WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPT : MENG

COURSE:FLUID POWER SYSTEM

DATE :NOV,2023
 Chapter-3
Fluid power Actuators and pressurization Regulation
Objectives
✓Define hydraulic actuators
✓Understanding flow control valves
✓Understanding pressure control valves and its working principle
✓Defining direction control valve and its mechanism
 Fluid power Actuators
❖An actuator is used to convert the energy of fluid back into the
mechanical power.
❖The amount of output power developed depends upon the
flow rate, the pressure drop across the actuator and its overall
efficiency.
❖Thus, hydraulic actuators are devices used to convert pressure
energy of the fluid into mechanical energy motion it produces
can be either rotary or linear.
Cont....
• Hydraulic cylinder extend and retract a piston rod to provide a
pull or push force to drive the external load along straight path.
• The function of a Hydraulic cylinder is to convert the hydraulic
power into linear mechanical force or motion.
Cont....

Fig.1 Hydraulic cylinder.

 Types of Hydraulic Cylinders
Hydraulic cylinders are of the following types:
1. Single-Acting Cylinders
2. Double-Acting Cylinders
Single-Acting Actuating Cylinder
✓It produce force only in one direction by hydraulic pressure acting on the piston.
✓The return of the spring not done hydraulically ,it is either done by gravity or spring.

Fig.2 single acting cylinder.

 Double-Acting Cylinders
• A double acting cylinder with piston on both sides is a cylinder with a
rod extending from both ends.
• The application involves in a process where work can be done by both
the ends of cylinder, thereby making the cylinder more productive.
• It can withstand higher side loads.

Fig.3 double acting cylinder.

Cylinder mounting
• Various cylinder mounting are widely used.
• Main function to anchor the cylinder.
• Mounting methods include tie rod, bolt mount,flange,trunnion,sidelugand
side tapped, and clevis.
• tie rod is the most common

Fig.4 cylinder mounting.

 Mechanical linkages
• Mechanical linkages can transform a linear motion into oscillating or
rotary motion.
• It provide to increase or decrease the effective leverage and stroke of
cylinder.
• The universal alignment of mounting accessory designed to reduce
misalignment problems.

Fig .5 mechanical linkages

CONTROL COMPONENTS
Three basic types of control devices:
❑ Directional flow valves(control fluid path)
✓ Check valves,
✓ shuttle valves,
✓ 2-way valves,3-way valves and
✓ 4-way valves DCV.
❑ pressure control valves (protect system)
❑ Flow control valves (speed control)
1. Directional flow valves

Directional control valves perform

only three functions:
• stop fluid flow
• allow fluid flow, and
• change direction of fluid flow
a.Check valve

Fig.6 check valve.

Cont…

• A check valve allows flow in one direction, but blocks the flow in the opposite
direction.
• It is a two-way valve because it contains two ports. Figure.below shows
the graphical symbol of a check valve along with its no-flow and free-flow
directions.
 b. Pilot operated check valve
• Pilot operated check valves work by allowing free flow from the inlet port through
the outlet port.
• Supplying a pilot pressure to the pilot port allows flow in the opposite direction.
• Air pressure on top of the poppet assembly opens the seal allowing air to flow
freely.

Fig.7 pilot operated check valve.

Cont…
c.two-way, four-way valves
✓It is used to allow inlet flow either of two outlet
ports and control double acting actuators.
✓Use sliding spool to control flow by 2/3 position.

Fig.8 two-way, four-way valves.

Cont……….

two-way Four -way

Fig.9 two-way, four-way valves.

Cont....
A two-way valves
• It is sliding spool, directional-control valve. As the spool moves
back and forth, it either allows or prevents fluid flow through the
valve.
A four-way valves
• Are capable of controlling double-acting cylinders and bidirectional motors.
A spool of DCV can be positioned by:
❖Manually
❖Mechanically
❖Using pilot pressure
❖Using electrical solenoid
MANUALLY

Fig.10 wo-way, four-way valves

Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.12 CENTER FLOW PATH CONFIGURATION
Fig.13 solenoid to shift spool
Fig.14 solenoid actuated valve
 d.shuttle valve
• It allows a system to operate from either of two fluid power sources
• One application for safety when the main pump can no longer
provide hydraulic power to operate emergency device
• The shuttle valve will shift to allow fluid to flow from secondary
backup pump.

Fig.15 shuttle valves.

