Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Civil Engineering

Development of synthetic rainfall distribution curves for Sinai area

Eman Ahmed Hassan El- Sayed
Water Resources Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Rainfall time distribution hyetograph of the design storm is highly needed to run hydrological models.
Received 18 July 2016 This paper derives a dimensionless rainfall time distribution from observed storms based on the SCS
Revised 4 October 2016 TP149 procedure of re-arranging the storm pattern so that the greatest depth values occurs at the middle
Accepted 24 January 2017
of the total duration. One hundred twenty-seven rainfall storms for Sinai area were categorized into four
Available online 24 February 2017
groups according to the total duration. Finally, the cumulative design distribution curves are calculated
and renamed WRRI distribution. The developed synthetic rainfall distribution curves were compared to
Keywords:
the most common distributions such as the standard 4 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) profiles. The per-
Rainfall hyetograph
Dimensionless time distribution
formance of the developed rainfall pattern is evaluated using real cases. There was a significant difference
Runoff estimation in computing runoff between the proposed WRRI and SCS distributions. The research recommends using
Sinai the developed curves to create storm hyetograph of any design storm for Sinai.
Ó 2017 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Many researchers analyzed the actual rainfall data to develop

Dimensioning of projects concerning hydraulic structures or
water work projects relies on the determination of the shape and
timing of the design runoff hydrograph. The critical rainfall event
that is used for assessing the runoff hydrograph of a certain return
period is called ‘‘Design Storm”. Time distribution hyetograph of
the design storm is used with unit hydrographs to predict runoff
hydrograph using hydrological rainfall-runoff models. The shape
and timing of the runoff hydrograph depend on the magnitude
and temporal distribution of rainfall, so the hyetograph is an
important component of the modeling. Design storm can be
derived from the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves or
from the statistical analysis of observed storms. Regarding to the
time distribution of the design storm, the United State-Soil Conser-
vation Service (SCS) has developed four types of cumulative
curves; Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IA, valid for the US terri-
tory [5]. The 24 h total precipitation determined from IDF curves
for a given return period is distributed in terms of depths over a
time interval as the derivative of the cumulative curve. The SCS
type II cumulative curve is commonly used in arid areas to con-
struct the temporal distribution of the design rainfall depth [7].
E-mail address: emanahe@yahoo.com
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
the hyetographs. This includes the works of Huff [10], Huff [9], Pani
and Haragan [11], Al-Asaadi [1], Asquith [3], Guo and Hargadin [8],
Al-Rawas and Valeo [2], Awadallah and Younan [4] and Elfeki et al.
[7]. The methodology provided by Huff research is one of the most
widely known and cited. Huff [10] proposed a series of cumulative
curves of depths of storms of several duration values comprised
between 3 and 48 h. He investigated time distributions for the
12-year period 1955–1966 on the basis of data from 261 storms.
The duration of these storms are ranging from 3 to 48 h on a
400-square-mile network of 49 recording rain gauges in east-
central Illinois. Each storm had an areal mean rainfall of at least
0.5 in. (12.7 mm), and at least one rain gauge within the area had
to record at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) of precipitation. Huff derived four
groups of storms categorized according to whether the greatest
percentage of total storm rainfall occurred in the first, second, third
and fourth quartile of the storm period. He presented the median
(50th percentile) dimensionless hyetograph for each quartile. Huff
also provided curves representing other percentiles ranging from
10 to 90 percent which envelop the median curve.
Al-Rawas and Valeo [2] analyzed data from 2042 rainstorm
events occurring from 1983 to 2003 in the Rustaq watershed and
surrounding area in Oman to develop hyetographs, or temporal
distribution curves characteristic of arid climates. The results indi-
cated that there is a significant difference between the rainstorm
time distributions based on the Oman data and standard estab-
lished distribution such as Huff [10] and SCS [13]. The study indi-
cates that rainstorms in arid climate regions like Oman exhibit
significantly unique temporal distribution characteristics. They

