
characteristics. Understanding the Nicobar Pigeon's genetics plays a crucial role in the ongoing efforts to
reintroduce the Dodo, using innovative techniques like genome editing and interspecies surrogacy.
3) Found on Islands of Nicobar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Solomons and Palau
4) Distinguished by glistening mane-like neck hackles and contrasting white tail coverts and tail
5) Females smaller than males, with shorter neck hackles and brown underparts
6) Genome sequenced by Colossal, primordial germ cells (PGCs) found which are precursors to sperm and eggs
7) PGCs will be edited to express dodo traits, based on comparison of Nicobar pigeon, dodo, and chicken genomes
8) Edited PGCs will be inserted into embryos of sterile chickens acting as surrogates to recreate dod
White Tufted Royal Butterfly

1) Why in News? The White Tufted Royal Butterfly (Pratapa deva), a rare and protected species, has been spotted
in Kalliyad, Kerala. This adds to previous sightings in Agasthyakoodam (2017) and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary
(2018).
2) Species:
a) Belongs to the Lepidoptera order, which includes butterflies, moths, and skippers.
b) Small butterfly with a wingspan of only 32-40mm.
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3) Distribution: Found in the Indomalayan realm (tropical and

subtropical Asia)
4) Habitat: Prefers areas with its host plant, Scurrula parasitica, a
type of mistletoe.
5) Ecological Importance:
a) Pollinators: Play a role in plant reproduction.
b) Indicator Species: Their presence or absence can signal
environmental health.
6) Protection Status: Listed under Schedule II of the Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 (India), emphasizing its rarity and the need
for conservation.
Conjoined Silverline
1) Why in News? Scientists have discovered a new butterfly species in Kodagu district, Karnataka, named the
Conjoined Silverline (Cigaritis conjuncta).
2) Species: The Conjoined Silverline belongs to the
Lycaenidae family, commonly known as blues, coppers,
and hairstreaks.
3) Distinctive Features:
a) Fused spots and bands on the underside of the
wings with shiny silver lines in the center, giving
the butterfly its unique name.
b) Sexual Dimorphism: Males have dark shining blue
wings, while females have dark brown wings.
c) 'False Head': Lower tips of the wings sport orange
dots resembling a false head, a defense mechanism
to confuse predators.
4) Habitat: Primarily found in mid-elevation evergreen
forests, indicating specific habitat preferences.
5) Distribution: Currently known sightings are limited to Honey Valley and Iruppu Falls in Kodagu district,
Karnataka.
6) Significance of Discovery:
a) Highlights the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
b) Underscores the potential for further discoveries even within well-studied groups like butterflies.
7) Research History: This unique butterfly was initially photographed in 2008 but required further research to be
confirmed as a new species.
Noble’s Helen
1) Why in News? Noble's Helen (Papilio noblei), an extremely rare species of swallowtail butterfly, was observed
in three different locations within the Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh, India, in 2021.
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2) This butterfly species is experiencing a decline in its previously known habitats that span Myanmar, China,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
3) The Noble's Helen displays a considerable wingspan that measures between 100 and 120 millimeters.
4) These butterflies are regarded as crucial indicators of biodiversity health due to their sensitivity to
environmental changes. The presence or absence of such species can provide critical insights into the state of
the ecosystem they inhabit.
5) As top pollinators, the Noble's Helen contributes significantly to ecosystem functions, including the facilitation
of plant reproduction and the maintenance of biodiversity
Sea Butterfly
1) Why in News? Sea Butterflies (Thecosomata), a group of marine snails, are experiencing population declines in
the Southern Ocean due to the impacts of climate change.
2) Species: Sea Butterflies are tiny marine mollusks with wing-like structures that help them swim. Their delicate
shells provide some protection.
3) Scientific Name: They belong to the suborder
Thecosomata, which translates to "shelled swimmers."
4) Ecological Role:
a) Holoplankton: Sea Butterflies live their entire lives
adrift in the ocean.
b) Food Source: They serve as an important food source
for larger predators like fish, whales, seabirds, and
other marine organisms.
5) Climate Change Threat:
a) Ocean Acidification: Rising carbon dioxide levels in
seawater make it harder for Sea Butterflies to build and maintain their shells, leading to increased
vulnerability.
b) Ripple Effect: Their decline could disrupt the entire marine food web.
6) Importance of Research:
a) Monitoring Sea Butterfly populations is crucial for understanding the health of marine ecosystems.
b) It highlights the far-reaching consequences of climate change on even the smallest organisms.
Gekko Mizoramensis
1) Why in News? Scientists have discovered a new species of parachute gecko, Gekko mizoramensis, in Mizoram,
India, along the Indo-Myanmar border.
2) Species:
a) Belongs to the genus Gekko, which encompasses a diverse group of geckos.
b) Characterized by the ability to glide short distances using skin flaps on its body.
3) Features:
a) Small to medium-sized lizard.
b) Carnivorous, likely feeding on insects.
c) Nocturnal, most active at night.
4) Habitat: Found in forested areas of Mizoram.
5) Distribution: Currently known only from its type locality
in Mizoram. Additional research may reveal a wider
distribution.
6) Significance of the Discovery:
a) Highlights the rich biodiversity of Northeast India.
b) Expands our understanding of parachute gecko
species.
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7) Conservation Needs: More research is needed to determine the population size, distribution, and potential
threats to this newly discovered species. This information will be crucial for developing conservation strategies.
Gambusia Affinis
1) Why in News? The Andhra Pradesh government's release of Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish) into water bodies
for mosquito control has sparked concern due to the invasiveness of this species.
2) Species: Gambusia affinis is a small freshwater fish native to the southeastern United States.
3) Mosquito Control: Widely introduced around the world as a
biological control agent for mosquito larvae.
4) Invasive Concerns:
a) High Breeding Capacity: Gambusia can produce large
numbers of offspring rapidly.
b) Aggressive Behavior: They outcompete and prey upon
native fish and amphibian species.
c) Ecosystem Disruption: Altering food webs and negatively
impacting biodiversity.
5) Issues with Andhra Pradesh Release:
a) Disregard for Native Fish: The introduction prioritizes mosquito control without considering the potential
harm to native fish populations.
b) Lack of Long-term Solutions: Releasing invasive species is a short-sighted approach that might create further
ecological problems.
6) Alternatives:
a) Integrated Pest Management: Focus on multiple methods, including source reduction, targeted use of less
harmful insecticides, and encouraging natural predators.
b) Habitat Modification: Reduce standing water and improve sanitation to address mosquito breeding grounds.
c) Public Awareness: Educate communities about mosquito prevention and environmentally sound practices.
Pterygotrigla Intermedica
1) Why in News? Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) made the exciting discovery of a new marine
fish species, Pterygotrigla intermedica, in the coastal waters of Digha Mohana, West Bengal.
2) Species:
a) Belongs to the genus Pterygotrigla, known for its vibrant colors.
b) Commonly referred to as gurnards or sea-robins.
c) Characterized by armored bodies and bottom-dwelling habits.
3) Distinctive Features: Pterygotrigla intermedica is distinguished by its vibrant orange coloration and other
specific morphological features.
4) Distribution: Currently known only from its type locality
in West Bengal, India. Further research could reveal a
wider range.
a) Highlights the rich marine biodiversity of India's
coastal waters.
b) Adds to our understanding of the diverse
gurnard/sea-robin family (Triglidae).
6) Research Collaboration: This discovery underscores the importance of scientific institutions like the ZSI in
documenting and studying India's natural heritage.
Protosterol Biota
1) Species: Protosterol Biota refers to a group of ancient organisms whose fossilized remains contain some of the
earliest evidence of sterols, a type of complex molecule found in modern plant and animal cells.
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2) Time Period: These organisms existed approximately 1.6 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic Eon.
3) Habitat: Protosterol Biota fossils have been found in marine sedimentary rocks, indicating an underwater
habitat.
4) Significance:
a) Eukaryote Ancestors: They are believed to be some of the earliest eukaryotes (organisms with complex
cells), a major lineage that includes plants, animals, fungi, and many other life forms.
b) Oxygen's Role: Their existence suggests that oxygen levels in the oceans were rising during this period,
paving the way for more complex life.
c) Link to Evolution: Protosterol Biota provides a crucial link in our understanding of how simple life forms
evolved into the diverse array of complex organisms we see today.
5) Ongoing Research: Scientists continue to study these ancient fossils, uncovering new insights about the early
evolution of life on Earth and the conditions that gave rise to the vast diversity of living things.
Cryptobiosis
1) Why in News? Scientists successfully revived microscopic worms (nematodes) that had been frozen in Siberian
permafrost for an astounding 46,000 years, shedding new light on the phenomenon of cryptobiosis.
2) Cryptobiosis Explained:
a) Extreme Survival
Mechanism: Cryptobiosis is
a metabolic state where
organisms enter a form of
suspended animation in
response to harsh
environmental conditions
(freezing, drying, lack of
oxygen).
b) Metabolic Shutdown: All
measurable metabolic
activity virtually stops,
allowing organisms to
endure extreme conditions
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for extended periods.