 2.Pressure control valve
• Its primary function is to limit the system pressure .
• It is found in practically all hydraulic system.
• It is normally a closed valve whose function is to limit
the pressure to a specified maximum value by
diverting pump flow back to the tank.
Direct type relief valve
• It has two basic working port connection. One port connected to pump
and the other to tank.
• The valve consists of control chamber with adjustable bias spring
which pushes the poppet to its seat, closing the valve.
• The system pressure opposes the poppet, which is maximum pressure
that can be attained within the system.
• The poppet is held in position by spring force and when pressure
exceed this force ,the poppet is forced off its seat
• This permit fluid flow back to the tank as high pressure is takes place.
Fig.16 relief valve.
 Pressure reducing valve
• It is used to limit its outlet pressure in hydraulic system.
• The valve operates on the principle that pilot pressure from the
controlled pressure side opposes an adjustable bias spring normally
holding the valve open.
• When two forces are equal ,the pressure downstream is controlled at
pressure setting.
• if spring has greater force ,the valves opens wider and if controlled
pressure has greater force ,the valves moves towards the spring to
control the flow pressure.
Cont...

Fig.17 pressure reducing valves.

 Unloading valve
• Used to allow a pump to operate at
minimum load.
• It operates on the principle that the
pump delivery is diverted to the tank.
• Hence, pump has no load it develop
minimum amount of power.

Fig.18 unloading valve.

 Sequence valve
• Its primary function is to divert
flow in a predetermined sequence.
• It used to control the operational
cycle of machine automatically.

Fig.19 sequence valve.

Counter balance valve
• It used to maintain back pressure to prevent a load from failing.

Fig.20 counter balance valve.

 Cont..
• Let piston area ,𝐴𝑝 = 100 cm 2=0.01 m2
• Ring area ,𝐴𝑅 =50 cm 2=0.005 m2
• Load ,F = 100 KN
• the pressure to support the load is:
• p=F/𝐴𝑅 =10000/0.005=2*106 N/ m2
• =200 bar ,hence 200 bar is needed to support the load.
• If pilot pressure taken directly as shown in fig.a counter valve should open at
200 bar because of inertia and friction.
•
3.Flow control valves

• It control the rate of flow of a fluid through a

hydraulic circuit.
• Their function is to provide velocity control of
linear actuators, or speed
control of rotary actuators.
 Functions of Flow-Control Valves
1. .Regulate the speed of linear and rotary actuators:

2.Regulate the power available to the sub-circuits by controlling the flow to them:

3.Proportionally divide or regulate the pump flow to various branches of the circuit:
 Cont...
• It transfers the power developed by the main pump to different sectors of the
circuit .
• The orifice or flow-control valve in a hydraulic pressure line causes resistance
to
pump flow.
• This resistance raises the pressure upstream of the orifice to the level of the
relief valve setting and any excess pump flow passes via the relief valve to the
tank .
factors that determine the flow rate(Q) across an orifice
1.Cross-sectional area of orifice.
2. Shape of the orifice (round, square or triangular).
3. Length of the restriction.
4. Pressure difference across the orifice (Δp).
5. Viscosity of the fluid.

Thus, the law that governs the flow rate across a

given orifice can be approximately defined as:

𝑄 2
 p Fig.21simple restrictor-type flow-control valves
 Cont......
• This implies that any variation in
the pressure upstream or
downstream of the orifice changes
the pressure differential Δp and thus
the flow rate through the orifice
(Fig.below)

Fig.22 .Variation of flow rate with pressure drop

Compensation type flow control valve
• Flow-control valves can be classified as follows:
1. Non-pressure compensated.
2. Pressure compensated
1. Non-pressure compensated
✓ It is used when the system pressure is relatively constant and
motoring speeds are not too critical.
✓The flow rate depends on work load hence, the variation in pressure
occurs at the outlet that is defined by the work load.
 2.Pressure-Compensated Valves
• Pressure-compensated flow-control valves overcome the difficulty
caused by non-pressure compensated valves by changing the size of
the orifice in relation to the changes in the system
pressure.
• This is accomplished through a spring-loaded compensator spool
that reduces the size of the orifice when pressure drop increases.
Once the valve is set, the pressure compensator acts to
keep the pressure drop nearly constant.
• It works on a kind of feedback mechanism from the outlet
pressure. This keeps the flow through the orifice nearly constant.
END