CN 2101: Material and Energy

Balances

Lecture 5: Steady State Energy Balances

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

National University of Singapore

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OVERVIEW FOR THIS SESSION

2.1 Basic principles of energy balances

2.1.1 Basic Forms of Energy (Review on Thermodynamics)
2.1.2 Energy Balance Equation
2.1.3 Energy Balance on Closed Systems
2.1.4 Energy Balance on Open Systems (Steady State)

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2.1.1 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY

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2.1.1 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY

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ENERGY TRANSFER

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SPECIFIC INTERNAL ENERGY
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

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SYSTEM (PROCESS UNIT)

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CLOSED SYSTEM ‐ EXAMPLE

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OPEN SYSTEM – EXAMPLE

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2.1.2 GENERAL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION

The law of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be

created nor destroyed

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2.1.2 GENERAL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION

The law of thermodynamics state that energy

cannot be created nor destroyed!!

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance equation for closed systems
(steady or unsteady-state)

• The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely

on the chemical composition, state of constituents (gas,
liquid or solid) and temperature of the system. It is
independent of pressure for ideal gases and nearly
independent of pressure for liquids and solids. If no
temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical
reactions occur in a closed system and if pressure
changes are less than a few atmospheres (atm), then
U 0.

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance equation for closed systems
(steady or unsteady-state)

• If the system is not accelerating, then ∆𝐸 0

• If the system is not rising or falling then ∆𝐸 0

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance equation for closed systems
(steady or unsteady-state)

• The system is termed adiabatic if Q = 0. This can

happen when
(i) system is thermally insulated;
(ii) system and its surroundings are at the same temperature; and
(iii) process is very fast

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2.1.3 ENERGY BALANCES ON CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance equation for closed systems
(steady or unsteady-state)

• Work done on a closed system is accomplished by

movement of the system boundary, or
electrical/mechanical energy across the system
boundary.
• If there are no moving parts or generation of
electrical/mechanical energy in a closed system, W = 0.

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EXAMPLE 2.1.3
clamp

A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The initial gas
temperature is 25 ℃.
The cylinder is placed in boiling water with the piston held in a fixed position. Heat in
the amount of 2.00kcal is transferred to the gas, which then equilibrates at 100 ℃
(and at a higher pressure). The piston is then released, and the gas does 100J of work
in moving the piston to its new position. The final gas temperature is 100 ℃.
Write the energy balance equation for each of the 2 stages described in the process
above. Solve the unknown energy term in the equation.
Consider the gas in the cylinder to be the system, neglect any change in potential
energy as the piston moves vertically, assume the gas behaves ideally. Express all
energies in joules (J).

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EXAMPLE 2.1.3
STAGE 1

Initial, 25℃ Final, 100℃

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EXAMPLE 2.1.3
STAGE 2

Initial, 100℃ Final, 100℃

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

For continuous systems:

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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2.1.4 ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN SYSTEMS

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EXAMPLE 2.1.4

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EXAMPLE 2.1.4

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 End of Lecture 5
Steady‐state ENERGY Balances
Dr Cindy Lee

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

National University of Singapore
NUS Faculty of Engineering, Block E4, Unit #05-12
+65 6601 3877 (Tel) chellyc@nus.edu.sg
https://blog.nus.edu.sg/chellyc

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: CN2101 AY2019/2020 Lecture notes (Prof. Lanry Yung)

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UNITS OF ENERGY AND POWER

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