c) Not True Death: While appearing lifeless, organisms in cryptobiosis can potentially be revived when
conditions improve.
3) The Frozen Nematodes:
a) Species: The revived nematodes are believed to be two distinct species.
b) Incredible Resilience: These worms survived tens of thousands of years frozen in the Siberian permafrost.
4) Significance of the Research:
a) Extreme Survival Limits: The study expands our understanding of how long living organisms can survive in a
state of suspended animation.
b) Potential Applications: It raises intriguing possibilities for fields like medicine (organ preservation) and space
exploration (long-term suspended animation for space travel).
Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C

1) Why in News? Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C has gained attention for its remarkable ability to
consume methane, a potent greenhouse gas contributing significantly to global warming.
2) Methanotrophs: This bacterium belongs to a group known as methanotrophs, which naturally use methane as
an energy source.
3) Methane Removal Potential:
a) Landfills, Paddy Fields, Oil & Gas Wells: This
strain is particularly well-suited to thrive in
environments with low methane
concentrations, making it a promising
candidate for methane reduction at these
emission sites.
b) Global Warming Mitigation: By removing
methane, it could significantly lower its
warming impact on the planet. Researchers
estimate the potential to offset nearly 30% of
human-caused global warming.
4) Unique Advantages:
a) Low Methane Adaptability: Unlike many methanotrophs, this strain can effectively remove methane even at
low concentrations (around 200-1,000 ppm).
b) Biomass Production: As it consumes methane, the bacteria produce biomass, a valuable byproduct that can
be used as a protein-rich feed source in aquaculture.
5) Future Applications: While further research is needed, Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C offers a
potential breakthrough for reducing methane emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change.
Tharosaurus Indicus
1) Why in News? Palaeontologists have
recently discovered a new species of
dinosaur in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, named
Tharosaurus indicus. The finding is
significant as it offers new insights into
dinosaur evolution on the Indian
subcontinent.
2) Species Description:
a) Dicraeosaurid Dinosaur: Belongs to a
group of sauropods known for their
long necks.
b) Smaller Sauropod: Tharosaurus was
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relatively smaller compared to other known dicraeosaurids.

3) Naming: The name "Tharosaurus" is a combination of "Thar," referring to the Thar desert where it was found,
and "saurus," meaning lizard in Greek.
4) Age: Fossils date back to the Middle Jurassic period, approximately 167 million years ago.
a) India's Dinosaur History: Provides a glimpse into the diversity of dinosaurs that roamed the Indian
subcontinent during the Jurassic period.
b) Gondwanan Connections: Sheds light on dinosaur evolution and their distribution across the supercontinent
Gondwana. These landmasses once included India, South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
c) Palaeogeographical Insights: Helps understand how the breakup of continents shaped dinosaur distribution
over millions of years.
6) Ongoing Research: Further analysis of the Tharosaurus remains could reveal more information about its
anatomy, behavior, and its place in the sauropod family tree.
Megalosaurus
1) Why in the news? 2024 marks the 200th anniversary (bicentennial) of the first scientific description and naming
of a dinosaur, the Megalosaurus. This discovery played a pivotal role in the field of paleontology and our
understanding of these extinct creatures.
2) About Megalosaurus:
a) Classification: Large theropod dinosaur
b) Lived: Middle Jurassic period (around 166 to 161 million years ago)
c) Found in: Oxfordshire, England
d) Meaning of the name: "Great lizard" from the Greek words "megalos" (great) and "sauros" (lizard)
e) Size: Estimated to be around 6-9 meters (20-30 feet) long
f) Diet: Carnivorous
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3) Significance of the discovery:

a) Megalosaurus was the first dinosaur to be formally named and described scientifically, paving the way for
further research and discoveries in the field of paleontology.
b) The discovery helped spark public interest in dinosaurs and continues to inspire scientific exploration and
understanding of these prehistoric giants.
Red Fire Ant

