Pakistan Relations with World Organizations:

How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947 and
1999? Explain your answer. (14)

Ans: In Sep 1947 Pakistan joined U.N.O. Pakistan was against colonialism. Pakistan became the
spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained independence during the 1950s.
Pakistan contributed a lot in freedom movement of Indonesia and Algeria. Pakistan has always
supported the Palestinian cause on the forum of UN. Pakistan has also contributed to a number of
UN peacekeeping forces throughout the world. Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a
part of UN peace keeping mission.

In 1947 the Indian government referred the Kashmir issue to the UN, which organized a
ceasefire, leaving Kashmir divided between India and Pakistan, under pressure from
Mountbatten, India agreed that there should be a plebiscite (election) to determine the wishes of
the Kashmiri people. Despite constant demand by Pakistan in the UN for plebiscite to take place,
the UN has been unable to enforce it.

In 1955 Turkey and Iraq signed Bagdad pact, established anti-communist treaty against the
Soviet Union. Later Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined the treaty. Membership of CENTO was
treated enthusiastically because all members except Britain were Muslim countries. The Pact was
renamed as CENTO after Iraq left it in 1959. Despite regular meetings group never developed a
permanent or structure of raising troops for mutual defence. In 1979 the organization was
dissolved.

Pakistan ratify S.E.A.T.O in Jan 1955 to secure further aid as member of treaty. SEATO was
mainly designed to prevent communist aggression in South East Asia Pakistan suggestion to
establish permanent military force to protect member countries of S.E.A.T.O was rejected.
Pakistan was further disappointed treaty did not support Pakistan in 1965 Indo-Pak war. During
Indo-Pak war of 1971 in which East Pakistan was separated after defeat of Pakistan. No help
came from S.E.A.T.O disclosed the worth of treaty. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
declared withdrawal of Pakistan from S.E.A.T.O in 1972.

In the case of Canal Water Dispute the UN played a significant (important) role when with the
efforts of the President of the World Bank water dispute between India and Pakistan was
resolved through Indus Water Treaty 1959. The World Bank also provided finance to help
establish hydro-electricity and soil reclamation programmes which has been vital for the
stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.

In 1964 an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey known as regional cooperation for
development (RCD) in which three countries to develop ties in trade commerce and industry.
R.C.D was revived and renamed as E.C.O (Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
In 1969 Pakistan with 24 other Muslim nations joined to form the organization of Islamic
countries. Pakistan has always supported Palestinian Muslim in their struggle to get freedom
from Israel's occupation of their land. Membership of OIC has reinforced the image of Pakistan
as one of the world’s leading Muslim nations. Pakistan has also received large sums of aid and
interest free loans from Islamic countries.

Topic: Relations with Afghanistan.

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan 1947 to 1999? (14)

Ans: Pakistan and Afghanistan shared a long border called Durand line. Although there are
religious and ethnic relations between the people of both countries but relation of both states
were not so friendly. Afghanistan was only country voted against membership of Pakistan in
U.N.O.

Afghanistan claimed over parts of N.W.F.P although its population voted for Pakistan.
Diplomatic relation broke down twice in 1955 and 1961 when Pakistan embassy in Kabul was
ransacked. In 1956 President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza visited Kabul to improve relation with
little success.

Afghanistan remained neutral in Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971 despite good relations with
India. President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Afghan King Zahir Shah exchanged visits
improved Pak-Afghan relation for short time.

Sardar Daud became Afghan Prime minister in 1973 was hostile towards Pakistan but relations
improved due to efforts of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

In 1979 U.S.S.R forces invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan organized Afghan resistance against
U.S.S.R with western assistance. 3 million Afghan refugees arrived to Pakistan due to cruel
actions of Soviet Union army. Pakistan provided food and shelter to Afghan refugees with the
help of donor countries. Afghan war gave rise to number of destructive development in Pakistan
such as spread of drugs, weapons, terrorism and violence.

After withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Pakistan encouraged fundamental Islamic
party Taliban to take control of Afghanistan. Taliban entered Kabul in 1996 and Pakistan
recognized Taliban regime improved relation in 1997.

Topic: Relation with Bangladesh.

Q How as Pakistan relation with Bangladesh developed since 1971? (7)

Ans: Separation of East Pakistan: East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan in Dec 1971
and became Bangladesh after bloody civil war. Pakistan considered Bangladesh as rebel nation.
Pakistan did not accepted Bangladesh for two years. In 1971 Pakistan had stated that it would
break relation with any country that accepted Bangladesh as an independent state.

O.I.C meeting: Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib was invited in meeting of
organization of Islamic countries at Lahore in 1974. Pakistan accepted Bangladesh as an
independent country. Two countries agreed to set up friendly relations and try to solve
differences.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government: In June 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh and
discussed division of assets. Bangladesh asked for half of assets Pakistan owned before 1971.
Bangladesh also demanded to transfer all non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan. Pakistan
rejected both demands. While both states agreed to establish friendly relations. Communication
links and air service were resumed in 1976.

