C# FUNDAMENTALS

.NET Framework

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 1
 .NET Framework

❑ Common Language Runtime (CLR)

• a runtime environment
• similar to Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

❑ Framework Class Library (FCL)

• provide services for applications

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.NET Framework
❑ MicroSoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)

o CPU independent set of instructions

o All .NET languages compile into MSIL
o Similar to Java Byte Code
o Also abbreviated as IL

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 2
 C# Compilation & Execution

C# source
code
MSIL

C#
compiler
CLR

Machine
code

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MSIL Advantages
o Portability between OS
➢ .NET compliant languages are all compiled into
MSIL (portable between OS)

o Language Interoperability
➢ Different languages can communicate easily
➢ MSIL code from different languages can be
linked together to form a program

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 3
 Interoperability
C#.NET VB.NET ASP.NET
Compile into
MSIL

Link the MSIL codes

MSIL MSIL MSIL

CLR generate single

application (native
Windows code)
Native Code

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C# Data Types
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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 4
 C# Data Types
There are 15 data types in C#
Eight to represent integers:
◦ byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong

Two to represent floating point numbers

◦ float, double

One to represent decimals: decimal

One to represent boolean values: bool
One to represent characters: char
One to represent strings: string
One to represent objects: object

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Numeric Data Types

Type Storage Range
byte 8 bits 0 - 255 System.Byte
sbyte 8 bits -128 - 127 System.SByte
short 16 bits -32,768 - 32767 System.Int16
ushort 16 bits 0 - 65537 System.UInt16
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 – 2,147,483,647
uint 32 bits 0 – 4,294,967,295
System.Int32
long 64 bits -91018 to 91018
System.UInt32
ulong 64 bits 0 – 1.81019
System.Int64
System.UInt64
decimal 128 bits 1.010-28; 7.91028 with 28-29 significant digits
System.Decimal
float 32 bits 1.510-45; 3.41038 with 7 significant digits
System.Single
double 64 bits 5.010-324; 1.710308 with 15-16 significant digits
System.Double

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 5
 Operators’ Precedence and Associativity
Operators Associativity Type
high () left to right parentheses
right to left unary postfix
++ --
++ -- + - right to left unary prefix
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
?: right to left conditional
low = += -= *= /= %= right to left assignment

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A Simple C# Program

// This program prints a string called "Hello, World!”

using System;

class HelloWorld
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(“Hello, World!”);
}
}

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 6
 C# Keywords
abstract as base bool break
byte case catch char checked
class const continue decimal default
delegate do double else enum
event explicit extern false finally
fixed float for foreach get
goto if implicit in int
interface internal is lock long
namespace new null object operator
out override params private protected
public readonly ref return sbyte
sealed set short sizeof stackalloc
static string struct switch this
throw true try typeof uint
ulong unchecked unsafe ushort using
value virtual void volatile while

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C# Console Application
using System;
class Hello
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write(“Your Name Please: “);
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(“Hello “ + name);
}
}

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 7
 C# Windows Application
// Printing multiple lines in a dialog Box.
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
class Welcome
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
MessageBox.Show("Welcome\n to\n C#\n programming!");
}
}

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Example: Computing Class Average

static void Main( string[] args )
{
int total, // sum of grades
gradeCounter, // number of grades entered
gradeValue, // grade value
average; // average of all grades

// initialization phase
total = 0; // clear total
gradeCounter = 1; // prepare to loop
// processing phase
while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) // loop 10 times
{
// prompt for input and read grade from user
Console.Write( "Enter integer grade: " );

// read input and convert to integer

gradeValue = Int32.Parse( Console.ReadLine() );
// add gradeValue to total
total = total + gradeValue;

// add 1 to gradeCounter
gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1;
}

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 8
 Example: Computing Class Average
// termination phase
average = total / 10; // integer division
// display average of exam grades
Console.WriteLine( "\nClass average is {0}", average );
} // end Main