1) Why in News? The Red Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) has been discovered in Europe for the first time, specifically
near the city of Syracuse, Italy.
a) This discovery is concerning because Red Fire Ants are one of the world's most invasive species and can
cause significant ecological and economic damage.
2) Native to South America: However, they have been
accidentally introduced to many other parts of the world,
including the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, China, and
Australia.
3) Aggressive behaviour: They are known for their aggressive
behaviour and painful stings.
4) Large colony sizes: They can form large colonies with
thousands of workers, which can overwhelm native ant species
and other insects.
5) Damage to ecosystems: They can disrupt ecosystems by
displacing native species and predating on other insects.
6) Economic damage: They can also cause economic damage by damaging crops and electrical equipment.
Sangai Deer
1) Why in News? The Manipur government has expressed concerns to the Centre about a hydro-electric
modernisation plan for the state’s famous Loktak Lake, claiming that it could harm the Sangai deer as well as
disrupt the lake’s biodiversity. It has also stated that it was not consulted prior to the preparation of a detailed
project report (DPR).
2) Sangai deer (Rucervus eldii eldi) is endemic to Manipur state in India. Also called as dancing deer.
3) It is confined to the floating biomass of Keibul Lamjao National Park in Loktak Lake
4) Sangai is endangered as per IUCN Red List with less than 250 mature individuals
5) Sangai is protected under Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act with highest legal protection
6) It is the state animal of Manipur and has high cultural significance
7) Keibul Lamjao National Park faces threats like habitat loss, poaching, invasive weeds which endanger Sangai.
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Walking Leaves
1) Why in the News: Walking leaves often gain attention due to:
a) New Species Discoveries: Scientists continue to discover new species of these incredibly well-camouflaged
insects.
b) Viral Images and Videos: Their uncanny resemblance to leaves often leads to photos and videos that
fascinate people online.
c) Conservation Concerns: Some species may be threatened by habitat loss or unregulated collection,
highlighting a need for protection.
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2) Masters of Disguise: Walking leaves are insects with flattened bodies and incredible camouflage that makes
them look almost indistinguishable from real leaves.
3) Mimicry Benefits: This resemblance protects them from predators and allows them to ambush unsuspecting
prey that may mistake them for a leaf.
4) Distribution: Their natural range spans from islands in the Indian Ocean, through Southeast Asia, to Papua New
Guinea and Australia.
5) Sexual Dimorphism: Males are generally smaller than females and sometimes possess wings for short flight
distances.
6) Leaf Veins and Edges: Some species even replicate the appearance of veins and imperfections on leaves to
enhance their disguise.
7) Swaying Motion: They mimic the movement of leaves in the wind to further blend into their surroundings.
8) Limited Regeneration: Walking leaves can regenerate lost legs.
Armageddon Reedtail
1) Why in News? Scientists from MIT-World Peace University in Pune have discovered a new species of damselfly in
Kerala's Western Ghats and named it the Armageddon Reedtail (Protosticta armageddonia). The name is a stark
reminder of the global insect decline.
a) Distinctive Features: A
captivating dark brown to black
body with vibrant greenish-blue
eyes, and half of its eight
abdominal segments marked
with a delicate pale blue color.
b) Habitat: Found primarily in
montane streams with dense
canopy cover, highlighting its
specific habitat needs.
3) Ecological Importance:
a) Unique Role: Damselflies play
crucial roles in ecosystems,
contributing to pollination, nutrient cycling, and acting as food sources for larger predators like birds and fish
b) Indicator Species: Their presence or absence can signal the health of freshwater ecosystems.
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4) 'Ecological Armageddon':
a) Naming Inspiration: The name highlights the dire state of global insect populations, declining due to factors
like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.
b) Call to Action: The discovery serves as a reminder of the urgent need for conservation measures to protect
biodiversity.
5) Conservation Implications:
a) Research Necessity: Further study of the Armageddon Reedtail will provide insights into its distribution,
behavior, and potential threats.
b) Habitat Protection: The discovery underscores the need to preserve pristine habitats within the Western
Ghats to safeguard this and other unique species.
Kylinxia Zhangi
1) Why in News? Kylinxia zhangi is a valuable specimen that expands our understanding of early arthropod
evolution and the diversity of life forms during the Cambrian explosion.
a) Extinct Arthropod: Kylinxia zhangi lived more than 500 million years ago during the Cambrian period, a time
of rapid diversification of animal life.
b) Size: Estimated to be approximately 5 centimeters long.
c) Segmented Body: Like other arthropods, it had a segmented body with jointed appendages.
3) Unique Features:
a) Three Eyes: Possessed three eyes on its head, providing a distinct visual setup.
b) Fearsome Claws: Its large, spiny claws suggest it was an active predator.
4) Arthropod Ancestry: Kylinxia zhangi provides clues about the evolution of modern arthropod lineages, including
insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
5) Cambrian Explosion: This extinct creature is part of the rich fossil record from the Chengjiang biota in China,
showcasing the remarkable diversity of life forms during the Cambrian explosion.
6) Research Importance: The well-preserved Kylinxia fossils allow scientists to study its anatomy and reconstruct its
place within the Cambrian ecosystem.
Mithun
1) Why in News? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has officially recognized Mithun as a
food animal, paving the way for its commercial meat production.
2) Mithun (Bos frontalis):
a) Large, Semi-Domesticated Bovine: Mithuns are closely related to cattle but have unique characteristics.
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b) Habitat: Primarily found in the northeastern hilly states of India, along with parts of Bangladesh, Myanmar,
and China.
c) Cultural Significance: Holds deep cultural and economic importance for indigenous communities in the
Northeast.
d) State Animal: Mithun is the state animal of both Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
3) Benefits of FSSAI Recognition:
a) Economic Opportunities: Provides a potential economic boost for farmers and tribal communities.
b) Regulated Production: Ensures safe and sustainable meat production practices.
c) Potential for Exports: Opens up possibilities for the export of Mithun meat.
d) Conservation Implications: Commercial rearing might incentivize conservation efforts for this unique bovine.
4) Similar Recognition: The Himalayan yak was also declared a 'food animal' by FSSAI in 2022, highlighting
increasing recognition of indigenous animal resources in India.
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Camelids
1) Why in News? The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids to celebrate their
significant contributions to livelihoods and sustainable
development across the globe.
2) Camelids:
a) Group of Mammals: Camelids include alpacas,
llamas, vicuñas, guanacos, Bactrian camels, and
dromedary camels.
b) Distribution: Found in diverse environments across
more than 90 countries, particularly in arid and semi-
arid regions.
c) Adaptations: Camelids are remarkably adapted to
harsh climates, able to thrive in extreme
temperatures and scarce water conditions.
3) Benefits of Camelids:
a) Food Security and Nutrition:
i) Milk: They provide nutritious milk for many communities.
ii) Meat: Their meat is a valuable source of protein.
b) Economic Growth:
i) Fiber/Wool: Their wool and fiber are used for textiles and clothing.
ii) Transportation: They are utilized for transportation and carrying goods.
c) Cultural Significance: Camelids hold deep-rooted cultural and historical value in many societies.
d) Resilience to Climate Change: Camelids are crucial for sustainable agriculture in areas affected by climate
change due to their hardiness.
Dancing Frogs
1) Why in News? Dancing Frogs, belonging to the Micrixalidae family, are endemic to the Western Ghats of India.
They're named for their distinctive "foot flagging" behavior.
2) Foot Flagging:
a) Male Display: During the breeding season, males
use foot flagging to attract mates and defend
territories.
b) Rapid Movements: They stretch out their legs and
wave their brightly colored, webbed feet, often
while perched on rocks near streams.
3) Species & Conservation Status:
a) Several Species: There are over a dozen recognized
Dancing Frog species, with varying conservation
statuses.
b) Examples:
i) Nilgiri Dancing Frog (Micrixalus niluvasei) :
Vulnerable
ii) White-Cheeked Dancing Frog (Micrixalus sali): Endangered
4) Threats:
a) Habitat Loss & Degradation: Conversion of forests for agriculture, plantations, etc.
b) Invasive Species: Competition and predation from introduced species.
c) Climate Change: Affects frog populations through shifts in rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations.
d) Chytrid Fungus: This deadly fungal disease is also impacting frog species globally.
5) Conservation Efforts:
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a) Habitat Protection: Prioritizing the preservation of stream ecosystems and surrounding forests.
b) Research & Monitoring: Ongoing studies to understand population trends and specific threats.
c) Community Engagement: Awareness campaigns working with local communities to promote conservation
initiatives.
Amolops Siju
1) Amolops Siju is new species of frogs discovered from deep
within the Siju cave system in the South Garo Hills district of
Meghalaya.
2) This is second cave-dwelling species of frog recorded from India
after Micrixalus spelunca of Tamil Nadu.
3) It has been named after the Suji cave where it was discovered It
belongs to the cascade Ranidae family and genus Amolops.
4) Siju Cave is a natural limestone cave located in the South Garo
Hills District of Meghalaya, Northeast India.
Namdapha Flying Squirrel

1) Why in News? After being missing for over four decades, the Namdapha Flying Squirrel has been rediscovered in
Arunachal Pradesh, India, reigniting conservation efforts for this elusive species.
2) About the Namdapha Flying Squirrel:
a) Species: Biswamoyopterus biswasi is a nocturnal flying squirrel endemic to a small region in northeastern
India.
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b) Rarity: Known only from a single specimen collected in 1981.

