Professional Documents
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A “Skripsi”
Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training in Partial of Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata 1 (Bachelor of Art) in Department of
English Education
By:
NUR AIZA MA’RIFAH
106014000340
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa skripsi yang saya buat benar-benar hasil karya saya
sendiri dan saya bertanggung jawab secara akademis atas apa yang saya tulis.
Pernyataan ini dibuat sebagai salah satu syarat menempuh Ujian Munaqasah.
A “Skripsi”
Submitted to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training in Partial of
Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata 1 (Bachelor of Arts) in
English Education Department
by:
Nur Aiza Ma’rifah
NIM: 106014000340
Approved by
Advisor
JAKARTA
2010
ENDORSEMENT SHEET
EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
Acknowledged by:
Dean of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training Faculty
ii
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Beneficient, the Merciful. All praise be to Allah,
who has given the writer chance, ability, in finishing this “skripsi”, entitled: Giving
Reward and Punishment in Improving Students’ Reading Skill (Classroom Action
Research at VII Grade of SMP of Dua Mei Ciputat Timur. Mercy and peace of Allah
be upon the prophet Muhammad Peace be upon Him, His family and followers.
This “skripsi” is presented to the faculty of Tarbiya and Teachers’ Training in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Strata 1 (S1) at Department of
English Education.
In this process of finishing this “skripsi”, the writer got motivation from
people around her. Therefore, the writer would like to express her deepest gratitude to
her parents and her sibling who give support for doing her ‘skripsi”. The writer would
like to express her special gratitude to her adviser, Drs. Nasrun Mahmud, M. Pd for
his patience, encouragement, comment and suggestion for completing her “skripsi”.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to:
1. All the lecturers in Department of English Education who had transferred
their knowledge and also for their valuable guidance and encouragment to the
writer.
2. The Head of Department of English Education, Drs. Syauki, M. Pd.
3. The Secretary of Department of English Education, Neneng Sunengsih, S. Pd.
4. The Dean of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training Faculty, Prof. Dr. Dede
Rosyada, M. A.
5. The Head Master of SMP Dua Mei Ciputat Timur, Enjang Supyan, S. Pd.
iii
6. The English Teacher of SMP Dua Mei Ciputat Timur, Dwi Yuli Prihani, S. Pd
who help her in doing her “skripsi”.
7. The writer’s sisters and brothers: Siti Fatimah, Saiful Anwar, Ibnu Fatahillah,
Jumratul Qomah and Isya Abdurahman who motivated her in doing “skripsi”.
8. Her beloved fiance, Munajat Sirri, S. Pd.i who has prayed and motivated her.
9. All friends in English Department especially in class A-2006 and her close
friends, Hannisa, Ririe, Ochie, Fivi, Nana, Dilah who helped and supported
her in this “skripsi”.
10. All Best friends, Isty, Murni, Ulvi, Uvie for thier support and motivation
Finally, the writer realizes that this “Skripsi” is still far from being perfect.
Criticism and suggestions would be acceptable to make it better.
The writer
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study ………………………… 1
B. The Objective of Study …………………………… 3
C. The Formulation of Study ……………………….... 4
D. The Significance of Study ……………………....... 4
E. The Organization of Study……………………....... 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Rewards
1.The Definition of Rewards…………………. 6
2.The Purpose of Rewards……………………. 7
3.Types of Rewards…………………………… 8
B. Punishment
1.The Definition Punishment…………………. 8
2.The Purpose of Punishment……………….... 9
3.Types of Punishment……………………….. 10
C. Reading Skill
1. The Definition of Reading ………………... 10
2. Kinds of Reading………………………….. 12
3. The Purpose of Reading………………….. 13
4. Reading Principles……………………….. 14
vii
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Place of Research………………... 16
B. Subject of Research…………………………... 16
C. Role of the Researcher in Classroom Action
Research…………………………………….... 16
D. Technique of Collecting Data……………… 17
E. Technique of Data Analyzing………………. 18
F. Design of Action’s Intervention……………. 20
G. Planning Development of Action Classroom….. 23
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description…………………………… 26
1. Data of Observation……………………… 26
2. Data of Interview………………………. 27
3. Pre-Test ………………………………… 28
B. Data Interpretation…………………………. 28
1. Cycle I………………………………….... 29
1.1 Planning……………………….. . 29
1.2Acting………………………….. . 30
1.3 Observing…………….................. 31
1.4 Reflecting………………………. 31
2. Cycle II…………………………………. 32
2.1 Planning…………………………. 32
2.2 Acting…………………………. 32
2.3 Observing……………………… 33
2.4 Reflecting……………………… 34
C. The Result of Data after Classroom Action
Research……………………………………. 35
1. The Result of Pre-Test, Post-Test I, Post-Test
II…………………………………………. 35
2. The Result of Post Interview…………….. 45
3. The Result of Post Observation…………. 46
viii
CHPATER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion……………………………………… 47
B. Suggestion……………………………………… 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A. SK and KD……………………………………………... 52
B. Lesson Plan…………………………………………….. 54
C. Interview Guideline before CAR……………………........ 63
D. Observational Note in Cycle I………………………….. 67
E. Observational Note in Cycle II………………………… 69
F. Field Note in Cycle I…………………………………… 73
G. Field Note in Cycle II…………………………………... 75
H. Instrument of Pre-Test………………………………….. 77
I. Instrument of Post-Test I……………………………….. 82
J. Instrument of Post-Test II……………………………… 87
K. Answer Keys…………………………………………… 91
L. Format of Item Analysis……………………………….. 93
ix
LIST OF FIGURES AD TABLE
x
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1
Joan Rubin and Irene Thompson. How to be a more Successful Language Learner:
Toward Learner Aotunomy. (USA: Heinle and Heinle Publishers, 1994), Second Edition, p. 91
1
In fact, VII grade students should have mastered the descriptive text that
based on the KTSP 2006. VII grade students have to learn and master some genres
including descriptive text. It has been stated on SKKD or Standard Competency
and Basic Competence.