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.01.010
2090-4479/Ó 2017 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1950 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957
recommended that the new hyetographs could be used in
conjunction with other available rainfall frequency data to enhance
flash flood modeling for arid climates.
Awadallah and Younan [4] analyzed short duration rainfall data
in arid regions and proposed design storm distributions represent-
ing the recorded storms. They proposed a modified SCS design
storm distribution to represent regions with more concentrated
storms. The research achieved a safe design with a simple modifi-
cation of the SCS synthetic storm distributions to correct this
unsafe discharge values produced by the SCS type II conservative
storm distribution.
Elfeki et al. [7] collected and analyzed two thousand twenty-
seven rainfall storms for a 20–28-year period covering 13 regions
of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They developed four distinct
dimensionless rainfall hyetograph patterns over the Kingdom and
two patterns for each individual region due to the lack of data
for long-duration storms in individual regions. They suggested
using the resulting dimensionless rainfall patterns for each region
to develop storm hyetographs for any design duration, total rainfall
depth and return period. They explained that the developed storm
hyetographs had different features from other storm patterns that
are commonly used in arid zones. The study recommended using
these curves for the design of hydraulic structures in Kingdom
and regions alike.
To represent various regions of the United States, the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) developed four synthetic
24-h rainfall distributions (I, IA, II, and III) from available National
Weather Service (NWS) duration-frequency data or local storm
data. Type IA is the least intense and type II is the most intense
short duration rainfall. Types I and IA represent the Pacific mar-
itime climate with wet winters and dry summers. Type III repre-
Fig. 1. Rainfall gauges distribution over the study area.
sents Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coastal areas where
tropical storms bring large 24-h rainfall amounts. Type II repre-
sents the rest of the country [13].
This research aims at establishing a synthetic time distribution
of the rainfall over Sinai area. The proposed distribution is based on
recorded rainfall events of twelve rainfall gauges covering the
study area (61,000 km2). So, they can be used to generate the
design storm hyetograph with any value of rainfall depth and
storm total duration up to 24 h.
2. Rainfall data
Sinai area was gauged since 1989 to measure rainfall amounts
(mm) with time (min). Twelve gauges were selected to carry out
the statistical analysis because of their long records series from
1989 till 2014. Fig. 1 shows a map of the distribution of these
gauges over the study area. Table 1 provides all the information
about these gauges; the location, years of record and number of
storms.
The criteria of selection are based on selecting storms producing
runoff. This means that storms with total depth of about 10 mm
rainfall depth which could produce runoff are only considered
[6]. Accordingly, one hundred twenty-seven storms with total rain-
fall depth greater than or equal to 9 mm were selected.
A histogram of the studied storms according to their duration is
illustrated in Fig. 2. This analysis shows that about 63 storms with
durations of less than or equal to 10 h and 64 storms with duration
from 10.1 to 24 h. Durations lasting 4, 6, 10 and 12 h have the high-
est frequency. On the other hand, duration 22 h duration has the
lowest frequency. The rest of storm durations have approximately
equal frequencies among the selected storms.
 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957 1951

Table 1
Information of rainfall gauges.

Name Long. Lat. Start record End record No. of storms

AlKontela 34.67 29.98 1990 2012 2
Nekhel 33.73 29.93 1991 2015 2
ElRawafaa 34.15 30.83 1990 2014 15
ElTemid 34.3 29.68 1990 2013 2
ElGodirate 34.44 30.65 1986 2015 23
ElHasanah 33.78 30.47 1990 2014 4
ElMagharah 33.4 30.69 1990 2015 14
BerElabd 33 31.03 1990 2015 23
Sudr 33 29.73 1992 2014 9
Gharandal 32.76 29.29 1990 2014 9
Kathrine 33.94 28.56 1990 2014 19
Newibaa 29 34.68 1987 2010 5

rearranged so that the greatest depth value is set at the middle of

18 the storm duration and the lower values are set on both right and
16 left sides alternatively as shown in Fig. 4.
14 For each group the incremental depths are rearranged for all
12 storms in each group. Then, an average hyetograph is obtained
Frequency

for each group. Finally, the cumulative design distribution curves

10
are calculated for each duration group.
8
Figs. 5–8 illustrate the cumulative dimensionless hyetograph
6 for first, second, third and fourth group respectively based on rain-
4 fall storms. A substantial variation in hyetograph shape is evident
2 in each figure. From the figures, it is clear that some storms have
0
lengthy leading tail lengths compared to the general time length
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 of the precipitation bursts. Further, the figures indicate a notice-
Duraon (hr) able number of multiple burst events; whereas for other events,
the line steadily increases with duration.
Fig. 2. Rainfall storm frequency histogram.