3) Distinguishing Features: Reddish fur with white markings, a pale grey crown, and an orange-coloured patagium
(the gliding membrane between its limbs).
4) Habitat: Believed to inhabit tall Mesua ferrea jungles within the Namdapha National Park, particularly along
streams.
5) Conservation Status: Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to its limited range and severe threats.
6) Threats:
a) Habitat Loss & Fragmentation: Deforestation for logging, agriculture, and human settlements.
b) Poaching: Hunted for its fur and meat.
Noa-Dihing Music Frog

1) Why in News? Scientists have discovered a new species of music frog in the Namdapha-Kamlang landscape of
Arunachal Pradesh, adding to the rich biodiversity of this region.
2) Species Overview:
a) Genus: The new frog belongs to the Nidirana genus, which is distinct for its phenotypic features and
behaviours.
b) Naming: Named after the Noa-Dihing River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, where the specimens were
collected.
c) Size: Grows up to 6 cm in length.
3) Appearance:
a) Robust body with a rounded snout.
b) Smooth skin with bony protrusions on its back.
c) Pale cream-colored line along the mid body.
d) Irregularly shaped spots on eyelids and large, gold-rimmed eyes with dark brown iris and golden speckles.
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4) Unique Vocalization: Distinctive Call: Emits a call pattern of two to three notes that strikingly resembles the
quacking sounds of wild duck species.
5) Differentiator: This call pattern sets it apart from other Nidirana species.
6) Ecological Significance:
a) Biodiversity Indicator: This discovery highlights the Namdapha-Kamlang landscape as a biodiversity hotspot
and reinforces the need for further exploration.
b) Potential Role: Like all frogs, it plays a role in the ecosystem, potentially controlling insect populations and
serving as a food source for other animals.
7) Conservation Concerns:
a) Vulnerable Habitat: Frogs living in swampy areas are particularly susceptible to habitat degradation and loss.
b) Need for Protection: Conservation of such habitats within and surrounding protected areas like Namdapha
is crucial for the survival of this newly discovered species.
Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)

1) Destructive Pest: The pink bollworm is one of the most destructive pests of cotton, causing significant economic
damage to cotton crops worldwide.
2) Native to India: Originally native to India, it has
spread to nearly all the cotton-growing countries of
the world, including the United States.
3) Life Cycle:
a) Eggs: Females lay eggs on cotton bolls, flowers,
and leaves.
b) Larvae: The larvae hatch from the eggs and
burrow into the bolls, feeding on the seeds and
developing lint.
c) Pupae: Mature larvae pupate in the soil.
d) Adults: Adult moths emerge from the pupae and
lay eggs, continuing the cycle.
4) Damage: Pink bollworm larvae damage cotton bolls and seeds, reducing both the yield and quality of the cotton
crop.
5) Control Methods: Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are used to control pink bollworm populations,
including:
a) Planting resistant cotton varieties
b) Monitoring and scouting for infestations
c) Using traps to capture adult moths
d) Insecticides (as a last resort)
Dugongs
1) Why in News? Tamil Nadu government announced India’s first Dugong conservation reserve in Palk Bay.
2) Uniqueness: Only surviving species of herbivorous mammals living exclusively in the sea.
3) Can grow up to three meters long, weigh about 300 kilograms, and have a lifespan of about 65 to 70 years.
4) They primarily graze on seagrass and need to surface for breathing.
5) Distribution and Habitat: Dugongs are found in over 30 countries worldwide.
a) In India, their presence is noted in the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Palk Bay, and the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.
6) Conservation Status:
a) The IUCN Red List classifies dugongs as Vulnerable.
b) They are listed under Schedule I of the Wild (Life) Protection Act, 1972, and are also included in Appendix I
of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
7) Threats:
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a) The primary threat to dugongs is the loss of seagrass beds, mainly due to ocean floor trawling.
b) Other significant threats include habitat destruction and modification, pollution, illegal fishing activities,
vessel strikes, unsustainable hunting, poaching, and unplanned tourism.
8) Conservation Efforts in India:
a) The Tamil Nadu government announced the establishment of India's first dugong conservation reserve in
Palk Bay, spanning a 500-sqkm area.
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‘Stygarctus keralensis’ and ‘Batillipes kalami’

1) Why in News? A new marine tardigrade species has been discovered and
named Batillipes kalami in honour of former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
2) About Tardigrades: Tardigrades, also known as ‘water bears’ or ‘moss
piglets,’ are extremely resilient animals that have survived five mass
extinctions. They can be found in various environments, from mountaintops
to deep seas, and even in outer space.
3) Survival Abilities: Tardigrades can endure extreme conditions by entering
cryptobiosis, a reversible cessation of metabolism resembling death. They
withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, radiation, and dehydration,
making them potential candidates for space research.
4) New Discovery - S keralensis: The species S keralensis, now named Batillipes
kalami, is the first taxonomically described marine tardigrade from Indian
waters, published in Zootaxa (2021).
5) Habitat and Characteristics: Discovered in Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, Batillipes
kalami is the second marine tardigrade found in Indian waters and the first
from the east coast. It measures about 170 micrometres in length and 50
micrometres in width, with a trapezoid-shaped head and cirri (filament-like
appendages). Each of its four pairs of legs has sensory spines.
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Protected Areas in News
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Yaya Tso Lake: La

1) Why in News? Yaya Tso Lake, a high-altitude wetland in Ladakh, has received the prestigious designation as
Ladakh's first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
2) About Yaya Tso:
a) Location: Situated at an altitude of 4,820 meters in the Changthang region of Ladakh.
b) Ecosystem: A high-altitude saline lake known for its rich biodiversity.
c) Bird Haven: Provides a critical nesting and breeding ground for numerous avian species, including:
i) Bar-headed Goose
ii) Black-necked Crane (One of the highest breeding sites in
India)
iii) Brahminy Duck
3) Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS):
a) Recognition: BHS status recognizes areas with unique and
ecologically fragile ecosystems that harbor rich biodiversity.
b) Legal Framework: The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
empowers State Governments to notify areas as BHS in
consultation with local bodies.
4) Significance of Designation:
a) Conservation Efforts: The BHS status will prioritize the
protection and conservation of Yaya Tso's fragile ecosystem
and its unique biodiversity.
b) Sustainable Management: It promotes the adoption of
sustainable practices to ensure the lake's long-term health.
c) Raises Awareness: This declaration highlights the ecological
importance of the region and encourages public support for
conservation.
Gupteswar Forest
1) Why in News? Gupteswar Forest in Odisha's Koraput district has been declared the state's fourth Biodiversity
Heritage Site (BHS), highlighting its unique ecological significance.
2) Biodiversity Hotspot:
a) Diverse Flora: Home to over 608 faunal species and a vast array of plant life.
b) Fauna Highlights:
i) Mammals: Presence of mugger crocodiles, Kanger Valley rock geckos, etc.
ii) Birds: Supports a rich avifauna, including black baza, Jerdon's baza, Malabar trogon, common hill myna,
and others.
iii) Bats: Limestone caves within the forest provide crucial habitat for eight bat species.
iv) Sacred Grove Connection: The forest area also holds religious and cultural significance due to its
proximity to the renowned Gupteswar Shiva temple.
3) Significance of BHS Designation:
a) Formal Recognition: The BHS status formally recognizes the unique biodiversity and ecological importance of
Gupteswar Forest.
b) Protection Mandate: Provides legal safeguards and promotes conservation efforts within the designated
site.
c) Sustainable Management: Encourages sustainable practices to balance resource use with biodiversity
protection.
4) India's First BHS: Nallur Tamarind Grove, Bengaluru (2007): Holds the distinction of being India's first designated
BHS.
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Dark Sky Reserve