Enter integer grade: 100

Enter integer grade: 88
Enter integer grade: 93
Enter integer grade: 55
Enter integer grade: 68
Enter integer grade: 77
Enter integer grade: 83
Enter integer grade: 95
Enter integer grade: 73
Enter integer grade: 62

Class average is 79

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foreach Loop Example

int sum = 0;
int[ ] grades = {81, 69, 93, 100, 90, 82, 70};

foreach (int g in grades)

{
sum = sum + g;
}
Console.WriteLine(“Sum = {0}”, sum);

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 9
 The Array Class
The Array class, defined in the System namespace, is the base
class for arrays in C#.
The Array class provides methods for creating, manipulating,
searching, and sorting arrays.

System.Array

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Array: Length
Each array has a public property called Length that stores the
size of the array
◦ once an array is created, it has a fixed size

It is referenced using the array name:

while(i <= grades.Length)

Note that Length holds the number of elements, not the

largest index

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 10
 Example: Sum of Array Elements

static void Main()

{
int[] num = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int total = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < num.Length; i++ )
total += num[ i ];
MessageBox.Show( "Total of array elements: " + total,
"Sum the elements of an array",
MessageBoxButtons.OK,
MessageBoxIcon.Information);
} // end Main

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The Array Class: Methods

BinarySearch This method searches a one-dimensional sorted Array
for a value, using a binary search algorithm.
Clear This method removes all items of an array

Copy This method copies a section of one Array to another

Array

Reverse This method reverses the order of the items in a one-

dimensional Array or in a portion of the Array.

Sort This method sorts the items in one-dimensional Array

objects.
GetLength This method returns the number of items in an Array.

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 11
 Sorting the Array
static void Main ()
{
int[] numbers = { 4, 3, 8, 0, 5,-2, 9 };
Array.Sort(numbers);
foreach (int i in numbers)
Console.WriteLine(i);
Console.ReadLine();
}

24

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Jagged Arrays
A Jagged array is often called an array of arrays.
An element of a jagged array itself is an array.

25

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 12
 Jagged Arrays in Memory
float[][] jA = new float [6][];
jA[0] = new float [5] { 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4};
jA[1] = new float [3] {1.0, 1.1, 1.2};
……..

jA jA[0]

jA[1]

jA[2]

jA[3]

jA[4]

jA[5]

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Jagged Array Example

int[][] arr = new int [2][];
arr[0] = new int [5] { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }; Output
arr[1] = new int [4] { 2, 4, 6, 8 };
Array 0: 1 3 5 7 9
for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
Array 1: 2 4 6 8
{
Console.Write(“Array {0}: ", i);
for (int j = 0; j < arr[i].Length; j++)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", arr[i][j]);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 13
 Properties
A property is much like a combination of a variable and a method
A property consists of 2 parts, a get and a set method, wrapped
inside the property:

class Drawing
{
private string color;
public string Color
{ get { return color; }
set { color = value; }
}
……
}

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Properties
Only one method is required - either get or set, the other is
optional. This allows you to define:
◦ read-only and write-only properties.

public string Color

{ set
{
if (value == "Red") color = value;
else
Console.WriteLine("This car can only be red!");
}
}

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 14
 Properties Example
public class Date
{
private int month;
public int Month
{
get
{ return month; }

set
{
if ( (value > 0) && (value < 13) )
{
month = value;
}
}
}
}

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Let’s Program a Frequency Histogram ☺

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Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 15
 static void Main( string[] args )
{
int[] n = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
string output = "";
output += "Element\tvalue\tHistogram\n“ ;
// build output
for ( int i = 0; i < n.Length; i++ ) {
output += "\n" + i + "\t" + n[ i ] + "\t“ ;
for ( int j = 1; j <= n[ i ]; j++ ) // print a bar
output += (j % 5 == 0) ? “|” : "*";
}
Console.WriteLine("Histogram \n {0}", output);
} // end Main

Parallel and Distributed Computing-Spring 2024

Instructor: Saima Jawad 16