From the observation and interview’s the writer at SMP Dua Mei Ciputat,
the writer found some obstacles to VII Grade students of SMP Dua Mei that they
have difficulties in understanding the words and comprehending the sentences.
According to Paris, Punler and Walther, Reading Comprehension is the
process of understanding the message that the author is trying to convey, very
simple, it is making meaning from the text at hand.2
In fact, the students did not understand the meaning completely and they
have lack of motivation to read the text because the teacher also used the
traditional teaching which he always gave lecturing, explaining and exercising.
From the observation, the writer also identified the teacher’s technique in giving
reading material; the teacher used the translation method to convey the meaning
of the words and sentences and this translation made the students confused about
the meaning. With this activities absolutely made the students felt boring and it is
can decrease the students’ behavior.
From the statements above, English teachers have to be able to organize
teaching and learning activities. They have to give materials by using a suitable
technique and master the lesson effectively. Especially in reading’s learning
process, teachers must make the students able to comprehend such words in
English language and group of new words. The statements above mean, reading is
important to teach and teachers must try to find the most effective technique to
teach it and how the most effectively technique to make the class reading activity
can be fun and creative.
However, applying conventional technique in English classroom activity
makes the students bored, makes their motivation to participate in English
2
Pamela J Farris ,et al., Teaching Reading: A Balanced Approach for Today’s
Classroom, (United States: Mc Graw Hill, 2004), p. 321
2
learning activity will be loose and lose their interest in reading material because
the classroom is monotone.
In fact, a lot of English teachers motivated their students by techniques in
order that students have spirit and motivation in their learning English, such as
giving rewards and punishment, especially in improving their reading skill,
because a lot of students have a lack of reading comprehension and also about
mastery the vocabulary in the text of paragraph in reading.
Sdorow and Riekabaugh wrote in their book: Given the everyday
observation that extrinsic rewards can increase achievement motivation, especially
in people who initially have little or no motivation in a particular area.3
Punishment is applied following a desired action, as when a student is
punished after coming forward to admit cheating on an exam. The student may
associate the punishment with being honest rather than with the original offense. 4
For these reason, suitable technique should be conducted in order to make
students become successful in their reading comprehension. Giving rewards and
punishment is one of the techniques of teaching learning process that makes
reading’s classroom activity can be effective class and can enhance their
understanding and comprehending about reading material.
Based on the background of study above, the writer would like to conduct
a research under the title:
“Giving Rewards and Punishment in Improving Students’ Reading Skill
(Classroom Action Research at Seventh Grade of SMP Dua Mei Ciputat)”
3
Lester M. Sdorow and Cheryl A. Riekabaugh, Psychology, (North America: Mc Graw
Hill, 2002), Fifth Edition, p. 124
4
Michael S. Gazzaniga and Todd F. Hearherton, Psychological Science: Mind, Brain and
Behavior, (New York: W. W Norton & Company, 2003), p. 177
3
C. The Formulation of the Problem
Here, the writer formulates the problem as follows:
1. How does giving rewards and punishment improve students’ reading
skill for VII grade of SMP Dua Mei Ciputat?
2. Can giving rewards and punishment improve students’ reading skill?
4
Chapter II covers theoretical framework which consist of concept giving reward
and punishment, the purpose of giving reward and punishment, and types of
giving reward and punishment and the concept of reading comprehension, kinds
of reading and reading principles.
Chapter III is research methodology, the writer explains time and place of
research, subject of research, role of the researcher in classroom action research,
technique of collecting data, technique of data analyzing, design of action’s
intervention and planning development of action classroom.
Chapter IV is finding research, the writer tries to explore about data description,
data interpretation and the result of the data after classroom action research.
Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.
5
6
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Rewards
1. The Definition of Rewards
The students’ behaviour in school or classroom is followed behaviour
from their environment. Sometimes they grow up with less worship and attention.
Rewards and punishment appropriate to build up their motivation related their
learning, especially in English learning process. The process to apply the
reinforcer to increase behaviour is called reinforcement, there are two form of
reinforcement, positive and negative.
Rewards as synonym for positive reinforcement, traditional behaviorist
defined reinforcement stricly in terms or whether it increased behaviour.1
Using reward in classroom helps English teacher to increase students’s
motivation. The example of giving reward, English teacher tells one of the
students, “congratulations. I’m really proud of how good the story that you read”.
If the student work harder and reads better story the next time, the teacher’s
positive comments are said to reinforce or reward the student’s reading.
1
Lester M. Sdorow and Cheryl A. Riekabaugh, Psychology, (Mc Graw Hill: Library of
Congress in Publication Data, 2002), fifth edition, p. 186.
7
2
Dale H. Schunk, Paul R Pintrich and Judith L. Meece, Motivation In Education; Theory,
Research, and Applications, (Columbus: PEARSON, 2008), Third Edition, p. 261.
3
John W. Santrock, Educational Psychology, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), Second
Edition, p. 421.
4
Ag,. Soejono, Pendahuluan Ilmu Pendidikan Umum, (Bandung: CV Ilmu, 1980), p. 62
8
3. Types of Rewards
In study of behaviorism the students learn that reinforces increase
behavior with praise, high test scores, and grade being common reinforces,
because they are ends that result from students effort.