1) Why in News? Talacauvery in Kodagu district, the source of the Cauvery river, is attracting attention for its
potential designation as a Dark Sky Reserve – a title currently held by Hanle in Ladakh.
2) What is a Dark Sky Reserve:
a) Definition: A designated area with exceptionally
clear, starry skies and a commitment to
minimizing light pollution.
b) Purpose: These reserves protect natural darkness
for scientific, cultural, and ecological purposes,
and promote astronomy-related tourism
initiatives.
c) International Recognition: Often certified by the
International Dark Sky Association (IDA).
3) Hanle: India's Pioneer:
a) First Dark Sky Reserve: Hanle in Ladakh became
India's first designated Dark Sky Reserve due to its
pristine skies and low light pollution.
b) Astronomical Importance: Home to the Indian
Astronomical Observatory (IAO), a key site for astronomical research.
4) Talacauvery's Potential:
a) Emerging Interest: The remote location and minimal light interference make Talacauvery a promising
candidate for a Dark Sky Reserve designation.
5) Benefits:
a) Stargazing & Astrotourism: Could attract astronomy enthusiasts and boost tourism.
b) Biodiversity: Protecting night-time darkness benefits nocturnal wildlife and ecosystems.
6) Bortle Scale:
a) Measuring Darkness: The Bortle Scale is a nine-level system measuring sky brightness from 1 (excellent dark-
sky site) to 9 (inner-city skies).
Kaas Plateau
1) Why in News? Kaas Plateau is often in the news during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons (late August to
October) when its diverse wildflowers bloom in spectacular fashion.
2) The 'Valley of Flowers' of Maharashtra:
a) Location: Situated in the Western Ghats, Satara district, Maharashtra.
b) UNESCO Recognition: Kaas Plateau is part of the Western Ghats, which is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage
Site.
c) Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to over 850 species of
flowering plants, many of which are endemic to the
region.
d) Unique Landscape: The plateau is formed on a
volcanic basalt base, which directly influences the
soil and plant life.
e) Blooming Season: After the monsoon rains, the
plateau transforms into a vibrant tapestry of
colourful flowers, attracting tourists and nature
enthusiasts.
a) Habitat for Endemic Species: Supports several rare
and endemic plants, making it a crucial site for
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biodiversity conservation.
b) Pollinator Haven: The abundance of flowers attracts various pollinators, including butterflies and bees,
contributing to ecosystem health.
4) Conservation Challenges:
a) Tourism Pressures: The increasing popularity of the plateau as a tourist destination can lead to over-
visitation and environmental degradation.
b) Invasive Species: The spread of non-native species threatens the delicate balance of the plateau's
ecosystem.
Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve (DKTR)

1) Why in News? The Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve (DKTR) has recently been approved by the National Tiger
Conservation Authority (NTCA), making it Rajasthan's fifth tiger reserve.
2) Key Points:
a) Location: DKTR is situated in the
Karauli and Dholpur districts of
Rajasthan, with potential for
connecting to forests in neighboring
Madhya Pradesh.
b) Fifth in Rajasthan: This joins the
existing Ranthambore, Sariska,
Mukundra Hills, and Ramgarh
Vishdhari Tiger Reserves.
a) Tiger Corridor: DKTR will create a
crucial corridor for tiger dispersal,
facilitating gene flow and long-term
population health
b) Biodiversity Hotspot: The reserve
protects a rich variety of flora and
fauna characteristic of the Vindhyan Hills and ravines.
c) Watershed Value: The region helps conserve water resources and acts as a vital watershed.
4) Potential Benefits:
a) Conservation Success: Could revitalize tiger conservation efforts in Rajasthan, increasing big cat numbers.
b) Ecotourism: Opportunity for sustainable ecotourism development, generating local economic benefits.
c) Ecosystem Protection: Safeguards a variety of wildlife species and their habitat, promoting biodiversity.
Central Asian Flyway (CAF)

1) Why in News? India played a pivotal role at the recent Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Conference of
Parties (COP14) by spearheading an initiative to protect migratory species along the Central Asian Flyway (CAF).
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2) India's Conservation Leadership:

a) COP14 Success: India successfully secured the inclusion of 14 additional migratory species in the CMS
Appendices for enhanced global conservation efforts.
b) Species Highlight: These species include the Eurasian Lynx, Pallas's Cat, Bearded Vulture, and others facing
various threats.
3) Central Asian Flyway (CAF):
a) Vast Migratory Route: The CAF encompasses a large area of Eurasia, stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the
Indian Ocean, including 30 countries.
b) Critical for Birds: Millions of migratory birds rely on CAF wetlands and habitats for breeding, resting, and
wintering grounds.
c) India's Position: India is a crucial part of the CAF, providing vital stopovers and habitats for many migratory
species.
4) What are Flyways?
a) Essential Migration Paths: Flyways are geographically defined routes used by migratory birds during their
annual journeys between breeding and non-breeding regions.
b) Global Network: Nine major flyways span the globe, safeguarding migratory species.
Greater Panna Landscape Council (GPLC)

1) Why in News? The formation of the Greater Panna
Landscape Council (GPLC) is crucial for managing
the ecological impacts of the Ken-Betwa Link
Project (KBLP) and balancing conservation with
development.
2) Greater Panna Landscape Council (GPLC):
a) Constitution: Established under the
chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, Govt. of
Madhya Pradesh.
b) Mandate: To oversee the implementation of
the Greater Panna Landscape Management
Plan within the context of the KBLP.
c) Goal: Ensure a "win-win" situation for both
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conservation and development by integrating diverse objectives within the landscape.

3) Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP):
a) First of its Kind: India's first interlinking of rivers project.
b) Purpose: Aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken River to the Betwa River to address water scarcity in
the drought-prone Bundelkhand region.
c) Concerns: Potential ecological impacts on the Panna Tiger Reserve and surrounding areas.
4) Integrated Landscape Management (ILM):
a) Holistic Approach: ILM seeks a balance between conservation, sustainable resource management, and
community needs within a defined landscape.
b) Key Principles: Multi-stakeholder engagement, collaboration across sectors, and adaptive management
based on monitoring and feedback.
5) GPLC's Role in ILM:
a) Implementing Management Plan: The GPLC will play a critical role in implementing the ILM plan to mitigate
adverse environmental impacts of the KBLP.
b) Monitoring and Evaluation: Overseeing the implementation of landscape-level interventions and assessing
their effectiveness.
c) Promoting Sustainable Practices: Encouraging sustainable land-use practices, biodiversity conservation, and
livelihood enhancement in the region.
Agumbe Forest
1) Why in News? Agumbe, once known as the "Cherrapunji of the South," is experiencing a decline in its peak
monsoon rainfall, potentially leading to a change in its historically held title.
2) Agumbe's Biodiversity:
a) Rainfall Reputation: Historically famous for receiving over
8,000 mm of rainfall annually during the monsoon season.
b) Lush Rainforests: The high rainfall supports dense,
ecologically rich rainforests.
c) King Cobra Haven: Agumbe is the only known natural habitat
of the King Cobra, earning it the title "The Cobra Capital."
3) Changing Rainfall Patterns:
a) Declining Trend: For the past two years, peak monsoon
rainfall in Agumbe has fallen to the range of 5,250-5,500
mm.
b) Shift to Udupi: This decline has resulted in lesser-known
towns in the Udupi district potentially surpassing Agumbe's
rainfall records.
4) Potential Causes:
a) Climate Change: Shifting weather patterns associated with
climate change might be contributing to the altered rainfall
distribution.
b) Localized Factors: Changes in land use, deforestation, or
shifts in ocean currents could also play a role.
5) Ecological Implications:
a) Rainforest Health: Reduced rainfall could affect the delicate balance of Agumbe's rainforest ecosystem.
b) King Cobra Habitat: Changes in rainfall and vegetation could disrupt the habitat suitability for the King Cobra.
Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

