MODEL QUESTION PAPER SET-I (CHAPTER 3)

Q1 ATTEMPT THE FOLLOWING

O) What are various types of valves used in Pneumatic systems?

Flow control valves
Pressure regulator
Pressure relief valve Sequence valve
Pressure reducing valve Direction control valve

Q 2) Attempt the following.

2) State the use of Pressure relief valves. Show its positions in hydraulic
circuits.
Main function of pressure relief valve: Its main function is to limit the pressure
in the system and thus to protect the individual component and hydraulic oil
carrying lines from overload and danger of bursting. It is a safety valve. It takes
care of safety of the hydraulic system.
Pressure relief valves are found in almost every hydraulic circuit. It is normally
closed valve and it is connected between the pressure line (after pump) and the
oil reservoir.
3) Explain the working of Rotary s pool type valve with diagram.
Rotary Spool valve Consist of a rotating Spool which aligns with port in the
stationary valve Casing, so that fluid is directed to the required port, A/B/P/R
are the ports in Casing. Port 'P' is a pressure, port through which pressurized oil
is Coming in the value. 'R' port is the port through which used oil is returning to
the oil tank...
Port P is Connected to Port B (PB) and Port A is Connected to Port R (AR)

6) What is pressure compensated flow control valve? How does pressure

compensation takes place?

A pressure-compensated flow control valve is designed to provide a constant

volume flow rate independent of the pressure drop across the valve . It consists
of a variable orifice and a pressure compensator within a single valve body .
The overall path that fluid takes through the pressure-compensated valve is
from the supply through the inlet and compensator orifice, around the
compensator spool, through the variable orifice and out the outlet . The desired
flow rate is set on the variable orifice by adjusting the pass-through area of the
orifice . The pressure compensator maintains a constant internal pressure drop
across the variable orifice by automatically adjusting volume flow rate delivered
to the variable orifice from the flow supply in response to changing pressure
drop between the inlet and outlet of the valve . Pressure-compensated flow
control valves are useful in a variety of hydraulic applications where it is
necessary to maintain a constant speed of operation of a hydraulic cylinder
regardless of the magnitude of the load that the cylinder is moving . They are
also useful in maintaining constant rpm of a hydraulic motor independent of
load on the motor .

Q 4) Attempt the following.

3) Give classifications of Pneumatic control valves.

Pneumatic control valves are classified based on their design and function. Here
are some common types of pneumatic control valves:

1. Direction control valve: This valve is used to control the direction of the
airflow in a pneumatic system .
2. Non-return valve: This valve allows the airflow in one direction only
and prevents backflow .
 3. Flow control valve: This valve is used to regulate the flow rate of air in a
pneumatic system .
4. Pressure control valve: This valve is used to regulate the pressure of air
in a pneumatic system .

Q 5) Attempt the following.

3) Draw a neat sketch of 4/2 D.C. valve and explain its working.

It is in normal position. There are 4 ports, A and B consumer ports (ports going
to actuator). P is pressure port through which pressurized oil in. Port 'R' is used
oil and returns to oil reservoir. The value is push button operated manual Valve
regains its normal position by spring expansion. From Fig. 3.12 it is clear that
spring fully expanded to its free length. Port P is connected to port A and port B
is connected to port Now push button is pressed is as shown below. This is
actuated position. Now sliding spool move towards left thereby compressing the
spring. Now as we can see port P is connected port B and port A is connected to
return oil port R.
Q 6) Attempt the following.

c) Differentiate between seat valve & spool type DC valve & what are their
applications & advantages.

Seat valves and spool valves are two types of directional control valves that are
used in hydraulic systems. Here are some differences between the two:
 1. Design: Seat valves have a stationary seat and a moving spool, while
spool valves have a stationary spool and a moving sleeve .
2. Function: Seat valves are used for low flow rates and low pressure
applications, while spool valves are used for high flow rates and high
pressure applications .
3. Maintenance: Seat valves are easier to maintain than spool valves because
they have fewer moving parts .
4. Cost: Seat valves are less expensive than spool valves .

some applications and advantages of each type of valve:

Seat valves:

 Applications: Seat valves are used in applications where low flow rates
and low pressure are required, such as in small hydraulic systems,
machine tools, and agricultural machinery .
 Advantages: Seat valves are simple in design, easy to maintain, and less
expensive than spool valves .

Spool valves:

 Applications: Spool valves are used in applications where high flow rates
and high pressure are required, such as in large hydraulic systems,
construction equipment, and industrial machinery .
 Advantages: Spool valves are versatile, provide accurate control, and can
handle high flow rates and high pressure

MODEL QUESTION PAPER SET-II

Q1 ATTEMPT THE FOLLOWING

j) State functions of Check valve & Flow control valve in hydraulic system.

A check valve is a mechanical device that allows fluid flow in a single direction
and prevents reverse flow. It is used to protect important hydraulic system
components, prevent contaminated fluid from mixing with the fluid reservoir,
keep the system primed, and relieve pressure .
A flow control valve is a device that regulates the speed of fluid flow in a
hydraulic system. It controls the flow rate of the fluid, which in turn controls the
speed of the actuators
Q 2) Attempt the following.

b) Explain with neat sketch Pilot Operated check valve.

pilot operated check valve. A pilot piston is introduced below moving

poppet (we can see that upper part of valve is similar to directly operated
check valve). This pilot piston can move up by introducing pilot signal (it
is nothing but pressurised oil) from port C.