Although the use of rewards is controversial, it is still common. Some
examples of rewards used in elementary classroom include:
a. Approval, such as teacher praise or being selected as a class monitor.
b. Consumable items, such as candy or popcorn
c. Entertainment, like playing a computer game
d. Competition, like being the first to finish a game or drill
In middle and secondary school classroom, rewards include:
a. High test score
b. Teacher compliment delivered quietly and individually
c. Phone calls to parents or others care givers complimenting student
work or attitudes.
d. Free time to talk to classmates.5
B. Punishment
1. The Definition of Punishment
According to Lester that punishment is applied following a desired
action, as when a student is punished after coming forward to admit cheating on
an examination.6
The student may also associate the punishment with being honest rather
than with the original offense. The result may be that the student learns not to tell
the truth.
According to Ray Flora that the way to reduce perceived need
punishment and the way to reduce illegal and destructive behavior is to increase
reinforcement for achievement. 7
5
Paul Eggen and Don Kauchak, Educational Psychology: Windows on Classrooms,
(Columbus: Merril Prentife Hall, 2001), Fifth Edition, p. 413
6
Lester M. Sdorow and Cheryl A. Riekabaugh, Psychology, (Mc Graw Hill: Liblary of
Congress in Publication Data, 2002), fifth edition, p. 177
9
7
Stephen Ray Flora, The Power of Reinforcement, (New York: State of University New
York Press, 2004), p. 121
8
Ngalim Purwanto, Ilmu Pendidikan Teoritis dan Praktis, (Bandung: Rosda Karya),
1994), p. 46
9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment
10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment
11
John W. Santrock, Educational Psychology…, p. 222
10
C. Reading Skill
1. The Definition of Reading
When someone reading a text but he or she does not understand what he
or she are reading, that mean they are not reading. In against, reading is
understanding and comprehending. Reading is useful for language acquisition
F. Dubin defines the meaning of reading as primarily a cognitive
process, which means that the brai n does most of the work”.13
12
http://file.upi.edu/direktorfpbs/jurpendidikanbahasaarab/195105081980031suherman/m
akalah/hukuman dan ganjaran.pdf.
13
F. Dubin, D. E Eskey and W. Grabbe, Teaching Second Language Reading for
Academis Purposes…,p. 6
11
14
Elizabeth S. Pang, et al., Teaching Reading, ( Switzerland: International Academy of
Education, 2003), p. 6.
12
Time Limit
The teachers can give a time limit of say five minutes for vocabulary
enquiry, whether this involves dictionary use, language corpus searchers or
questions to the teacher.
Word/Phrase Limit
The teachers can say that the teachers will only answer questions about
five or eight words or phrases.
Meaning Consensus
The teachers can get students to work together to search for and find
word menaings. To start the procedure, individual students write down three
to five words from the text they most want to know the meaning of. When
students have each doene this, they share their list with another student and
come up with a new joint list of only five words. This means they probably
have to discuss which words to leave out. 15
2. Kinds of Reading
a. Intensive Reading
In intensive reading, as the term indicates, each vocabulary and
structural item is explained and made as fact of the students’ active language,
pronunciation, and intonation are stressed, and each concept allusion is
clarified. Besides intensive reading is used to gain a deep understanding of a
text, which is important for the reader. The process of scanning takes a more
prominent role here than skimming.
Absolutely readers need to make distinction between extensive reading
and intensive reading. The term intensive reading refers to the detailed focus
on the construction of reading texts which takes place usually (but not always)
in classrooms. Here, the student looks at extract from magazines, poems,
15
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching, (Pearson; Longman,
2004), Fourth Edition, p. 287.
13
internet, websites, novels, newspapers, plays and a wide range of other text
genres.16
Intensive reading is usually accompanied by study activities. The teacher
may ask students to work out what kind of text they are reading. Look for
details of meaning, look at particular uses of grammar and vocabulary and
then use the information in the text to move on to other learning activities and
the teacher also encourage them to reflect on different reading skill.
b. Extensive Reading
Extensive reading should involve reading for pleasure what Richard Day
calls joyful reading, the reader deals with longer texts as a whole, which
requires the ability to understand the component parts and their contribution to
the overall meaning. Example: reading newspaper article, short story or novel.
According to Jeremy Harmer that one of the fundamental conditions of a
successful extensive reading programme is that students should be reading
material which they can understand. 17
This is enhanced if students have a chance to choose what they want to
read, if the students are struggling to understand every word, the students can
hardly be reading for pleasure. It is the main goal of this activity. This means
that English teachers need to provide books which either by chance or because
they have been especially written, are readily accessible to the students.
16
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English, (Pearson: Longman, 2007), new edition, p. 99
17
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching,…p. 283
18
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English,…, p. 99
14
4. Reading Principles
Principle 1: Encourage students to read as often and as much as possible
The more students read, the better they get. Everything the English
teachers do should encourage them to read extensively as well as – if not
more than – intensively. It is a good idea to discuss this principle with
students.
Principle 2: Students need to be engaged with what they are reading
Outside normal lesson time, when students are reading extensively, they
should be involved in joyful reading, the teachers try to help them get as
much pleasure from it as possible. But during lesson, the teachers will do
our best to ensure that they are engaged with the topic of a reading text and
the activities they are asked to do while dealing with it.
Principle 3: Encourage students to respond to the content of a text (and explore
their feelings about it), not just concentrate on its construction.