1) Why in News? Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh is being considered as a potential second
home for cheetahs in India. The first group of cheetahs was reintroduced to Kuno National Park in September
2022.
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2) Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary:

a) Location: Situated in Neemuch and Mandsaur districts of Madhya Pradesh, bordering Rajasthan.
b) Terrain: Features open, grassland-like landscapes interspersed with sparse vegetation, rocky terrain, and
smaller areas of denser forest cover.
c) Chambal River: The sanctuary is divided by the Chambal River creating a diverse range of habitats.
d) Existing Wildlife: Supports populations of chinkara, nilgai, spotted deer, Indian leopard, striped hyena, and
jackal.
3) Suitability for Cheetahs:
a) Habitat Similarity: The open landscapes of Gandhi Sagar resemble the cheetah's preferred savanna habitats
in Africa.
b) Prey Availability: The presence of suitable prey species is crucial for the cheetah's survival.
c) Low Human Disturbance: The sanctuary has relatively limited human-wildlife conflict potential compared to
more densely populated areas.
4) Reasons for Potential Selection:
a) Carrying Capacity: Kuno National Park may eventually reach its carrying capacity for cheetahs, necessitating
the identification of additional suitable sites.
b) Expanding the Cheetah Metapopulation: A larger and more dispersed cheetah population increases overall
resilience and genetic diversity.
Barda Wildlife Sanctuary

1) Why in News? Barda Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat is being considered as a potential second site to reintroduce
the Asiatic Lion. Currently, Gir National Park is the only remaining wild habitat for the species.
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2) Barda Wildlife Sanctuary:

a) Location: Coastal region near Porbandar, Gujarat, approximately 15 km from the Arabian Sea coast.
b) Protected Area: Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 to protect a unique ecosystem and existing
wildlife.
c) Terrain: Features hilly terrain, open grasslands, and patches of scrub forest.
d) Flora: Supports diverse vegetation, including Gorad, Dhav, Rayan, Amli, and Dhudhlo trees.
e) Traditional Communities: Home to the Maldharis, Bharvads, Rabaris, and Gadhvis, communities who
practice traditional livestock herding in the region.
3) Suitability for Asiatic Lions:
a) Prey Abundance: Existing populations of sambar, chital, chinkara, and other wild ungulates potentially
provide a suitable prey base for lions.
b) Historical Range: Barda falls within the historical range of Asiatic lions before their populations were severely
reduced.
c) Potential Expansion: Could help expand the lions' range and reduce their vulnerability to disease outbreaks
or natural disasters confined to a single location (Gir National Park).
Amazon River Basin

1) Why in News? Indigenous communities in the Amazon rainforest are urging the Brazilian government to declare
a climate emergency due to the alarming drying up of rivers, a direct consequence of climate change and
deforestation.
2) Reasons for the News:
a) Drying Rivers: The Amazon Basin, home to the world's largest rainforest and river system, is experiencing its
worst drought in a century, causing significant river drying and impacting millions of people and the
environment.
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b) Indigenous Communities Affected: The drying rivers

disrupt the livelihoods and cultural practices of
Indigenous communities who depend on them for
transportation, fishing, and other essential needs.
c) Deforestation Concerns: The Amazon rainforest
plays a critical role in regulating global climate
patterns and water cycles. However, deforestation
rates in the Amazon have surged under the current
Brazilian administration, further exacerbating the
drying rivers and contributing to the climate crisis.
3) Facts about Amazon Forests
a) The Amazon Basin covers an immense area, spanning
eight countries in South America: Bolivia, Brazil,
Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and
Venezuela.
b) It is home to ten percent of the world's known
biodiversity and plays a crucial role in regulating
global climate patterns.
c) The Amazon River is the world's second-longest river
and discharges one-fifth of the world's freshwater
into the oceans.
Kamlang Tiger Reserve

1) Why in News? Kamlang Tiger Reserve recently hosted a 'Butterfly Walk & Nature Trail' event, where
approximately 20 different butterfly species were recorded. This highlights the rich biodiversity of the reserve
and its growing focus on ecotourism.
2) About Kamlang Tiger Reserve:

a) Location: Nestled in the Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India.
b) River Connection: Named after the Kamlang River, which flows through the region.
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c) Biodiversity Hotspot: Located in a biodiversity-rich zone between Namdapha National Park (south) and the
Lang River (north).
d) Diverse Terrain: Encompasses a variety of landscapes, including tropical forests, grasslands, rivers, and hills.
e) Climate: Experiences primarily a sub-tropical climate.
f) Vegetation: Supports diverse vegetation types ranging from tropical evergreen forests to alpine zones.
3) Wildlife Highlights:
a) Big Cats: Provides habitat for tigers, leopards (including snow leopards and clouded leopards), and other
feline species.
b) Primates: Home to Hoolock gibbons and Slow Loris.
c) Himalayan Palm Civets: This unique and elusive species finds a haven within the protected area.
4) Butterfly Diversity:
a) Recent Event: The Butterfly Walk & Nature Trail event showcased the diversity of butterfly species within the
reserve.
b) Indicator Species: Butterflies are excellent indicators of a healthy ecosystem, signaling the presence of
flowering plants and a thriving insect population.
5) Conservation & Ecotourism:
a) Protection Efforts: The Kamlang Tiger Reserve plays a crucial role in protecting the region's unique and
varied wildlife.
b) Sustainable Tourism: Initiatives like the Butterfly Walk & Nature Trail promote awareness and responsible
ecotourism within the reserve.
Willingdon Island, Kerala

1) Why in News? The Cochin Port Joint Trade Union Forum has appealed to the Indian Prime Minister to implement
urgent measures to revive Willingdon Island. This plea highlights concerns about the potential decline of this
vital shipping hub.
2) About Willingdon Island:

a) Man-Made Island: One of the largest artificial islands in India, created in 1936 and named after Lord
Willingdon, the then British Viceroy of India.
b) Location: Strategically situated in the harbor city of Kochi, Kerala.
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c) Key Port Facilities: Home to the Kochi Port, the International Container Transshipment Terminal, and other
major maritime infrastructure.
d) Economic Importance: Plays a pivotal role in India's international trade, facilitating the movement of millions
of tonnes of cargo annually.
e) Connectivity: The Venduruthy Bridge connects Willingdon Island to mainland Kochi.
3) Reasons for Concern:
a) Competition from other Ports: Rising competition from nearby ports, such as Vallarpadam, which could
impact cargo volume at Willingdon Island.
b) Modernization Needs: Potential infrastructural limitations that might hinder the island's ability to handle
larger vessels or increased cargo volumes.
c) Infrastructure Development: Calls for improved road and rail connectivity to enhance the island's efficiency
and boost trade.
d) Siltation: Issues with siltation in the harbor area might require regular dredging to maintain adequate depth
for navigation.
Kuno National Park

1) Why in News? A female Namibian cheetah, translocated to Kuno National Park (KNP) under Project Cheetah, has
successfully given birth to four cubs. This marks a significant milestone in India's ambitious initiative to
reintroduce cheetahs after their extinction in the wild in 1952.
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2) Kuno National Park (KNP):

a) Location: Situated in the Sheopur and Shivpuri districts of Madhya Pradesh, within the Central Indian
Vindhyan Hills.
b) River Connection: Derives its name from the Kuno River, a tributary of the Chambal River.
c) Habitat: Characterized by a mix of dry deciduous forests dominated by Kardhai, Salai, and Khair trees,
alongside extensive grasslands.
d) Cheetah Suitability: Careful ecological assessments deemed KNP's habitat and prey base suitable for cheetah
reintroduction.
3) Wildlife Diversity:
a) Ungulates: Supports populations of spotted deer (chital), chousingha (four-horned antelope), nilgai,
blackbuck, and other herbivores essential for cheetah survival.
b) Predators: Home to leopards, wild dogs (dhole), and other carnivores.
4) Project Cheetah:
a) Ambitious Initiative: Aims to re-establish a viable cheetah population within India after their historic
extinction.
b) Namibian Collaboration: The first batch of cheetahs was translocated from Namibia in September 2022 and
adapted well to KNP.
c) Birth of Cubs: This first birth of cheetah cubs in Kuno marks a major success for the project and boosts hopes
for the future of cheetah conservation in India.
Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)