Cyclones: Pakistan provided food and material aid to Bangladesh during floods in 1985 and
1988. President of Bangladesh H.M.Ershad visited Pakistan in June 1986. Trade between both
countries reached 40 million dollars.

Benazir government: Bangladesh supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1989 Pakistani Prime
Minister Benazir Bhutto visited Bangladesh. Both countries are member of S.A.A.R.C
organization and signed agreement to promote trade, tourism and exchange of cultural
delegations.

Topic: Relation with China

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China from 1947 to 1999? [14]

Ans: [At the time of independence] (1) China is a neighboring country of Pakistan. At the time of
independence of Pakistan, China was involved in civil war. In 1949 Pakistan accepted china.
During 1950's Pakistan signed anti-Communist treaties S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O with USA and
western countries. China was also a communist country so Pakistan-China relations were not
warm.

[Indo-china war a turning point] In 1962 Indo-China war was a turn point in China (Sino)-
Pakistan relations. China was keen for a friend in south Asia while Pakistan was worried due to
huge military aid (help) of western countries to India during Indo-China war. Military aid of
western countries had disturbed balance of power between Pakistan and India. Improved
relations with China were useful for Pakistan against India.

[Development of Pak-China relation in 1960’s] (1) Pakistan-China successfully decided their

border in 1963. (2) Same year China provided 60 million dollar interest free loan to Pakistan and
became biggest importer of Pakistani cotton. (3) Same year P.I.A started air service towards
China and became first airline which started air service from China to Western world. It
increased numbers of visitors from China to other countries like journalists, engineers, scientists
etc. (4) in 1964 China supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue and in return Pakistan sided China in
its entry in U.N.O. (5) During 1965 Indo-Pak war, China forced India not to attack East Pakistan.
China also provided military aid to Pakistan in 1965 war. (6) China helped Pakistan to establish
heavy mechanical complex at Taxila in 1965.

[1971 Pak-India war] (1) China remained neutral (cut off) during 1971 Indo-Pak war due to
pressure of U.S.S.R. As a result Pakistan was defeated. Soon after the war China was able to
provide support to Pakistan. (2) Prime minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited China
after 1971 war. It was decided that many loans from China were changed in to grants. China
became major source of arms supply to Pakistan.

[Zia government] (1) In 1978 Karakoram highway between China-Pakistan was opened. This
road was setup with the help of China. This road increased trade and tourism between both
countries. (2) In 1986 General Zia visited China and both countries signed nuclear treaty. Good
relations continued during Zia government.

[1990’s] (1) China wanted to develop relations with other countries, especially India. China
hinted during this time that China might compromise over support for Pakistan on Kashmir.
China was also concerned about interference of some Pakistani Islamic groups in Chinese
Muslims living along Pakistan-China border. (2) In 1990 Pakistan launched a satellite with the
help of Chinese. (3) In 1991 Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China. (4) In 1994
first proposal of joint military exercise was made. (5) Pakistan always supported China on the
issue of Taiwan Island.

Topic: Relation with USSR

Q How Successful was Pakistan's relationship with U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) from 1947-
1999? [14] (N-17)

Ans: [Bad start] In 1950 both U.S.A and U.S.S.R invited Liaquat Ali Khan the prime minister of
Pakistan to visit them. Liaquat Ali decided to visit U.S.A. this clearly insulted U.S.S.R. Relation
with U.S.S.R get worse when Pakistan joined anti-communist pact C.E.N.T.O and S.E.A.T.O in
1955. U.S.S.R openly supported India on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R also supported the idea that
NWFP should join Afghanistan to form Pakhtoonistan.

[U-2 plane incident] (1) In May 1960 American spy plane U-2 took off from Peshawar was shot
down in U.S.S.R due to which U.S.S.R warned Pakistan. (2) Mean while Pakistan relation with
USA declined. Pakistan improved its relation with U.S.S.R. (3) U.S.S.R. started oil exploration
in Pakistan and provided 11 million pounds loan in 1963 Ayub Khan visited USSR which
improved relations. (4) U.S.S.R. took back support on Kashmir for India. (5) In 1968 USA
closed air base at Peshawar so U.S.S.R. began to supply weapons to Pakistan.
[Tashkent agreement] After 1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.S.R Invited governments of Pakistan and
India at Tashkent in U.S.S.R to solve difference. Agreement was signed between India and
Pakistan in 1966. Both countries returned prisoners of wars and occupied areas with efforts of
U.S.S.R.

