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y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 0 ,
is m2 − 2m − 3 = 0
i.e. (m − 3)(m + 1) = 0 i.e. m1 = 3, m2 = −1.
y = Aem1 x + Bem2 x
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Solutions to exercises 14
f (x) = 6 suggests form of particular solution
yP S = C (C = undetermined constant)
yP00 S = yP0 S =0 when yP S = constant
substitute yP S = C : 0 + 0 − 3C = 6 i.e. C = −2.
Return to Exercise 1
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Solutions to exercises 15
Exercise 2. y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = 2x
Constant term : 5C + 6D = 0
Coefficient of x: 6C = 2
1
i.e. C= 3
and D = − 5C
6 =
5
− 18
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Solutions to exercises 16
Return to Exercise 2
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Solutions to exercises 17
(a) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = x2
dyP S d2 yP S
Try yP S = Cx2 + Dx + E, dx = 2Cx + D , dx2 = 2C
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Solutions to exercises 18
68
= − 729
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Solutions to exercises 19
(b) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = cos 2x
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Solutions to exercises 20
(ii) gives D = − 10C
13 then (i) gives −13C − 100C
13 = 1
13·13−100
i.e. − 13 = C1
13
i.e. − 269 =C
then D = − 10 13 10
13 · − 269 = + 269
13 10
i.e. yP S = − 269 cos 2x + 269 sin 2x
1
y = yCF + yP S = Aem1 x + Bem2 x + (10 sin 2x − 13 cos 2x) .
269
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Solutions to exercises 21
(c) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = e4x
Try yP S = Ce4x
i.e. yP0 S = 4Ce4x
yP00 S = 16Ce4x
(d) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = e−2x + 2 − x
1 −2x
i.e. yP S = − 15 e + 19 x − 13
81
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Solutions to exercises 23
Return to Exercise 3
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Solutions to exercises 24
Exercise 4. y 00 − λ2 y = sin 2x
i.e. yP S = − sin 2x
4+λ2 ;
general solution y = yCF + yP S = Aeλx + Be−λx − sin 2x
4+λ2 .
Return to Exercise 4
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Solutions to exercises 25
Exercise 5. y 00 − y = ex
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Solutions to exercises 26
Exercise 6. y 00 + y 0 − 2y = e−2x
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Solutions to exercises 27
Substitute: (−4 + 4x)Ce−2x + (1 − 2x)Ce−2x − 2Cxe−2x = e−2x
Return to Exercise 6
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Solutions to exercises 28
Exercise 7. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = ex
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Solutions to exercises 29
1
√
A.E. is m2 + 8m + 17 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −8 ± 64 − 68 = −4 ± i
i.e. yCF = e−4x (A cos x + B sin x).
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Solutions to exercises 30
cos π2 = 0
sin π2 = 1
3π
i.e. 0 = e−2π (0 + B) + e− 2
3π
i.e. 0 = e−2π B + e− 2
3π
(multiply both sides by e2π ) i.e. 0 = B + e− 2 · e2π
π π
i.e. 0 = B + e 2 i.e. B = −e 2
π
y = e−4x cos x − e 2 sin x + e−3x .
Required particular solution is
Return to Exercise 8
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Solutions to exercises 31
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Solutions to exercises 32
i.e. 21 = 3A + 3B − 2 (i)
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Solutions to exercises 33
4 4 1
(i)-(ii) gives 21 − 3 = 7B − 2 i.e. 23 − 3 · 7 =B
65 1 65
i.e. 3 · 7 =B i.e. B = 21 ,
4 4 260 288
then (ii) gives 3A = 3 + 4B i.e. 3 + 21 = 21 = 3A
96 32
i.e. A = 21 = 7 .
Particular solution is
32 3x 65 −4x 2 2x
y= e + e − e .
7 21 3
Return to Exercise 9
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Solutions to exercises 34
Substitute:
−4C cos 2x − 4D sin 2x + 3(−2C sin 2x + 2D cos 2x)
+ 2(C cos 2x + D sin 2x) = 10 cos 2x
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Solutions to exercises 35
3
(ii) then gives −2 2 − 6C = 0 i.e. −3 − 6C = 0
i.e. C = − 12 .
∴ yP S = − 12 cos 2x + 3
2 sin 2x ;
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Solutions to exercises 36
3 3
Solve (iii) and (iv) to find A and B (iv)-(iii) gives A = 3 − 2 = 2 .
Return to Exercise 10
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Solutions to exercises 37
1
√
A.E. is m2 + 4m + 5 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −4 ± 16 − 20 = −2 ± i
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Solutions to exercises 38
Boundary condition y(0) = 1: 1 = A cos 0 + B sin 0 + 2
i.e. 1=A+2 i.e. A = −1
y 0 (0) = −2 gives
−2 = −2 · (−1 + 0) + (0 + B) − 4
i.e. −2 = 2 + B − 4 i.e. B = 0 .
Particular solution is
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Solutions to exercises 39
d2 x −3τ
Exercise 12. dτ 2 + 4 dx
dτ + 3x = e ; x= 1
2 and dx
dτ = −2 at τ = 0
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Solutions to exercises 40
xP S = − 21 τ e−3τ , general solution is
x = xCF + xP S = Ae−3τ + Be−τ − 12 τ e−3τ
1 1
Boundary conditions x = 2 when τ = 0 : 2 =A+B (i)
dx
dτ = −3Ae−3τ − Be−τ + 32 τ e−3τ − 12 e−3τ
dx 1
dτ = −2 when τ = 0 : −2 = −3A − B − 2
Solve (i) and (ii) for A and B: (i)+(ii) gives 12 − 32 = A−3A i.e. A = 1
2
Particular solution is
1 1 1
x = e−3τ − τ e−3τ = (1 − τ )e−3τ .
2 2 2
Return to Exercise 12
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Solutions to exercises 41
d2 y dy
Exercise 13. dτ 2 + 4 dτ + 5y = 6 sin τ
1
√
A.E. is m2 + 4m + 5 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −4 ± 16 − 20 = −2 ± i
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Solutions to exercises 42
Coeff. cos τ : −C + 4D + 5C = 0 i.e. C +D =0 (i)
Coeff. sin τ : −D − 4C + 5D = 6 i.e. −C + D = 32 (ii)
3
ADD 2D = 2
3
i.e. D= 4 and
C = − 34
Return to Exercise 13
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