1) Why in News? Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) has received a "Very Good" rating in the latest
Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE). This highlights the efficacy of conservation efforts within this
protected area.
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2) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR):

a) Location: Sprawls over five districts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, with the Nallamala Hills forming a
core part of the reserve.
b) River Connection: The Krishna River cuts through the reserve, fostering rich biodiversity and acting as a vital
water source.
c) Largest Tiger Reserve: India's largest tiger reserve, covering a vast area.
d) Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to not only tigers but also a wide range of flora and fauna, including leopards,
sloth bears, pangolins, wild dogs, and a variety of birdlife.
3) Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE):
a) Assessment Tool: MEE is a globally recognized framework for evaluating the management and conservation
actions within protected areas.
b) "Very Good" Rating: This rating reflects the successful implementation of conservation strategies in NSTR,
leading to positive outcomes for wildlife and habitat protection.
4) Community Engagement:
a) Chenchu Communities: NSTR involves local communities, especially the Chenchu people (a Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Group), in ecotourism activities and conservation efforts.
b) Sustainable Livelihoods: Ecotourism provides alternative livelihoods for communities, fostering support for
conservation while reducing dependence on unsustainable forest resource extraction.
5) Conservation Significance:
a) Tiger Protection: NSTR plays a crucial role in safeguarding tiger populations in South-Central India.
b) Habitat Connectivity: The reserve's large size and connectivity to other protected areas maintain healthy
wildlife corridors.
c) Positive Impact: The "Very Good" MEE rating underscores the positive impact of conservation efforts in NSTR
and provides a model for other protected areas.
Yellowstone National Park

1) Yellowstone National Park is located in the United States of America.
2) The park is celebrating its 151st anniversary, making it one of the oldest national parks in the world.
3) It is generally acknowledged as the world's first
national park, setting a precedent for the formation
of protected areas globally.
4) The establishment of Yellowstone initiated a global
movement to safeguard regions for their inherent and
recreational values.
5) The park is known for its wildlife and geothermal
features, notably the Old Faithful geyser, and it plays
a crucial role in conserving biodiversity.
6) Yellowstone National Park is a popular destination for
nature enthusiasts, offering opportunities for hiking,
camping, wildlife viewing, and exploration of its
diverse ecosystems.
Hasdeo Aranyas Forest

1) Why in News? Hasdeo movement is launched by activists against coal mining in the Hasdeo forests of
Chhattisgarh.
2) Hasdeo Aranya is a biodiversity-rich forest which also happens to be a rich source of coal.
3) Three coal mines in the region: the Parsa East Kente Basan (PEKB), Parsa, and Kente extension.
4) A sprawling forest in the northern part of Chhattisgarh, Hasdeo Aranya is known for its biodiversity.
5) The forest falls under Korba, Sujapur and Sarguja districts, with a sizeable tribal population.
6) The Hasdeo river, a tributary of Mahanadi, flows through it.
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7) In 2021, a report on the region by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) termed Hasdeo
Aranya the “largest un-fragmented forests in Central India consisting of pristine Sal (Shorea robusta) and teak
forests.
Yasuni National Park

1) Why in News? In a historic decision, Ecuadorians voted against the oil drilling of a protected area in the Amazon
that's home to two uncontacted tribes and serves
as a biodiversity hotspot.
2) Yasuni National Park: One of the world's most
biodiverse regions.
3) Inhabitants: Home to Tagaeri and Taromenani
tribes, living in self-isolation.
4) Location: Situated in Ecuador, in the Amazonian
region.
5) UNESCO Designation: Yasuni was designated a
world biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1989.
6) Conservation Challenges: Faces threats due to oil
drilling and deforestation.
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Island of Maui
1) In one of the worst natural disasters that hit the US, multiple wildfires are raging through Hawaii, especially the
island of Maui. Maui is one of the eight main islands that make up the archipelago of Hawaii.
Katchatheevu Islands
1) Why in News? Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in his speech in the Parliament during the No Confidence debate
mentioned the island of Katchatheevu.
2) Geographical Features:
a) Katchatheevu is a 285-acre uninhabited island.
b) It measures approximately 1.6 km in length and is
over 300 m wide at its broadest point.
3) Location: The island is northeast of Rameswaram, about
33 km from the Indian coast.
4) Historical Significance:
a) Katchatheevu was controlled by the Jaffna kingdom
of Sri Lanka in the early medieval period.
b) In the 17th century, control passed to the Ramnad
zamindari based out of Ramanathapuram.
c) During the British Raj, it became part of the Madras
Presidency.
5) Territorial Disputes:
a) In 1921, both India and Sri Lanka (then British
colonies) claimed Katchatheevu to determine fishing boundaries.
b) The dispute was not settled until 1974.
6) Environmental Aspects: Katchatheevu is not suited for permanent settlement due to the lack of a fresh water
source.
a) The island is geologically new, being the product of a 14th-century volcanic eruption.
7) Economic Importance: The island's location makes it crucial for maritime and fishing activities.
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New Ramsar Sites

1) Why in News? 75 Ramsar Sites in 75th Year of Independence. India adds 11 more wetlands to the list of Ramsar
Site.
2) 11 wetlands designated as Ramsar sites
a) Odisha: Tampara Lake, Hirakud Reservoir, Ansupa Lake.
b) Madhya Pradesh: Yashwant Sagar
c) Tamil Nadu: Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary, Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex, Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary,
Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary.
d) Maharashtra: Thane Creek
e) Jammu and Kashmir: Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve, Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve
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12 Resorts Declared Illegal in Crucial Elephant Corridor of India

1) Why in News? A Supreme Court-appointed committee has declared 12 private resorts illegal in the Segur
elephant corridor, a vital passage for Asian elephants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
2) The Segur elephant corridor is located in the Mudumalai tiger reserve, part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve,
which is home to the largest population of Asian elephants in the world.
3) The corridor is essential for these elephants to move between habitats, ensuring their survival and genetic
diversity.
Mangroves: A Forgotten Ecosystem and the Tragic Story of Marichjhapi

1) Why in News? The Bengal BJP's agitation has brought back attention to the forgotten Marichjhapi massacre of
1979, shedding light on a dark chapter in West Bengal's history.
The Tragedy of Marichjhapi:
1) Location: An island in the Sundarbans mangrove forests.