[1971 War] Pakistan did a deadly mistake when Pakistan tried to improve U.S.A relation with
China. U.S.S.R was very upset because China was its important friendly country. U.S.S.R signed
treaty of friendship with India and fully supported India in 1971 Indo-Pak war. As a result
Pakistan was defeated in the war and East Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. This was lowest
point of relations between Pakistan and U.S.S.R.

[Z. A. Bhutto government] In 1972 Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited U.S.S.R
and began to build friendly relations. U.S.S.R again took back its support to India on Kashmir
issue. U.S.S.R provided help to Pakistan to establish Steel mills in Karachi.

[Invasion of Afghanistan] Pakistan relations with U.S.S.R were spoiled when U.S.S.R army
entered Afghanistan in 1979. There was danger that U.S.S.R wanted to reach Arabian Sea and
Pakistan would be its next target. Pakistan provided weapons and training to Afghani fighters to
carry on attacks on U.S.S.R army in Afghanistan. U.S.S.R Fighter planes bombed Pakistani areas
close to Afghanistan. Unfriendly relation continued till U.S.S.R forces left Afghanistan in 1988
after Geneva accord. In 1991 U.S.S.R was broken into 15 independent states, Pakistan was
blamed for it.

Topic: Relation with USA

Q How successful were Pakistan and U.S.A in their relationship from 1947-1999?
Comment. [14] (June-15)

Ans: [Beginning of relations] The long history of Pakistan-U.S.A relation started after visit of
Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali to U.S.A. In 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and
C.E.N.T.O pacts according to which Pakistan became U.S.A partner against communist
countries. Pakistan received economic and military aid from U.S.A. Despite these agreements
USA provided no help to Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 wars so Pakistan left S.E.A.T.O in 1972 and
C.E.N.T.O ended in 1979.

[Relations from 1960-70] President of Pakistan general Ayub khan had provided air base to
U.S.A in Peshawar during his rule. Relation with U.S.A from 1960 and 1970 spoiled due to
many reasons. In 1962 U.S.A provided heavy military aid to India during Indo-China war.
Relation with USA worsen when Pakistan setup friendly relation with China because China was
a major communist state. During 1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.A remained neutral (cut off) and
stopped arms supply to Pakistan despite military agreements.
[Zia Martial law] Pak-USA relation reached lowest point when army under General Zia took
control of Government. USA was not willing to support military Government in Pakistan. In
1979 U.S.A embassy in Islamabad was burned down. USA cancelled aid for Pakistan.

[U.S.S.R invasion (attack) of Afghanistan] was turning point for Pak-U.S.A relation. In 1981
USA provided 1.6 billion dollar aid package over 5 years to Pakistan to encourage Afghan
fighters against U.S.S.R army in Afghanistan. In 1986 USA aid was increased to 4.6 billion
dollars. Pakistan became third largest receiver of US aid.

[Pressler and Brown amendment] after the withdrawal of U.S.S.R forces from Afghanistan
U.S.A blocked all military help to Pakistan in 1989 under Pressler amendment when U.S.A
president George Bush refused to confirm that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons. In
1996 Brown amendment was passed in U.S.A allowed economic and limited military aid to
Pakistan. In 1998 Pakistan conducted test of Nuclear weapons so U.S.A imposed various trade
restrictions against Pakistan.

Topic: Relation with India (Kashmir)

Q How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the Kashmir issue
between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14] (Nov-15)

[Origin of Kashmir problem] The most serious disagreement between Pakistan and India is the
state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947 majority population of Kashmir were Muslims, but the
Hindu ruler maharaja Hari Sigh, wanted to remain independent so he delayed joining either
Pakistan or India. The maharaja did not treat the Muslim population well. In Sep 1947 he forced
200,000 Muslims out of Kashmir. Finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The maharaja was
forced to turn to India for help to crush the Muslims.

[Resolution on Kashmir] Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help
Muslims. The Pakistan government was convinced that the Indians had always planned to
capture Kashmir. Neither side was strong enough for a long war in January 1948 India to the
UNO. A ceasefire was arranged and Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan. After
pressure from Lord Mountbatten, Indian Prime Minister, Nehru, agreed that a referendum would
be held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of the people, ‘once the situation has normalized.
From 1949 there was an agreed ceasefire line through Kashmir, which was observed by troops
from the UN. Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but little progress was made.

[Role of UNO] This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue’ remained a major
source of discontent between the two countries today. Pakistan has made numerous demands that
the UNO resolve the dispute, but, so far, it has been impossible to reach agreement. In 1954 and
1955 India tried to join Indian occupied Kashmir into India. Pakistan protested and, then
appealed to the UN Security Council. In 1957 the UN security council was so concerned that
India might tried to occupy Kashmir again that it issued a declaration re-confirming that the
whole of Kashmir was disputed territory and that its future could only be settled by a vote by the
people of Kashmir under UNO. Still, no such vote has taken place.