It is important for students to study reading texts in class in order to find
out such things as the way they use language, the number of paragraphs
they contain and how many times they use relative clauses. But the
meaning, the message of the text, is just as important as this. As a result,
the teachers must give students a chance to respond to that message in
some way. It is especially important that they should be allowed to show
their feelings about the topic.
15
19
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach English…, pp. 101-102.
16
BAB III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
,
A. Time and Place of Research
The writer held the research at Seventh Grade of SMP Dua Mei, which
is located on Jl. H. Abdul Ghani No. 135 Cempaka Putih, Ciputat Timur,
Tangerang Selatan. The writer did the Action Research on March 10th 2010 up to
August 28th 2010.
B. Subject of Research
The Subject of the research is seventh Grade students of SMP Dua
Mei Ciputat Timur. There are 68 students for seventh grade of SMP Dua Mei
Ciputat which are divided into two classes called 7.1 and 7.2.
1. Observation
The observer does the observation directly toward English teaching
and learning-process in SMP Dua Mei Ciputat 2009/2010 Academic Year.
In this research, the writer’ partner acts as an active observer. The writer
interacts with the students as well as the teacher. In Reading lesson, the
observer observes students’ reading skill, such as; words meaning,
comprehending the words and sentences by comparing the knowledge
stored in the students’ brain, and identify the basic forms and meaning of
the text.
2. Interview
Interview is held with the teacher and students; it means to know the
real condition in applying the technique giving rewards and educative
1 Suharsimi Arikunto, Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2009), pp. 127-
132.
2
Geoffrey E. Mills, Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Research,
(Columbus, OH: Prentice Hall, 2000), p. 43
18
punishment and how far the technique can motivate the students in
improving students’ reading skill. The observer will interview the English
teacher and students. This interview will conduct before and after the
implementation of Classroom Action Research.
3. Field notes
This field notes is taken by the observer, this is the informal notes
written by teacher when she conducts teaching and learning process. The
data may already be selective and focused on a particular issue, for instance
to analyze the student interaction and questioning technique3. The purpose of
this technique is to know and analyze how far the technique giving reward
and punishment can influence students’ reading skill.
4. Test
The test is given to the students in order to know how well the
students’ reading score after giving technique of giving rewards and
punishment.
3
Michael J. Wallace, Action Research for Language Teachers, (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 59
19
order to know how well the technique giving reward and punishment in the
classroom.
It is the formula;4
x
X=
N
X : mean
x : individual score
N : number of students
Then, the writer tries to get the class percentages which pass the KKM
(65) of English lesson at SMP Dua Mei Ciputat. It is the formula:5
F
P= X 100%
N
Then, the writer analyzes the students’ reading score from pre-test up to post-
test and she uses the formula:
y1 - y
P = X 100%
Y
4
Sudjana, Metoda Statistika, (Bandung: PT. Tarsito, 2002), p. 67.
5
Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008),
p. 43.
20
y1 : post-test 1
6
John W Santrock, Educatiobal Psychology, (New York: Mc Graw, 2004), second Edition, p.
23
7
Chamot Uhl, et al, Conducting Action Research in the Foreign Language Classroom, 1998,
Retrieved on 5 November 2010 from http://
www.nclrc.org/about_teaching/report_pub/conducting_action_reaseacrh.pdf
8
Wijaya Kusuma, Mengenal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, (Jakarta: PT MALTA PRINTINDO,
2009), hal. 19-20
9
Ernest T. Stringer and Lois McFadyen Christensen, Integreting Teaching, Learning and
Action Research, (London: SAGE Publications, 2009), pp. 1-2
21
Figure 3. 1
Planning
Observing
Planning
Observing
The Result
Figure 3.2
CYCLE 1
Planning Acting
The teacher makes the lesson plan Conducts the lesson plan
dThe teacher choices the appropriate Teaches the descriptive text and
material and topic related with syllabus applies the technique with a praise
The teacher prepares the form when the students read correctly and
observation for observer carefully
The teacher prepares form evaluation Gives the vocabularies if needed
and post-test I
Reflecting Observing
The teacher and the observer discuss Observes the class situation
collaboratively students’ achievement and Identifies the students’ achievement
also the technique in learning reading
Revises the lesson plan and the The observer observes the students’
implementation if needed behavior when they are given the
Modifies the lesson plan for the next cycle technique
and prepares for post-test II in order to Does the post-test I after the
know the improvement of students’ score implementation in cycle I
Asks the students’ responses after
applying the technique.
CYCLE 2
Planning Acting
Revises the lesson plan and modifies
Teaches the material according to
the technique
lesson plan
Reselects the topic and the meterial Gives other reward and punishment in
and also the task order to make the student more
enthusiasm
Prepares the form observation Orders the students make time table
and give the note to their paper
Reflecting Observing
Discusses with the observer about the The observes identifies the teacher’s
students’ achievement in classroom activity in classroom
Discusses about students’ behavior The observer observes the students’
when the teacher gives the technique behavior when they are given the
Discusses with the observer the technique.
improvement of students’ score and The observer observes the students’
also analyzes the result from post-test I responses
to post-test II Does the post-test II in ending of
. cycle II
Acting
After the teacher makes lesson plan that has described above then the
teacher arranges the scenario of teaching learning activities related reading
material. The teacher uses the determined strategy as she is teaching while the
observer observes the class during the teacher teach the class. The teacher gives
reading material depend on the syllabus or annual program designed by the
teacher. The teacher gives the descriptive text then gives the dialog about
introducing. So, the teacher instructs the students to read carefully the dialog in a
pair then she gives the questions to students, when the student answers it well
then the teacher gives the good reward like consumables item and praise such as
24
“good” if the student answers it right but incomplete and “excellent” if the student
answers it right and complete. Here, if the student cannot answer the question, the
teacher has to take punishment like order them to memorize the dialog or to read
aloud the dialog or the teacher gives time out to students.