4. Results

The obtained average hyetograph for each group is shown in

Groups % Fig. 9. For the benefit of the developed design storm pattern for
Group 1(D<=6hr) Sinai area, these design curves ordinates for all groups are pre-
sented in tables. Table 2 illustrates these values for design storm
15%
30% Group 2(6hr<D<=12hr) duration of 6 h as an example. Also, Fig. 10 shows the cumulative
24%
curves of design hyetograph for different storm durations.
31%
Group 3(12hr <D<=18hr)

5. Comparison between different distributions

Group 4(D>=18hr)

Fig. 3. Percentages of rainfall groups.
The storms are classified into four groups according to the total
duration of the storm. Among the 127 storms, 38 (30%) had dura-
tions less than or equal to 6 h, 39 (31%) lasted from 6.1 to 12 h, 31
(24%) lasted from 12.1 to 18 h and 19 (15%) had durations exceed-
ing 18 h as shown in Fig. 3.
3. Methodology
The methodology is based on the concept of re-arranging the
storm pattern so that the greatest depth value occurs at the middle
of the total duration as described in TP-149 [12]. Accordingly,
dimensionless hyetographs of all storms have been created. Each
storm hyetograph is expressed as cumulative percentages of storm
rainfall depth and storm duration to enable dimensionless compar-
isons between storms. As mentioned earlier that the storms are
categorized into four groups. Then, hyetographs of all storms have
been created using equal time intervals. Each storm hyetograph is
The developed time distribution curves (WRRI-6 h, WRRI-12 h,
WRRI-18 h & WRRI-24 h) are compared with the standard SCS dis-
tribution types (I, II, III & IA), as shown in Fig. 11. The figure illus-
trates that WRRI distribution curves are relatively close to SCS
types II & III and significantly far from SCS types I & IA.
6. Evaluation of the developed distribution
To evaluate the performance of the proposed design storm pat-
tern, runoff discharges are calculated using the proposed (WRRI)
distribution and the SCS distributions. The runoff is calculated for
four real wadis as shown in Fig. 12 with different characteristics
such as area, length, slope, etc. The characteristics of these wadis
are presented in Table 3. A design storm of 40 mm is used with
total durations of 6, 12, 18 and 24 h for wadi Teba, Dahab, Watir
and Fieran respectively. The design storm hyetograph is created
using the distribution of different storm durations. The SCS curve
number loss method is used to estimate the loss for all wadis with
constant value (CN = 80). Watershed Modeling System WMS ver-
sion 10 is used to delineate the wadis and to compute their char-
acteristics as shown in Table 3.
1952 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957

2/1/1992 2/1/1992
0.040 0.04
0.035 0.035
Incremental Storm %

Incremental Storm %
0.030 0.03
0.025 0.025
0.020 0.02
0.015 0.015
0.010 0.01
0.005 0.005
0.000 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time % Time %

5/2/2004 5/2/2004
0.050 0.05
0.045 0.045
0.040 0.04
Incremental Storm %

Incremental Storm %
0.035 0.035
0.030 0.03
0.025 0.025
0.020 0.02
0.015 0.015
0.010 0.01
0.005 0.005
0.000 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time % Time %

Fig. 4. Original hyetograph (left column) and rearranged hyetograph (Right column).

1.0
S1 S2
S3 S4
0.9
S5 S6
0.8 S7 S8
Cumulave rainfall /Total depth

S9 S 10
0.7 S 11 S 12
S 13 S 14
0.6 S 15 S 16
S 17 S 18
0.5 S 19 S 20
S 21 S 22
0.4
S 23 S 24
S 25 S 26
0.3
S 27 S 28
0.2 S 29 S 30
S 31 S 32
0.1 S 33 S 34
S 35 S 36
0.0 S 37 S 38
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
WRRI-6 hr
Cumulave me/Total duraon
Group 1(D<=6hr)
Fig. 5. Cumulative dimensionless hyetograph for first group storms.