[Indo-Pak wars] In 1965 Pakistan tried to free Kashmir from Indian occupation by army action
but failed, later in Tashkent agreement both sides agreed to solve the problem through discussion
but the date of discussion was not decided. In 1971 war Pakistan was defeated by India and
Simla agreement was signed between both countries. Due to weak position Pakistan agreed that
it would not to take Kashmir issue to UNO. In 1987 India rigged election in occupied Kashmir to
show support of Kashmiri people for India but in response Kashmiri people had started freedom
movement against Indian occupation of Kashmir, movement is still in progress. In 1999 during
Kargil war there was danger of nuclear war between Pakistan and

Topic: Relation with India

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1999?
Comment (N-13)

Ans: [Early problems] Partition of India was not accepted by Congress leaders by heart so they
tried everything to harm Pakistan. Unjust ways were adopted by India in division of financial and
military assets. Bitter memories of Muslim killing in East Punjab and Delhi spoiled Indo-Pak
relation in coming years. India forced millions of Muslims to Pakistan to put economic pressure
on the new born state. Canal water dispute and Kashmir issue poisoned Indo-Pak relation.
Pakistan has fought three major wars in 1948, 1965 and 1971 on Kashmir issue with India.

[1965 war] (1) When UNO failed to solve Kashmir problem Pakistan tried to force India to carry
out UNO resolutions through military operation in Kashmir resulted in 1965 Indo-Pak war.
Pakistan failed to capture Kashmir. (2) After 1965 war Pakistan and India signed Tashkent
agreement to solve dispute peacefully but no date was set to begin discussion on Kashmir.

[1971 war] (1) India had recognized weak defence of East Pakistan in 1965 war. During civil
war in East Pakistan India used the situation and established armed group of Bengali separatist
known as Muktibahni to carry on attacks on Pakistan army. Later in 1971 war India separated the
East Pakistan. Relations between Pakistan and India were at lowest level in 1971.

[Simla agreement] In 1972 Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime
minister Indra Gandhi signed Simla agreement, India returned 90,000 Pakistani soldiers who
were kept as prisoners of war. Pakistan also agreed that in future talks on Kashmir would be only
between Pakistan and India.

[Sikh movement in Indian Punjab] In early 1980’s Sikh population of Indian Punjab had started
movement for separate home land. In 1984 Prime Minister of India Indra Gandhi was killed by
Sikhs. Indra Gandhi son Rajiv became next Prime Minister; he accused Pakistan of helping Sikh
separatist in Indian Punjab and murder of her mother. In 1987 both countries were close to war.
The situation was cooled down by General Zia the president of Pakistan through visit to India.

[Freedom movement in occupied Kashmir] In 1990's tension between both countries continued
due to freedom struggle in Indian held Kashmir backed by Pakistan. After nuclear tests
conducted by Pakistan in May 1998 restored balance of power between both countries.

[Lahore declaration and Kargil war] In 1998 prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif and Indian
Prime minister Vajpayee tried to improve relation through Lahore declaration but whole peace
process was destroyed when Pakistan army had captured Kargil hill of India resulted in war
between India and Pakistan. USA forced Pakistan to return Kargil hills to India because there
was danger of Atomic war between both countries. Relations were destroyed due to Kargil war.

Topic: Relation with UK & Commonwealth

Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and common wealth
between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. (14)

Ans: Areas included in Pakistan remained as part of British colony so Pakistan continued good
relation after independence. Britain provided 500 military officers to Pakistan army in 1947 and
was major source of arms (weapons) till 1950's. Britain was major trade partner throughout
1940's and 1950's. From 1947 to 1956 Pakistan remained British dominion. Pakistan chooses to
remain member of Common wealth organization. Common wealth organization provided aid to
develop Sui gas project and Pakistan railway.

In 1954 and 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and Bagdad pact in this way became British ally
against Communist aggression. In 1965 Britain played important role to solve Rann of Kutch
border dispute with India, but remained neutral during 1965 Indo-Pak war. Britain also remained
neutral East Pakistan crisis and later recognized Bangladesh as independent state so Pakistan left
Common wealth organization as a protest.

Common wealth organization has provided substantial aid to complete Warsak dam and Mangla
dam projects.

IN 1973 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto prime minister of Pakistan visited Britain and in 1978 British Prime
Minister James Callaghan visited Pakistan. After Soviet invasion in Afghanistan both countries
adopted similar stand. British fully supported Pakistan in Afghan struggle against Soviet Union
and provided aid to help Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

In 1989 Pakistan restored its membership in Commonwealth under Benazir Bhutto government.
Pakistan-Britain relations were spoiled on nuclear tests by Pakistan in 1998 and Indo-Pak
conflict on Kargil in 1999. Relation became unfriendly when military imposed martial law in
Pakistan under General Musharaf.