Observing
The writer’s partner as observer observes the students’ response,
participation, achievement and everything which is found during the teaching and
learning process and she also observes the teacher’s activity. Sometimes, the
observer also asks some students’ opinion about the process of teaching and
learning using technique giving rewards and punishment. In order to make this
phase real and concrete, the observer also takes note in order to know how far the
technique influence students’ reading skill in classroom. Here, the role of
observer is important. She has to take note real situation that appeared in the
classroom activities by giving rewards and punishment.
Reflecting
In this reflection has evaluation aspect that teacher and observer
evaluate and realize the process of teaching and learning students’ reading skill
through giving rewards and educative punishment.
In this phase, the teacher has to understand the issue of teaching
learning process and the situation the class that to be taught. After the data has
been collecting by observer and teacher, the teacher and observer will discuss and
analyze the data of teaching-learning process and also identify less of teaching
reading material by giving rewards and punishment to students and how to
improve it at classroom. The teacher will reflect herself by seeing and analyzing
the result of the observation whether the teaching learning reading material by
giving technique rewards and educative punishment influence is good to imply in
teaching learning process at VII grade students of SMP Dua Mei East Ciputat or
25
not. If the first cycle is unsuccessful that proven by students’ achievement such as
test, observation and field notes. Then, the writer should make the next plan to
solve the students’ problem in reading’s skill.
Cycle II
Planning
In cycle one, the teacher identifies and analyzes the issue then she or
he finds the problems based on issue that appeared in the classroom. So, in this
phase, the teacher will revise and modify lesson plan and reselect reading material
that will be taught selectively then she uses again kinds of rewards like give the
note and high score on students’ task after they do the task related with reading
material. The aim of this reward is to increase students’ behavior to read
selectively reading material such as descriptive text and the teacher also gives
technique educative punishment in order to decrease students’ behavior when
they read descriptive text well without mistake and wrong.
Acting
In this phase, the teacher gives the hand out to students and orders
them to read carefully the dialog about personal identity in a pair then she would
instruct them to practice it with pair. After the students read it well then teacher
gives many questions orally to students. Then, if the questions are answered well
then the teacher again gives the exercise, she orders them to fill the table based on
the dialog. In this cycle, teacher takes indifferent reward and punishment. After
the students fill the table the teacher gives rewards and punishment based on the
students’ score. If they do it well, teacher would give the high score and note on
their table and if they do it incorrect, the teacher gives the minimum score then
orders them to do it once more until it is done well.
26
Observing
The observer as teacher’s partner observes the situation and the
students’ responses, teacher’s activities and students’ achievement and the
situation is found during the teaching and learning process. The observer also
asks some students’ opinion about the process of teaching and learning using
technique giving rewards and punishment. In order to make this phase real and
concrete, the observer also takes note and juts down field note to know how far
the technique of rewards and punishment such as gives the students’ task a note,
high score or orders the students rewrite and memorize the material and gives a
present can influence students’ reading skill in classroom.
Reflecting
This phase is aimed to reflect the completely done the action research.
In this phase, the teacher and observer evaluate and discuss about teaching and
learning process. They have to discuss further some problem appeared in the
class. Thus, the reflection is able to be determined after implementing the action
and the observation outcomes. Therefore, the unfinished problems yet could be
solved.
26
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
Before the implementation of the action, the writer has divided
three parts of data description in order to know the obstacles of teaching
learning in reading activities selectively, those are data of observation, data of
interview and post-test.
1. Data of Observation
Based on the observation was conducted by the writer on 15th and
17th March 2010, Monday and Wednesday. It is to observe the process of
teaching learning in students and teachers’ reading activities before
implementation the action. It was held at VII Grade of SMP Dua Mei. There
were 35 students in the class and was started at 07.15 A.M up to 09.00 A.M.
The teacher actually dominated the classroom activity then it made the
students passive in the class and less motivation to learn reading material and
she also gave the lecture to students. Generally, the teacher read the text then
the students had to follow what the teacher said, when the teacher read one
sentence then she ordered them to follow her and directly with the students to
translate it into Bahasa Indonesia using dictionary if they did not understand
the meaning. This activity, of course made the students bored because the
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2. Data of Interview
This interview was conducted as unstructured interview, it was
held on Wednesday, March 22nd 2010, and started 10.00 A.M up to 11.00
A.M. In this interview, the writer asked some questions related English
teaching learning activity, emphasized on reading material. The writer asked
the teacher about the general teaching in reading performance and also the
achievement, the problems faced the students in reading material, and also the
kinds of strategies that conducted by the teacher before previously
implementation of Classroom Action Research (CAR).
This interview began with questions related teaching learning in
reading activities and also the problems were faced by the teacher. The teacher
said most of the students did not like English lesson because they had limited
vocabularies to understand the discourse then they could not distinguish
between explicit and implicit meaning. However, most students of VII Grade
not all learning about English before. Of course, they faced many obstacles
with reading material. When the writer asked with specific question about
reading such as some obstacles faced reading material, the teacher said much
of them could not comprehend the content of discourse, for instance when the
teacher gave the text that explained about describing someone or people, the
teacher ordered them read it and explained into Bahasa Indonesia, they could
not explain it well. They also taught English as a complicated subject and the
difficult one to understand then the result of whole complexity in reading
activity is most of students VII Grade felt boring with the situation when
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reading material had been given. This is situation also made restlessness of the
teacher because the teacher stated with KKM (Criteria of Minimum
Completeness) that concerning with school program. In order side, the teacher
gained the most students’ reading score was low and poor. Although the
teacher also gave games when taught them but it was not enough to encourage
their motivation to learn English well.
The next interview discussed the problems faced the student when
the teacher taught the material. Most of students felt boring when the teacher
conveyed the material.
3. Pre-Test
In completing the data, the writer did the pre-test before the teacher
conducted Classroom Action Research, it was held on Monday, 2nd August
2010, and it began from 07.15 A.M up to 08.00 A.M. There were 31 students
of VII grade followed the test. The test was 20 questions in multiple choice
and the students did it during 30 minutes. From this pre-test, it is known the
mean score of pre-test that was done by students was 62. 58.
The data above showed nine students who obtained the score above
the KKM (Criterion of Minimum Completeness), while KKM of SMP Dua
Mei was 62. So, twenty-two students were below the standard of KKM. From
the data, there were two students gained the higher score and one student
gained the lowest score which the higher score was 75 and lowest score was
40.
From the data above that showed almost of students’ achievement
in reading was poor and low.
B. Data Interpretation
Based on the data had been collected before such as interview,
observation and pre-test, most of students were not interested in learning
reading and felt boring with the teacher’s technique in teaching learning
activities and it was showed from the reading students’ score. In fact, this
29
situation was not good if the teacher conveyed the monotonous learning, the
students needed new technique to make them enthusiasm to read material and
do the task well.
After knowing the students’ ability was low, which can be seen
from the result of pre-test, the writer conducted two cycles which each cycle
consists of four steps, there were planning, acting, observing and reflecting.
After each cycle was done, the writer gave the students post-test to know the
students’ achievement in reading.
This Classroom Action Research was held from 16th August 2010
up to 28th August 2010 at VII Grade of SMP Dua Mei Ciputat, there were 31
students followed this implementation. The writer conducted this research two
cycles which each cycles was conducted two meetings.
1. Cycle I
1.1 Planning
In this phase, the writer as the teacher made the lesson plan and
selected the appropriate material that based upon the students’ problem in
reading. In this phase also the writer made the exercises related material. The
writer took the descriptive text as the material because the descriptive text
needed clearly information to be explained. In this lesson plan, there were
some descriptive texts to be explained, here the writer only explained the
structure of descriptive text that consists of identification and description
because the descriptive text needed the comprehend more. Here the writer also
prepared the unstructured form observation and field note to observe the
teacher’ activity and the students’ behavior, the students’ achievement, also
their activity in classroom during the class began until ended. To know the
students’ improvement of reading skill, here also the teacher prepared post-test
I after she conducted the cycle I.
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1.2 Acting
Topic : Please Call me Susan!!!
Day/Date : Wednesday, April 18th, 2010
Then, in this step, the writer as English teacher taught the students
of VII grade SMP Dua Mei, she implemented the teaching learning activity
based on the lesson plan that had been made before. When the teacher started
the class, she gave the stimulus to students in order to make them enthusiasm
to learn reading. The teacher gave a game finger, she gave every finger with
words that correlated with the topic and every finger had a word that consists:
“Agnes Monica is famous Artist”. When the student answered with right
finger, the teacher said “good” or “excellent” in order she or he was interested
with the topic then when the student answered with wrong finger, the teacher
gave punishment such as ordered him or her to come forward and practiced
the teacher’s act. Next, the teacher asked to students some question related
with the topic while the students answered it with the correct answer, the
teacher directly said “excellent” or good job” to the students. After that, she
explained about the descriptive text briefly then she gave the students hand out
then ordered them to read silently if they did not understand the text, the
teacher instructed them to look at the dictionary that they had been brought
before. So, the teacher gave some questions related the topic with jumbled
sentences then ordered them to arrange the sentence correctly. If the students
arranged the sentence correctly, the teacher said “good job” but if the student
arranged with incorrect sentence, the teacher said “not bad”. After the students
had already done the task, then the instructed them to do task, they had to
complete and arrange the sentence in column A to column B for 10 minutes,
when the teacher said “time is over” the teacher directly instructed them to
collect the answer and the first student who answered it correctly and well to
give reward.
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1.3 Observing
Here, observer as a partner of the teacher observed the classroom
activity while the teacher conducted the implementation of CAR. The observer
carried out the observation. She observed the teaching learning process of the
cycle I happened. The observer said, in fact the technique was done effective
in the class, but the teacher explained the topic too fast then there were five
students did not pay attention to the teacher. The students still difficult to
comprehend the text it could be seen from ordered the student to arrange the
word. When the teacher gave rewards, most of students felt enthusiasm to
answer the question but also there were many students not enthusiasm because
the teacher could not monitor the class all the time. Here, the observer also
monitored the student’ behavior while the students were given the praise, they
felt interested with the rewards and happy to follow the topic. It could be seen
from their motivation to learn reading was increasing. So in this step, also the
writer gave the post-test I to make sure and concrete whether the improvement
of students’ reading skill is influence or not.
1.4 Reflecting
After the teacher and the observer collected the result of
observation, then they had to reflect and discussed the cycle one selectively.
Here, they tried to modified the technique and managed the classroom well.
Then teacher also evaluated the students’ reading skill. The result implied that
they got a significant improvement in their reading skill but the teacher and
the observer also had to think how the technique more effective in classroom
in order 38% or twelve students could pass the KMM, because from the result
of pre-test than showed nineteen students passed the KKM. Furthermore, the
writer and observer also concluded the technique could be done effectively in
classroom. In order side, the students felt interested with material that had
been conveyed with the teacher, most of them said the students felt more
active and enthusiasm when the teacher taught with giving praise and stimulus
psychical punishment. Although there were some students not responded yet
32
about the material because the large class problem. However, the writer had
reached the goal of the applying technique and the lesson plan had been made
with the teacher was achieved good enough in this cycle but the teacher and
the observer needed more improvement about the material and modified the
lesson plan.
2. Cycle II
2.1 Planning
The teacher was modified the previous lesson plan. In cycle I, the
teacher found obstacles with the students’ behavior, there were some students
not enthusiasm with the teaching learning process. The teacher selected the
topic, here the teacher explained about Time Table or Schedule. The aim of
this topic was the students were able to find out the detail information, they
had to understand how to identify the time and they had to find out the
meaning of the text. The teacher also prepared the task, here the teacher used
the rewards and punishment after the students did the task. The teacher gave
the note and high score on their task paper. Then to make sure the result of this
cycle II the teacher prepared again unstructured form observation and field
note to know whether the technique could improve students’ reading skill
significantly or not. It showed from the teaching learning process, teacher’
activity and students’ activity and the indicators of lesson plan.
2.2 Acting
Topic :Clean the Black Board , please!!!
Day/Date : Monday, August 23th, 2010
Fisrt sign, the teacher asked the students’ condition and reviewed
the topic had been taught before. Then she continued about introduction the
topic, asked to students about their time table or schedule every day that they
had. The teacher gave game related to the topic; she gave the color paper such
as blue, green and yellow. The paper was written a half past nine: 9.30 for
blue paper, a quarter past nine: 9.15 for green paper and nine thirty: 9.00
33
o’clock for yellow paper. She gave to each student one by one. Then she
instructed them to change the hour. If the student got the right hour the teacher
gave 10 point then if the student got the wrong hour the teacher gave
“zoonkkkk” to her or him such as rubbish or trace of pencil or paper. The
students felt satisfied with the games. After did the game, the teacher
explained briefly about Schedule then she gave to students hand out “Kevin’s
Activity” the hand out could be seen below:
Let me tell you about Kevin’s school activities on Monday. First,
at 7.00 until 7.45 he studies Religion with Mr. M. Saleh. Then at 7.45 – 8.30,
Mr. Simanjuntak will teach him Geography. After that Miss Susanti will teach
him History. After break for 30 minutes, he will studies English with Mr.
Arifin at 9.30 – 10.15. Mr. Suharto will teach Mathematics after that untill
11.00. The second break will last for 15 minutes. Kevin will start to study
Biology with Mrs. Tini at 11.15 . Finally, at 12 o’clock Mr. Abdurahman will
come to his class to teach Economics untill 12.15.
To sum up, Kevinn has seven subjects to study on Monday.
After the students and the teacher identified the hand out, then the
teacher asked some question related to topic using cartoon, the teacher only
opened the carton with 10 second for every question and the students had to
find out the answer as soon as possible. When the teacher said “time is over”
the students had to stop to look for the answer. The teacher gave 20 point for
every student could answer correctly but for the students could not answer
correctly, the teacher gave “zoonnkk”. Next, based on the text that given by
teacher, the students were instructed by the teacher to complete the table to
summarize how many subject Kevin will study on Monday. The teacher gave
15 minutes for filling the table and the first student could do the task correctly
the teacher gave pencil for reward.
2.3 Observing
In this phase, after the teacher did the action and implementation of
the technique. The observer observed the situation of classroom activity
included the teacher’s activity, students’ activity and teaching learning
process. The observation was done to obtain the data from the students’
34
achievement and the teacher and it was expected the result in cycle II would
be better than what had been achieved in cycle I. The observer concluded that
the teaching learning was done effective and the students’ more active. The
observer said that the teacher applied the technique successfully and her
monitoring in the class was good enough, the teacher walked around when she
explained the topic then checked the students who did not pay attention to her.
The teacher’s explanation was not too fast in this cycle and students looked
more active when the teacher asked some question to them. So, after the
observer analyzed whole of the activities, the teacher was held the post-test II
to know whether the students’ achievement in cycle II was improved or not.
Based on the result of post-test II, it showed the students who passed the
KKM in cycle II were 26 students or 83. 87%. It concluded there were
improvements in their reading skill when the technique was conducted by the
teacher.
The students also felt enthusiasm when the teacher asked some
question then the teacher gave point and “zoonnkk” to students who did the
task well and they did not well the exercises.
2.4 Reflecting
This reflection evaluated about the teacher’s technique, the
students’ achievement during reading activity and also about the improvement
the student’s score.
First, the teacher and the observer discussed about the teacher’s
technique, they felt satisfied with the technique. It could be seen from the
result of the observation and field note after the implementation. The goal of
lesson plan also had been achieved when the teacher applied it in the
classroom. Second, the students were more active when the teacher gave
praise and punishment; they had encouragement to do the exercise and the
task correctly and carefully. It could be seen from the field note and students’
score.
35
Table 4.1
The Students’ Reading Score of Pre-Test, Post-Test I, Post-Test II
The Result of Reading's Score
Post-Test I Post-Test II
Students' Name Pre-Test
(Cycle I) (Cycle II)
X1 60 75 90
X2 70 65 75
X3 70 75 85
X4 65 70 75
X5 55 60 65
X6 60 60 65
X7 70 70 90
X8 60 75 80
X9 60 70 85
X10 65 70 75
X11 65 75 85
X12 75 80 85
X13 65 70 75
X14 70 75 80
X15 65 75 75
X16 60 70 85
X17 55 70 80
X18 60 60 80
X19 65 70 85
X20 50 55 80
X21 60 65 80
X22 60 60 90
X23 70 80 90
X24 55 60 65
X25 60 60 85
X26 55 60 65
X27 70 65 90
X28 75 75 85
X29 40 55 55
X30 70 75 85
X31 60 70 85
Mean:
x 62.58 68.23 79.68
X =
n
37
Based on the data above, the writer gave bold and italic numerical
score to students who passed KKM (65), it is showed there were nine students
who passed KKM in Pre-Test, nineteen students in post-test I and twenty six
students in Post-Test II. The writer also concluded the lowest score in pre-test
was 40, in post-test I was 55 and post-test II was 55.
To know the result among pre-test, post-test I and post test II, the
writer calculates the student mean of the score, calculates the class percentage
and also calculates the percentage of the achievement score from pre-test,
post-test I and post-test II.
The Average of students’ reading score:
Pre-test (X) = 1940
_
Mean X = X
N
X = 1940
31
X = 62. 58
9
P = X 100%
31
P = 29. 03%
English Lesson and students who got score below the target of KKM are
twenty two students. So, from the percentage above, it is shown the
achievement students’ reading at VII grade SMP Dua Mei Cipuatat is poor. It
could be seen from the figure below.
Figure. 4.1
40
35
30
25
20 The Result of
15 Students' Reading
10 Score before
5 Implementation
0
Score Score Score
< 65 65 >65
(KKM)
X = 2115
31
X = 68. 23
5. 65
P = X 100%
62. 58
P = 9. 02%
F
P = X 100%
N
19
P = X 100%
31
P = 61. 29%
40
35
30
25
20
The Result of
15
Students' Reading
10
Score in Post-Test I
5
0
Score < Score Score
65 65 >65
(KKM)
41
X = 2470
31
X = 79. 68
y1 - y
P = X 100%
y
79. 68 – 62. 58
P = X 100%
62. 58
17. 1
P = X 100%
62. 58
P = 27. 32%
26
P = X 100%
31
P = 83. 87%
40
35
30
25
20 The Result of
15
10
Students'
5 Reading Score
0 in Post-Test II
Score < Score score
65 65 >65
(KKM)
From all the calculation above, the writer can interpret the result
after the implementation of Classroom Action Research from cycle I up to
cycle II. It can be seen from the result of pre-test, post-test I and post-test II.
Here the writer described the result from pre-test, post-test I and post-test II
through diagram below:
Figure. 4.4
40
35
30
25
20 Pre Test
15 Post Test I
10 Post Test II
5
0
Score Score 65 Score
<65 (KKM) >65
44
The students are more active to answer the questions when the teacher gave
material self identity and time table. From the result of interview above it is
proven that the technique of giving rewards and punishment can improve
students’ reading skill at VII grade SMP Dua Mei Ciputat. The improvement
of students’ reading ability can be proven from by the improvement of
students’ score. The result of pre-test, post-test I and post-test II showed a
significant improvement. The students also can have a positive response to the
implementation of giving rewards and punishment in order to improve their
reading skill. Considering from the explanation above, the writes concluded
that the Classroom Action Research was done successfully.
A. Conclusion
The result of Classroom Action Research shows the technique of giving
rewards and punishment can improve students’ reading skill effectively. Based on
the research, the writer concludes that:
1. From the result of the analysis of the research, it is proven that the students’
score of reading by using technique of giving rewards and punishment is
better. This result has answered the research question that the implementation
of giving reward and punishment in teaching reading is quite effective.
2. The improvement of students’ reading skill can be seen in the improvement of
their achievements in pre-test, post-test I and post-test II. The result of mean
score of the class in pre-test who passes the KKM(65) is 9 students or 29.
03%. Then, in the cycle I, the result is 19 students or 61. 29%, next in the
cycle II, the students who pass the KKM is 26 students or 83. 87%, It showed
that learning reading through giving technique rewards and punishment is
effective. Thus, it can be said that the technique of giving rewards and
punishment in improving students’ reading skill is influence and successful.
47
B. Suggestion
The writer would like to give some suggestions that might be useful in
applying technique of giving rewards and punishment. The suggestions are as
follow:
1. For the students
It is should be applied intensively because it is good for developing students’
reading skill which are the students learn how to be responsible.
2. For the teachers
The teacher should be active to monitor the students in the group for helping
some difficulties faced the students, for instance encourage the student about the
way of discussion and give the list question guidance for the student to tell about
the text.
3. For other researcher
The result of the study can be used as an additional reference or further
research with different discussion.
48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Flora, Stephen Ray, The Power of Reinforcement, New York: State of University
New York Press, 2004.
Harmer, Jeremy, How to Teach English, Pearson: Longman, new edition, 2007.
Mills, Geoffrey E., Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Research,
Columbus, OH: Prentice Hall, 2000.
49
50
Purwanto, Ngalim, Ilmu Pendidikan Teoritis dan Praktis, Bandung: Rosda Karya,
1994.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment
http://file.upi.edu/direktorfpbs/jurpendidikanbahasaarab/195105081980031suher
man/makalah/hukuman dan ganjaran.pdf.
Chamot Uhl, et. al., Conducting Action Research in the Foreign Language
Classroom, Retrieved on 5 November 2010 from http://
www.nclrc.org/about_teaching/report_pub/conducting_action_reaseacrh.pdf
51