Hydrologic model Hec-1 is used through WMS software to esti- agreement with the results of different research in arid regions
mate the runoff discharge and volume for each wadi. Fig. 13 shows for Awadallah and Younan [4] and Al-Rawas and Valeo [2].
the model output runoff hydrograph for wadi Teba, Dahab, Watir
and Fieran respectively. The figure shows that SCS distributions
give lower peak discharge than WRRI distributions. Also, SCS type 7. Conclusions and recommendations
II gives higher peak value than SCS type III and for small duration
(6 h) all the distributions provides closer runoff hydrographs. How- Analysis of rainfall storm time distribution of Sinai area has
ever, it is noticed that SCS type II gave peak discharge of 8–24% been carried out. Dimensionless rainfall time distribution WRRI
lower than WRRI distribution and SCS type III gave peak discharge curves are derived from observed one hundred twenty-seven
of 11–22% lower than WRRI distribution. These results are in rainfall storms of twelve rainfall gauges from 1989 to 2014 for
 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957 1953

1.0 S1 S2
S3 S4
0.9 S5 S6
S7 S8
0.8
Cumulave rainfall /Total depth

S9 S 10
S 11 S 12
0.7
S 13 S 14
0.6 S 15 S 16
S 17 S 18
0.5 S 19 S 20
S 21 S 22
0.4 S 23 S 24
S 25 S 26
0.3
S 27 S 28

0.2 S 29 S 30
S 31 S 32
0.1 S 33 S 34
S 35 S 36
0.0 S 37 S 38
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
S 39 WRRI-12 hr
Cumulave me/Total duraon
Group 2(6hr<D<=12hr)
Fig. 6. Cumulative dimensionless hyetograph for second group storms.

1.0 S1 S2
S3 S4
0.9
S5 S6
0.8 S7 S8
Cumulave rainfall /Total depth

S9 S 10
0.7
S 11 S 12
0.6 S 13 S 14
S 15 S 16
0.5
S 17 S 18

0.4 S 19 S 20
S 21 S 22
0.3 S 23 S 24
S 25 S 26
0.2
S 27 S 28
0.1 S 29 S 30
S 31 WRRI-18 hr
0.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Cumulave me/Total duraon
Group 3(12hr <D<=18hr)
Fig. 7. Cumulative dimensionless hyetograph for third group storms.

1.0
S1

0.9 S2
S3
S4
Cumulave rainfall /Total depth

0.8
S5
0.7 S6
S7
0.6 S8
S9
0.5 S 10
S 11
0.4
S 12
S 13
0.3
S 14
S 15
0.2
S 16
0.1 S 17
S 18
0.0 S 19
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 WRRI-24 hr
Cumulave me/Total duraon
Group 4(D>=18hr)
Fig. 8. Cumulative dimensionless hyetograph for fourth group storms.
1954 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957

Design Hyetograph WRRI-6 hr Design Hyetograph WRRI-12 hr

0.14
0.12
0.12
0.1
Incremental Storm %

Incremental Storm %
0.1
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04

0.02 0.02

0 0
0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0
0.5

1.0

2.0

2.5

3.5

4.0

5.0

5.5

0.0

1.0

8.5

9.5

10.5
0.5

1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0
11.5
12.0
Time (hr) Time %

Design Hyetograph WRRI-18 hr Design Hyetograph WRRI-24 hr

0.12 0.08
0.07
0.1

Incremental Storm %
Incremental Storm %

0.06
0.08
0.05
0.06 0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0 0 0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
2.0

13.0

17.0
0.0
1.0

3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

14.0
15.0
16.0

18.0

Time (hr) Time (hr)

Fig. 9. Incremental design hyetograph for different storm durations.

Table 2
Incremental time distribution hyetograph ordinates for 6-h storm duration.

Time Rainfall depth Time Rainfall depth Time Rainfall depth Time Rainfall depth Time Rainfall depth Time Rainfall depth
(h) % (h) % (h) % (h) % (h) % (h) %
0.1 0.00 1.1 0.03 2.1 0.12 3.1 0.63 4.1 0.91 5.1 0.98
0.2 0.00 1.2 0.03 2.2 0.13 3.2 0.69 4.2 0.92 5.2 0.99
0.3 0.00 1.3 0.04 2.3 0.15 3.3 0.74 4.3 0.93 5.3 0.99
0.4 0.01 1.4 0.04 2.4 0.17 3.4 0.78 4.4 0.94 5.4 0.99
0.5 0.01 1.5 0.05 2.5 0.20 3.5 0.80 4.5 0.95 5.5 0.99
0.6 0.01 1.6 0.06 2.6 0.23 3.6 0.83 4.6 0.96 5.6 1.00
0.7 0.01 1.7 0.07 2.7 0.27 3.7 0.85 4.7 0.96 5.7 1.00
0.8 0.02 1.8 0.08 2.8 0.31 3.8 0.87 4.8 0.97 5.8 1.00
0.9 0.02 1.9 0.09 2.9 0.38 3.9 0.88 4.9 0.97 5.9 1.00
1.0 0.02 2.0 0.10 3.0 0.51 4.0 0.90 5.0 0.98 6.0 1.00

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
Distribuon

0.50 WRRI 6
0.40 WRRI 12
0.30 WRRI 18
0.20 WRRI 24

0.10

0.00
0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

Time

Fig. 10. Cumulative design hyetograph for different storm durations.

 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957 1955

Storm duraon 6 hr Storm duraon 12 hr

1.000 1.000

0.900 0.900

0.800 0.800
Cumulave rainfall %

Cumulave rainfall %
0.700 0.700

0.600 0.600
WRRI-12 hr
0.500 WRRI-6 hr 0.500
SCS II
0.400 SCS II 0.400 SCS I
SCS I SCS III
0.300 SCS III 0.300
SCS IA
0.200 SCS IA 0.200

0.100 0.100

0.000 0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Time (hr) Time (hr)

Storm duraon 18 hr Storm duraon 24 hr

1.000 1.000

0.900 0.900

0.800 0.800
Cumulave rainfall %

Cumulave rainfall %
0.700 0.700

0.600 0.600

0.500 WRRI-18 hr 0.500 WRRI-24 hr

SCS II SCS II
0.400 0.400 SCS I
SCS I
SCS III SCS III
0.300 0.300
SCS IA SCS IA
0.200 0.200

0.100 0.100

0.000 0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hr) Time (hr)

Fig. 11. Comparison between different distributions for all storm durations.

Fig. 12. Locations of the used wadis.

1956 E.A.H. El- Sayed / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 1949–1957

Table 3
The main characteristics of used wades.

Basin name Area (km2) Length (km) Slope Lag time (h) Time of concentration (h)
Teba 357 33.2 0.116 5.3 8.8
Dahab 2069 56.1 0.225 8.2 13.6
Watir 3513 72.5 0.147 10.1 16.8
Fieran 1772 76.5 0.198 11.1 18.5

Fig. 13. Runoff hydrograph for different rainfall distribution and storm duration.

Sinai area. The developed synthetic rainfall distribution curves
were compared to the other distributions of SCS. The results show
significant difference in computing runoff between the proposed
WRRI distributions and the SCS distributions. SCS distributions
gave peak discharge with about 17% lower than WRRI
distributions.
Very important feature of this study is that the results are based
strictly on real data. No assumptions were made concerning the
characteristics of the distribution curves or the data that deter-
mined the relationships. So, the study recommends using the
developed pattern (WRRI-6 h, WRRI-12 h, WRRI-18-h & WRRI-24
h) to create storm hyetograph of any design storm for Sinai area.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Prof. Karima Attia, the director of Water
Resource Research Institute, for her assistance, encouragement,
and friendship. I would like to thank Dr. Ayman Awadallah for
his assistance, help, and technical support.
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