Working: As we can see in normal position shown there is no flow from

(A) to (B) because the movable valve poppet has blocked the flow. Now
pilot signal is given through port (C). This oil will push up the pilot
piston upwards, thereby compressing spring (S₁). The piston rod of pilot
piston will push the movable poppet in upward direction thereby
compressing the spring (S2). Now the flow from (A) to (B) will start. As
and when we cut-off the pilot signal the flow from (A) and (B) will
continue. When pilot signal will be cut-off, springs S, and S₂ will expand
and moving poppet will again block the flow from (A) to (B)

Q 3) Attempt the following.

3) Write construction and working of Pilot operated pressure relief valve.

Operation of Valve:

(a) Normal Position

Normal position: In normal position i.e. when system pressure is in

constant state, pressure on bottom of main spool and on the bottom of
cone is same. There is no flow a the orifice. Hence, there is no flow from
port P→ R. Everything is safe.

Actuated Position: Now suppose due to some problem of blockage,

pressure of oil Stan increasing. Then due to light weight of cone and light
spring attached to it, cone lifts up a small drain flow starts as shown in
Fig. 3.59. Naturally, flow through the orifice is starting. flow through the
orifice creates pressure difference across main spool and automatically m
spool lifts up, by compressing the spring (S2). Due to lifting of main
spool, main flow from P to port R starts. Oil returns to oil reservoir.

Q4) Attempt the following.

2) Draw control of single acting cylinder pneumatic circuits using 3/2

way D.C. valve.
Similar to 2 x 2 DC valve, in this valve also, a spool reciprocates in a
finely finished bore. The spring is attached to front spool. Fig. 3.9 shows
the actuated position. Push button is pressed in port P is connected to port
A and no flow through port R. When spool is pressed in, spring is
compressed

Now push button is released: When push button is released, spring will
expand and spool will move towards right. Now port A will be connected
to port R and port P will be disconnected so that flow of used oil will start
from port A to port R and then to oil reservoir.

Q 5) Attempt the following.

a) Write construction and working of pressure reducing valve.

Construction: It consists of spool and spring unhoused in the bore of

valve body. Spring compression can be adjusted by pressure setting
screw. Port P is pressure port connected to pump. Port A is consumer port
requiring reduced pressure.

Working: As shown in normal position, port P is supplying oil to

consumer port A. If the main supply pressure is below the set pressure,
 there will be continuous flow from P to A. Hence normally this valve is
open.

When outlet pressure rises to valve setting, then oil will flow through
'passage x' and will act on spool and spool will shift to right thereby
partly closing the port A. Now only enough flow will pass through port
'A' so that consumer connected to A will receive reduced pressure.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER SET-I (CHAPTER 6)

Q 5) Attempt the following.
4) Draw & Explain pneumatic time delay circuits.

Working:
(a) Push button of 3 x 2 DC valve (1) is operated i.e. pressed. Then P₁ will be
connected to check valve (4) and air will start accumulating in reservoir (5).
(b) Pressure builds in the reservoir slowly, causing the time delay.
(c) Only when pressure in the reservoir is high enough, the air signal will
operated 5 x 2 main DC valve and will connected port P to A thereby moving
the piston of actuator (M) towards Right.
(d) when push button of valve (2) will be pressed, the 5 x 2 DC valve will
switch, triggering the release of air and causing the piston to move towards left.

5) Draw & Explain Impulse pneumatic circuits.

Similar to pilot operated SA cylinder, DA cylinder can also be operated by pilot
signal. This circuit operates with 4 x 2 DC valve pilot operated and 3 x 2 DC
valve called start valve. This valve is push button operated. The (Fig. 6.5) the
operation of DA cylinder with Air signal. The push button of start valve is not
operated. Hence no air signal to main DC valve. DC valve is in the position
shown, in which pressure port 'P' is connected to port 'A' of DA cylinder and
piston is moving upward. Now the push button of start valve is operated. The air
signal will be supplied to main 4 x 2 DC valve. Now port P will be connected to
Port B and piston starts moving down because air is admitted through port B in
DA cylinder.

6) Draw sequencing circuits for two double acting air cylinder.

Bi-directional air motor rotates in clockwise as well as anti-clockwise direction.

It is rotary actuator, the speed of which is measured in r.p.m. The speed of bi-
directional motor is controlled as under
The following circuit in Fig. 6.13 shows speed control of motor by using
variable flow control valves (2 Nos) having built-in check valve; and 4 × 3 DC
valve having zero position or central hold position In this circuit 4 x 3 DC valve
is used. The circuit shown is in central hold position. This clearly means that
motor is not rotating. It is stand still. Now lever L₁ is operated.
When lever L₁ is operated (Fig. 6.14), port P will be connected to port A of Air
motor and motor will start rotating in say clockwise direction. Its speed can be
controlled by using variable flow control valve F₁. Port B of motor will be
connected to exhaust R. And the air in motor will be exhausted through port R
via DC valve When lever L2 is operated, pressure port 'P' will be connected to
port B of motor and naturally motor will start rotating in anticlockwise
direction. Port A will be connected to port R and air in the motor will be
exhausted through port R via DC valve