2) Incident: In 1979, the newly elected Communist government evicted Bengali Dalit refugees who had sought
refuge in the reserved forest.
3) Significance: A dark chapter in West Bengal's history, highlighting environmental and social concerns.
Remembering Mangroves:
1) Definition: Salt-tolerant trees and shrubs thriving in areas where freshwater and saltwater meet.
2) Unique Features: Aerial roots, waxy leaves, flowering plants, forming littoral forest ecosystems.
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3) Location: Sundarbans (world's largest) and other regions in India like Godavari Krishna delta, Bhitarkanika,
Andamans, Kerala, etc.
Ecological Significance:
1) Coastal Protectors: Act as natural guards against strong waves and winds, preventing erosion.
2) Carbon Sinks: Absorb more carbon than they release, mitigating global warming.
3) Natural Water Filters: Improve water quality.
2) Community Empowerment: WWF's 'natural mangrove honey' project empowers rural communities in West
Bengal.
Wildlife News: Forest Fire Tragedy and Proposed Solution for Gibbon Sanctuary
1) Why in News? Forest fire at India's tiger capital Nagzira and a proposed solution to save endangered gibbons in
Assam dominate wildlife news.
2) Forest Fire Tragedy:
a) Three laborers killed in a fire at Nagzira tiger reserve, Maharashtra, known as the tiger capital of India.
b) Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the larger Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve (NNTR), established in 2013.
c) NNTR connects with major tiger reserves in Central India and plays a crucial role in tiger conservation.
3) Proposed Solution for Gibbon Sanctuary:
a) Primatologists propose a solution to address the division of Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary in Assam caused
by a railway track.
b) The sanctuary is home to India's only gibbons - the endangered western hoolock gibbon - and other
threatened primates.
c) The proposed solution aims to mitigate the negative impact of the railway track on gibbon movement and
habitat connectivity.
Tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh

1) Why in News? Madhya Pradesh, which is home to the greatest number of tigers in the country, has got a new
protected area for the big cats named ‘Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve’, the seventh in the state, an official
said.
2) Madhya Pradesh retained the “tiger state” status in the 2022 census with the number of big cats in the state
rising to 785 from 526 in 2018.
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3) Madhya Pradesh is home to seven tiger reserves – Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Satpura, Pench, Panna, Sanjay-Dubri
and Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve spread across Sagar, Damoh and Narsinghpur districts.
4) Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve has become the seventh tiger reserve of Madhya Pradesh.
5) About 1,414 square kilometres in the tiger reserve has been included in the core area and 925.12 square
kilometres in the buffer zone.
6) The previously notified eco-sensitive zone of Nauradehi and Veerangana Durgavati sanctuaries and the
surrounding forest areas have been included in the notified buffer area.
7) As per the report ‘Status of Tigers: Co-predators & Prey in India-2022’, released by the National Tiger
Conservation Authority and Wildlife Institute of India in July 2023, Madhya Pradesh (785) has the highest
number of tigers in the country, followed by Karnataka (563) and Uttarakhand (560).
Kole wetland under threat

1) Why in News? Kole wetlands, an internationally important Ramsar site of high value biodiversity, has been facing
the threat of alien invasive species.
2) Cabomba furcuta, known as Pink Bloom, is posing a new threat to Kole fields in Kerala in addition to existing
threats like water hyacinth and Salvinia molesta.
3) For the third consecutive year, parts of water canals in Kole fields have turned pink due to massive flowering of
Cabomba furcuta.
4) Native to Central and South America, Cabomba furcuta was brought to Kerala as an aquarium plant and has
now escaped to the wild.
5) Invasive alien plants like Cabomba furcuta pose a major threat to biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems.
6) While water hyacinth and Salvinia molesta have been the most impacting invasive species in Kole fields until
now, regular presence of Pink Bloom is concerning.
7) A few years ago, Pink Bloom emerged as a tourist attraction near Perambra in Kozhikode but it can choke water
bodies.
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8) The fast growing submerged perennial plant turns water bodies pink during flowering. It hinders light
penetration into water.
9) Recommended control mechanism is mechanical removal and drying the plants in terrestrial spaces.
Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary

The Odisha Crime Branch Monday began investigation into the death of a tiger, whose decomposed carcass was
found in a pit in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Bargarh district.
Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary:
1) It is situated in the Bargarh district of Odisha near Hirakud dam (Mahanadi River) and covers an area of 346.91
square kilometers.
2) It is bounded on the east and north by the huge Hirakud reservoir.
3) It was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 8th February 1985.
4) It is an important site for in situ conservation of wildlife and its habitat in the state of Odisha.
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Gundla Brahmeswaram Wild-Life Sanctuary

In a first-of-its-kind, over 50 grass species were identified during a two-day workshop and survey on ‘Grasses
Identification and Grassland Management’ at the Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary in the Nagarjunasagar-
Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR).
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wild-Life Sanctuary:
1) Found in Andhra Pradesh's Kurnool district, the sanctuary sits amid the "Mantralamma Kanuma" and "Nandi
Kanuma" hill passes, nestled within the Nallamallai hill range.
2) The sanctuary draws its name from the Gundla Brahmeshwaram plateau, and it was officially declared a wildlife
sanctuary on September 18, 1990, covering approximately 1,194 square kilometers.
3) This sanctuary forms a significant portion of the southern boundary of the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger
Reserve. The Gundlakamma River flows through its expanse.
4) It hosts a variety of vegetation, including dry mixed deciduous forests, moist dry deciduous areas, semi-
evergreen patches, dry deciduous scrub forests, and dry savannahs.
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Chinnar Wild-Life Sanctuary

A team of researchers have discovered Eurasian otter in the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Idukki, a first in Kerala
Chinnar Wild-Life Sanctuary:
1) It is situated in the Idukki district of Kerala. Major rivers include Chinnar and Pambar.
2) It lies in the rainshadow region of Western Ghats with a 6-7 month dry season in lower areas. The average
rainfall is 500mm, mostly during the NE monsoon.
3) It is home to 965 floral species, 29 mammal species including the endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel, 225 bird
species, 52 reptile species, and endemic fish like Deccan Mahseer.
4) It is inhabited by the Muthuvan and Hill Pulaya tribes. Contains the largest megalithic sites in Kerala.
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Environment and Geography Snippet Part 1

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Environment & Geography Snippet (Part 1)

Invasive Species in India in News – Plants

Hijol Tree (Indian Oak)

3) Unique Flowering: The plant has a peculiar flowering

Desiccation-Tolerant Vascular (DT) Plants

Salsola Oppositifolia Desfontainia

partially submerged in water.

Himalayan Medicinal Plants

2) Species and Conservation Status:

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Dodo and Nicobar Pigeon

White Tufted Royal Butterfly

3) Distribution: Found in the Indomalayan realm (tropical and

for extended periods.

Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C

relatively smaller compared to other known dicraeosaurids.

3) Significance of the discovery:

Red Fire Ant

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Namdapha Flying Squirrel

b) Rarity: Known only from a single specimen collected in 1981.

Noa-Dihing Music Frog

Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)

‘Stygarctus keralensis’ and ‘Batillipes kalami’

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Protected Areas in News

Yaya Tso Lake: La

Dark Sky Reserve

Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve (DKTR)

Central Asian Flyway (CAF)

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2) India's Conservation Leadership:

Greater Panna Landscape Council (GPLC)

conservation and development by integrating diverse objectives within the landscape.

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

2) Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary:

Barda Wildlife Sanctuary

2) Barda Wildlife Sanctuary:

Amazon River Basin

b) Indigenous Communities Affected: The drying rivers

Kamlang Tiger Reserve

2) About Kamlang Tiger Reserve:

Willingdon Island, Kerala

2) About Willingdon Island:

Kuno National Park

2) Kuno National Park (KNP):

Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)

2) Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR):

Yellowstone National Park

Hasdeo Aranyas Forest

Yasuni National Park

New Ramsar Sites

12 Resorts Declared Illegal in Crucial Elephant Corridor of India

Mangroves: A Forgotten Ecosystem and the Tragic Story of Marichjhapi

The Tragedy of Marichjhapi:

1) Location: An island in the Sundarbans mangrove forests.

Tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh

Kole wetland under threat

Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary

Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary:

Gundla Brahmeswaram Wild-Life Sanctuary

Gundla Brahmeswaram Wild-Life Sanctuary: