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Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013, Article ID 372726, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/372726

Research Article
Hyperbolic Relaxation of a Fourth Order Evolution Equation

Renato Colucci and Gerardo R. Chacón

Departamento de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá, Colombia

Correspondence should be addressed to Renato Colucci; renatocolucci@hotmail.com

Received 26 November 2012; Revised 30 January 2013; Accepted 3 February 2013

Academic Editor: Juan J. Nieto

Copyright © 2013 R. Colucci and G. R. Chacón. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

We propose a hyperbolic relaxation of a fourth order evolution equation, with an inertial term 𝜂𝑢𝑡𝑡 , where 𝜂 ∈ (0, 1]. We prove the
existence of several absorbing sets having different regularities and the existence of a global attractor that is bounded in 𝐻4 (𝐼) ×
{𝐻2 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 (𝐼)}.

1. Introduction
Leting 𝐼 ⊂ R be an open interval, with |𝐼| ≤ 1, we consider the
following initial-boundary value problem for 𝑢 : 𝐼 × R+ →
R:
𝜂𝑢𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑡 = − 𝜀2 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1 enter the absorbing set B𝜀 is of order 𝑂(𝜀−2 ) and it is
+ 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ 𝐼 × R+ ,
2 consistent with the estimates found in [1]. Moreover the
(1)
𝑢 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑢0 (𝑥) , in 𝐼,
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑢1 (𝑥) , in 𝐼,
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0, in 𝜕𝐼, 𝑡 ≥ 0,
where the function 𝑊(𝑝) = (𝑝2 − 1)2 is the so-called double-
well potential, 0 < 𝜀 ≪ 1 and 𝜂 ∈ (0, 1] are positive
parameters.
Problem (1), with 𝜂 = 0, was proposed in [1] where the
global dynamics was studied. In particular, the dynamical
behavior of the solutions for small values of the parameter
𝜀 was studied by means of numerical experiments. The
existence of three well-differentiated time scales with peculiar
dynamical behavior was showen. In the first time scale of
order 𝑂(𝜀2 ) there is the formation of microstructure (see [2])
in the region where the gradient of the initial datum falls
in the nonconvex region of 𝑊; this phenomenon produces
a drastic reduction of the energy of the initial datum. In
the second time scale of order 𝑂(1) the equation exhibits a
heat equation-like behavior in the convex regions while slow
motion in the nonconvex ones. In the last time scale of order
𝑂(𝜀−2 ) the equation shows a finite-dimensional behavior: the
solution is approximately the union of consecutive segments
and the dynamic is slow.
In [3], the third time scale was studied; the authors proved
the existence of a global attractor A𝜀 ⊂ 𝐿2 (𝐼) (see [4])
that is bounded in 𝐻2 (𝐼). The time for which the solutions
authors proved the existence of an exponential attractor I𝜀
with finite fractal dimension of order 𝑂(𝜀−10 ). In [5] the
authors proved the existence of an inertial manifold M𝜀 (see
[6]) whose dimension is of order 𝑂(𝜀−19 ), and by the 𝑛-
dimensional volume elements methods (see [7]) an estimate
of the dimension of the global attractor of order 𝑂(𝜀−1 ) was
found. This estimate is also consistent with the numerical
experiments developed in [1]; in fact it was found that the
wave length of the microstructure is of order 𝑂(𝜀−1 ).
In the last years the viscous and no viscous hyperbolic
relaxation of the Cahn-Hilliard equation has been extensively
investigated. The model was proposed in [8] while in [9] the
existence of a family of exponential attractors was proved.
The viscous and nonviscous perturbation has been studied in
[10] where the existence of a family of global attractors that
are upper semicontinuous with respect to the vanishing of
perturbations parameters was proved. These results have been
extended in 2 and 3 dimensions; see for example [11, 12] and
the references therein.
Due to the similarity of problem (1) to the Cahn-Hilliard
equation we consider it interesting to study the hyperbolic
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

relaxation of the fourth order evolution equation proposed Given functions 𝑢 ∈ 𝐻2 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 (𝐼) and V ∈ 𝐿2 (𝐼) we define
in [1]. In particular if V is the solution of the Cahn-Hilliard ̃ on H𝜂,𝜀 by
the function 𝐸
equation
̃ (𝑢, V) = 𝜂‖V‖2 + 1 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩2 + 𝛽𝜂⟨V, 𝑢⟩,
𝐸 (12)
V𝑡 + Δ [𝜀2 ΔV − 𝑊󸀠 (V)] = 0, (2) 2 󵄩 󵄩
with Neumann boundary conditions: where 𝛽 ∈ [0, 𝜀2 ].
𝜕 𝜕 ̃ ⋅) induces a
Proposition 1. For all 𝛽 ∈ [0, 𝜀2 ] the function 𝐸(⋅,
V= ΔV = 0, 𝑥 ∈ {0, 1} , (3)
𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛 norm equivalent to the norm on H𝜂,𝜀 .
then Proof. By Schwartz inequality (11) and using the fact that 𝛽 ≤
𝑥 𝜀2 < 1, 𝜂 ∈ (0, 1], we get
𝑢 (𝑥) = ∫ V (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠, (4)
0
1 1 󵄩 󵄩2
𝛽𝜂 ⟨V, 𝑢⟩ ≤ 𝛽𝜂 ‖V‖‖𝑢‖ ≤ 𝜂2 ‖V‖2 + 𝜀4 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
is the solution of (1), with 𝜂 = 0, with the corresponding 2 2
boundary conditions: (13)
𝜂 𝜀 2 󵄩 󵄩2
≤ ‖V‖2 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 = ‖(𝑢, V)‖2H𝜀,𝜂 .
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ {0, 1} . (5) 2 2

In the present work we put the problem in the correct ̃ V) we

From the previous inequality and by definition of 𝐸(𝑢,
mathematical framework and prove the existence of a global get
attractor A𝜂,𝜀 while we have left the proof of the existence of
exponential attractors for a forthcoming paper. In Sections ̃ (𝑢, V) ≤ 3‖(𝑢, V)‖2 .
𝐸 (14)
H𝜀,𝜂
2 and 3 we define the solution semigroup in the appropriate
spaces and present some important energy estimates. In By a different application of Schwartz inequality and from (11)
Section 4 we prove the existence of several absorbing sets with we get
different regularities while in the last section we prove the
existence of the global attractor. 𝛽2
𝛽𝜂 ⟨V, 𝑢⟩ ≤ 𝛽𝜂 ‖V‖ ‖𝑢‖ ≤ 𝜂2 ‖V‖2 + ‖𝑢‖2
4
(15)
2. Preliminaries 𝜀4 𝜀 2 󵄩 󵄩2
≤ 𝜂‖V‖ + ‖𝑢‖2 ≤ 𝜂‖V‖2 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 .
2

We begin this section by defining the following Hilbert spaces 4 4

that will be helpful for our analysis: Combining (13) and (15) we get
2
H𝜂,𝜀 = [𝐻 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 2
(𝐼)] × 𝐿 (𝐼) , (6) ̃ (𝑢, V) ≥ max { 𝜂 ‖V‖2 , 1 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩2 } ,
𝐸 (16)
2
2 4 󵄩 󵄩
V𝜂,𝜀 = 𝐷 (𝐴) × 𝐻 (𝐼) , (7)
and as a consequence
where
̃ (𝑢, V) ≥ 1 ‖(𝑢, V)‖2 .
𝐸 (17)
𝐷 (𝐴) = {𝑢 ∈ 𝐻4 (𝐼) : 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0 in 𝜕𝐼} (8) 3 H𝜀,𝜂

is the domain of the differential operator 𝐴 = 𝜕4 /𝜕𝑥4 . The

above spaces are equipped with the norms The proof of the following theorem follows from classical
applications of the Faedo-Galerkin method. We will only
𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜂 2
‖(𝑢, V)‖2H𝜂,𝜀 = 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + ‖V‖ , (9) show a Lipschitz estimate that will be needed for further
2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 2 computations.
𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
‖(𝑢, V)‖2V𝜂,𝜀 = 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + 󵄩V 󵄩 , (10) Theorem 2. For every (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 there exists a unique
2 󵄩 x𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 solution 𝑢(𝑡) for the initial value problem (1) such that
where ‖ ⋅ ‖ represents the 𝐿2 norm. We will denote by ⟨⋅, ⋅⟩ the
𝑢 ∈ 𝐶𝑏 (R+ ; 𝐻2 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 (𝐼)) ∩ 𝐶𝑏1 (R+ ; 𝐿2 (𝐼)) . (18)
inner product in 𝐿2 (𝐼). We recall that for all 𝑢 ∈ 𝐻2 (𝐼)∩𝐻01 (𝐼)
with |𝐼| ≤ 1, we have
If, moreover, (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ V𝜀,𝜂 , then:
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
‖𝑢‖ ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 . (11)
𝑢 ∈ 𝐶𝑏 (R+ ; 𝐷 (𝐴)) ∩ 𝐶𝑏1 (R+ ; 𝐻2 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 (𝐼))
Throughout the paper we will use two norms that are equiv- (19)
alent to (9) and (10) in order to simplify the computation. ∩ 𝐶𝑏2 (R+ ; 𝐿2 (𝐼)) .
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

Proposition 3. For any constant 𝑅 ≥ 0 there exists a positive 3. A Priori Estimates

constant 𝐾 = 𝐾(𝑅) such that, for any initial data 𝑢1 (0), 𝑢2 (0)
with ‖𝑢𝑖 (0)‖𝐻𝜂,𝜀 ≤ 𝑅, 𝑖 = 1, 2 one has In this section we provide useful a priori estimates of energy
type. Equation (1) admits a Liapunov functional of the form:
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩󵄩𝑢1 (0) − 𝑢2 (0)󵄩󵄩󵄩 ,
(𝐾2 /𝜀2 )𝑡 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡)𝑢1 (0) − 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡)𝑢2 (0)󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2 1 󵄩 󵄩2 1
󵄩 󵄩𝐻𝜂,𝜀 ≤ 𝑒 󵄩 󵄩𝐻𝜂,𝜀 𝐸 (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + ∫ 𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥, (26)
(20) 2 2 𝐼
that is not increasing along the solutions; in fact if we multiply
where 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) is the solution semigroup of the problem (1). (1) by 𝑢𝑡 and integrate over 𝐼 we obtain
Proof. Let 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , two solutions of (1) with initial data 𝑢1 (0) 𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2
and 𝑢2 (0). Let, 𝑤 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 then we write 𝐸 (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) = −󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 . (27)
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑 Moreover, integrating the previous inequality on (0, 𝑡) with
𝜂𝑤𝑡𝑡 + 𝑤𝑡 + 𝜀2 𝑤𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = {𝑊󸀠 (𝑢1𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (𝑢2𝑥 )} . (21) respect to time we get
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑡
We multiply the above equation by 𝑤𝑡 in 𝐿2 (𝐼); then 󵄩 󵄩2
∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑑𝑠 + 𝐸 (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝐸 (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) . (28)
0

𝜂 𝑑 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 𝑑 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 Then for any fixed initial data (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 we have that the
󵄩𝑤 󵄩 + 󵄩𝑤 󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑤 󵄩󵄩
2 𝑑𝑡 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 2 𝑑𝑡 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 corresponding solution satisfies

= −2 ∫ 𝑤𝑥𝑥 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
𝐼 sup { 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 } = sup󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂
𝑡≥0 2 2 𝑡≥0 (29)
2
+ 6 ∫ {𝑢1𝑥 𝑤𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢2𝑥x 𝑤𝑥 [𝑢1𝑥 + 𝑢2𝑥 ]} 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝐸 (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) .
𝐼
󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 Moreover if we integrate over R+ we get the integral control
≤ 2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢1𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
∞
󵄩 󵄩
1/2 󵄩 󵄩2
+ 12 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢2𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (∫ 𝑤𝑥2 𝑤𝑡2 [𝑢1𝑥
2 2
+ 𝑢2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥) (22) ∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝐸 (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) . (30)
𝐼 0

󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩 We consider an important estimate that will be useful later.

≤ 2 {1 + 18𝐶2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢1𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 12 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢2𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 Let 𝛽 > 0 be a parameter to be determined later; if we multiply
(1) by 𝛽𝑢 we obtain
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 1/2 󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
×(󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢1𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢2𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ) } 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝛽 𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2
𝛽𝜂 ∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ‖𝑢‖2 + 𝛽𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝑅2 󵄩󵄩 𝐼 2 𝑑𝑡
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 (31)
≤ 2 {1 + (36𝐶2 + 24√2) } 󵄩𝑤 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩𝑤 󵄩󵄩
𝜀2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩4 󵄩 󵄩2
+ 2𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 = 2𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 .
󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
≤ 2𝐾 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≤ 𝐾2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑤𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 , By summing (27) and (31) we get
𝑑 𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2
where we have used the following inequality (see [13] and 𝐸 + 𝛽𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ + (1 − 𝛽𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
inequality (11)): 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 2 󵄩 󵄩2 2󵄩 󵄩2 𝛽 𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩4
󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩∞ ≤ 𝐶 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝐻1 (𝐼) ≤ 2𝐶 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 . (23) + ‖𝑢‖2 + 𝛽𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 2𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 (32)
2 𝑑𝑡
󵄩 󵄩2
The constant 𝐾 can be explicitly computed using the esti- = 2𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 .
mates of the absorbing set presented in the next section.
From the last inequality we get Using the expression of the energy we can rewrite the
previous in the following way:
𝑑 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 2𝐾2 󵄩 󵄩2
󵄩󵄩(𝑤, 𝑤𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 2 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑤, 𝑤𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 , (24) 𝑑 𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2
𝐸 + 𝛽𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ + (1 − 3𝛽𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝑑𝑡 𝜀 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
and then using Gronwall’s lemma we get 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩4 (33)
󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩 |𝐼|
+ 𝛽⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ + 2𝛽 (𝐸 + 󵄩 󵄩4 − ) = 0.
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 (𝐾2 /𝜀2 )𝑡 󵄩 2 2
󵄩󵄩(𝑤, 𝑤𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑒 󵄩󵄩(𝑤(0), 𝑤𝑡 (0))󵄩󵄩󵄩 . (25)
󵄩 󵄩H𝜀,𝜂
We will estimate some of the terms of the previous inequality
in the following lemma.
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Lemma 4. Fix 𝜂 ≤ 1 then for all 𝛽 ∈ (0, 1/3) one has 4. Absorbing Sets
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩4
2𝛽2 𝜂⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ ≤ (1 − 3𝛽𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 + 𝛽 |𝐼| + 𝛽⟨u𝑡 , 𝑢⟩. In this section we will show the existence of several absorbing
(34) sets for the solution semigroup of (1) in the space H𝜀,𝜂 . Also,
assuming further regularity of the initial data, the existence
Proof. By Holder’s inequality we get of a more regular absorbing sets is also shown.
First, notice the following estimate of the nonlinear term
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩4
2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 |𝐼|1/2 ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 + |𝐼| , (35) of the energy functional defined in (26). Using (23) we get
then we use Poincaré’s inequality and the fact that |𝐼| ≤ 1 to 1 1 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 |𝐼|
∫ 𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝐿∞ (𝐼) − 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 +
conclude that 2 𝐼 2 2
󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩4 1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 |𝐼|
󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩 |𝐼|
‖𝑢‖2 ≤ 󵄩 󵄩4 + . ≤ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + (44)
2 󵄩 𝑥 󵄩 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩
(36)
2 2 2
1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩4 |𝐼|
Therefore, for a positive constant 𝑐1 to be determined later, we ≤ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + .
have that 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 2
We will use this inequality several times in what follows.
󵄩 󵄩 𝑐 󵄩 󵄩2 1
⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ‖𝑢‖ ≤ 1 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + ‖𝑢‖2
2 2𝑐1
(37) 4.1. Absorbing Set in H𝜀,𝜂
󵄩 󵄩4
𝑐1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 1 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 |𝐼|
≤ 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩 + ( + ). Proposition 5. For all 𝑅0 > 1 the set
2 2𝑐1 2 2
𝐵Φ := {(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 : Φ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑅0 } (45)
Consequently, by choosing the parameters 𝑐1 = 1/12 and 𝛽 <
1/3 we have that is bounded, absorbing, and positively invariant for the semi-
group 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) in H𝜀,𝜂 .
(2𝛽2 𝜂 − 𝛽) ⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩
Proof. The set is positively invariant, in fact if (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂
󵄨 󵄨 𝑐 󵄩 󵄩2 with Φ(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ≤ 𝑅0 we have, from (42), that
≤ 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨2𝛽2 𝜂 − 𝛽󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 1 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2
Φ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ [𝑅0 − 1] 𝑒−2𝛽𝑡 + 1 ≤ 𝑅0 , ∀𝑡 > 0. (46)
󵄨󵄨󵄨2𝛽2 𝜂 − 𝛽󵄨󵄨󵄨 󵄨󵄨 2 󵄨󵄨 (38)
󵄨 󵄨󵄨 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩4 󵄨󵄨󵄨2𝛽 𝜂 − 𝛽󵄨󵄨󵄨
+󵄨 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩4 + |𝐼| The boundness of 𝐵Φ follows directly from (42). Now suppose
4𝑐1 4𝑐1 that (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) are such that Φ(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ≤ 𝑅, with 𝑅 > 𝑅0 then
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩4 again from (42) we get
≤ (1 − 3𝛽𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 + 𝛽 |𝐼| .
Φ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑅0 , ∀𝑡 ≥ 𝜏Φ , (47)
where
Now, using the previous lemma and (33) we conclude that 1 𝑅−1
𝜏Φ := log { }. (48)
2𝛽 𝑅0 − 1
𝑑 𝑑
𝐸 + 𝛽𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ + 2𝛽2 𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩ + 2𝛽𝐸 ≤ 2𝛽 |𝐼| . (39) Then 𝐵Φ is absorbing for the semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If we set Proposition 6. For all 𝑅1 > 1 one has that the set
Φ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) = Φ (𝑡) = 𝐸 (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) + 𝛽𝜂⟨𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢⟩, (40) ̃ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑅1 }
𝐵𝐸̃ := {(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 : 𝐸 (49)
then from (39) we get is absorbing for the semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡).

𝑑 Proof. We have from (42) and (43) that

Φ (𝑡) + 2𝛽Φ (𝑡) ≤ 2𝛽.
𝑑𝑡
Now, integrating we have that
−2𝛽𝑡
Φ (𝑡) ≤ [Φ (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) − 1] 𝑒
(41)
̃ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ [Φ (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) − 1] 𝑒−2𝛽𝑡 + 1.
𝐸 (50)
̃ 0 , 𝑢1 ) ≤ 𝑅, with 𝑅 > 𝑅1 . Then,
Now, take (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) such that 𝐸(𝑢
+ 1. (42) by (42) and (44) we get that

The previous inequality will be used in the next section to 𝐸 ̃ (𝑡) + 1 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 + |𝐼|
̃ (𝑡) ≤ Φ (𝑡) ≤ 𝐸
show the existence of absorbing sets for the problem (1). 2 󵄩 󵄩4 2

̃ (𝑡) + 1 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩4 + |𝐼|

We remark that the following inequality holds for the
̃ and Φ: ≤𝐸 (51)
functions 𝐸, 𝐸, 2󵄩 󵄩 2
̃ (𝑡) + 1 ∫ 𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ≥ 𝐸
Φ (𝑡) = 𝐸 ̃ ≥ 0. (43) ̃ (𝑡) + 4 𝐸(𝑡)
≤𝐸 ̃ 2 + |𝐼| .
2 𝐼 𝜀 2 2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

Therefore, Proposition 8. There exists 𝑅3 > 0 such that the closed ball

̃ (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) + 4 𝐸(𝑢
̃ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ {𝐸
𝐸 ̃ 0 , 𝑢1 )2 + |𝐼| − 1} 𝑒−2𝛽𝑡 + 1
𝜀2 2 󵄩 󵄩
B3 = {(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ∈ U𝜀,𝜂 : 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅3 } , (62)
4 |𝐼|
≤ {𝑅 + 2 𝑅2 + − 1} 𝑒−2𝛽𝑡 + 1.
𝜀 2
(52) is a bounded absorbing set for 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) in U𝜀,𝜂 .

Consequently, we have that Proof. If we multiply (1) by 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥 and integrate over 𝐼 we
obtain
̃ (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑅1 ,
𝐸 ∀𝑡 ≥ 𝜏𝐸̃ , (53)
where 𝑑 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
{ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + 𝜂⟨𝑢𝑡𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥 ⟩}
4 2
𝑅 + (4/𝜀 ) 𝑅 + (|𝐼| /2) − 1 𝑑𝑡 2 󵄩 𝑡𝑥 󵄩 2 2 󵄩 𝑥󵄩
1
𝜏𝐸̃ = log { }. (54)
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
2𝛽 𝑅1 − 1 + (1 − 𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
1 1
= − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩ − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩ .
Now using the equivalence of the norm on H𝜀,𝜂 and (52) 2 2
(63)
we get
󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 3 {3󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 Let us denote the differential term of the previous inequality
as
36 󵄩󵄩 󵄩4 |𝐼|
+ 󵄩(𝑢 , 𝑢 )󵄩󵄩 + − 1} 𝑒−2𝛽𝑡 + 3.
𝜀2 󵄩 0 1 󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 2 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2
(55) Ψ0 (𝑡) = 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥 ⟩
2 󵄩 𝑡𝑥 󵄩 2
(64)
Let 𝑅2 > √3. If (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 is such that 1 󵄩 󵄩2
+ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 .
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 2
󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅, (56)

then we have that We will estimate the right hand side of (63). The first term can
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 be estimated as follows:
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅2 , ∀𝑡 ≥ 𝜏𝐻, (57)
1 1󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
where − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩ ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2 2
1 3 {3𝑅2 + (36/𝜀2 ) 𝑅4 + |𝐼| /2 − 1}
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
𝜏𝐻 = log . (58) ≤ 2 (3󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ + 1) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2𝛽 𝑅22 − 3
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 (65)
Thus, we have proved the following. ≤ 2 (3󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 1) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2
Proposition 7. For all 𝑅2 > √3 one has that the ball 4 2 6𝑅2
≤ 𝑅 ( + 1) := 𝐶1 .
󵄩 󵄩 𝜀2 2 𝜀2
𝐵H𝜀,𝜂 := {(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ∈ H𝜀,𝜂 : 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅2 } (59)

is an absorbing set for the semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) in H𝜀,𝜂 . Let us define

4.2. Absorbing Set in U𝜀,𝜂 . Now suppose that the initial 1

data has some additional regularity. Then we can prove the Ψ1 = ∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥; (66)
4 𝐼
existence of more regular absorbing sets. Let us define the
following space:
then we can rewrite the the second term of r.h.s of (63)
U𝜀,𝜂 = {𝐻3 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻2 (𝐼) ∩ 𝐻01 (𝐼)} × 𝐻1 (𝐼) , (60)
1 𝑑 1
equipped with the norm − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩ = − Ψ1 + ∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
,
2 𝑑𝑡 4 𝐼
󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜀 2 󵄩 󵄩2 (67)
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 = 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 . (61)
2 2
Then we have the following. and estimate
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

1
∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2 Then from (72) we get
4 𝐼
󵄩 󵄩 𝑑 1
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ ∫ 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ̃
Ψ + Ψ ≤ 𝐶 + 𝑐2 := 𝐶, (73)
𝐼 𝑑𝑡 2
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
and by Gronwall’s lemma we obtain
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩5/2 󵄩 󵄩1/2 󵄩 󵄩 ̃ 𝑒−(1/2)𝑡 + 2𝐶,
Ψ (𝑡) ≤ (Ψ (0) − 2𝐶) ̃
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
5/2 (68) 󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 2 (󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑐2 − 2𝐶)
̃ 𝑒−(1/2)𝑡 (74)
√2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩1/2 󵄩 󵄩
≤ 6( 𝑅2 ) 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝜀 ̃ + 2𝑐1 .
+ 4𝐶
5
𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 18 √2 󵄩 󵄩
≤ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + ( 𝑅2 ) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 Then if (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ U𝜀,𝜂 such that
2 󵄩 𝑥𝑡 󵄩 𝜂 𝜀
5 2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 1 18 √2 𝜀2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅,
≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + [ ( 𝑅2 ) ] + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (75)
2 2 𝜂𝜀 𝜀 2

𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 we have that

󵄩2
:= 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝐶2 .
2 2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅3 , ∀𝑡 ≥ 𝜏𝑈, (76)
Then if 𝜂 ∈ (0, 1/2) and setting Ψ := Ψ0 + Ψ1 , 𝐶 := 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
we have
where
𝑑 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2
Ψ+ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≤ 𝐶. (69)
𝑑𝑡 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑡 󵄩 2 ̃
2𝑅2 + 2𝑐2 − 4𝐶
𝜏𝑈 := 2 log ( ), (77)
2 ̃
𝑅3 − 4𝐶 − 2𝑐1
To conclude the proof we note that

󵄩 󵄩2 1 󵄩 󵄩2
Ψ ≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 and this concludes the proof.
2
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
− 𝜂 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 4.3. Absorbing Set in V𝜀,𝜂 . We consider the space V𝜀,𝜂 as
defined in (7), equipped with the norm defined in (10). By
󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 3 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 − 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 󵄩𝑢 󵄩 considering more regular initial conditions we can prove the
4 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩 (70)
following result.
1󵄩 󵄩2 3
≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 − 2 𝑅22 Proposition 9. There exists 𝑅4 > 0 such that the closed ball
2 𝜀
1󵄩 󵄩2
:= 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 − 𝑐1 , 󵄩 󵄩
B4 = {(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ∈ V𝜀,𝜂 : 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅4 } (78)
2
and that
is a bounded absorbing set for the semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) in V𝜀,𝜂 .
󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
Ψ ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2 Proof. Multiply (1) by 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ; then we obtain
󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
+ 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩 (3󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩∞ + 1)
2
𝑑 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 𝜀 󵄩 󵄩2
󵄩 󵄩2 2 6
(71) { 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 2 𝑅22 ( 2 𝑅22 + 2) 𝑑𝑡 2 2
𝜀 𝜀
󵄩 󵄩2 1󵄩 󵄩2
:= 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑐2 . +𝜂 ⟨𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩ + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 }
2 (79)
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
From the previous inequalities we get + (1 − 𝜂) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 1
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 − 𝑐1 ≤ Ψ ≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩U𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑐2 . (72) = ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⟩ .
2 2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

We call 𝜃0 (𝑡) the differential term of the previous inequality 2 3/2 2

3/4 𝑅2 𝑅3 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
and we estimate the r.h.s.: ≤ (12 ⋅ 2 ) 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝜀7/2
1 4
⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⟩ 1 𝑅2 𝑅3/2 2 𝜀2 󵄩 󵄩2
2 ≤ 2 (12 ⋅ 23/4 2 7/23 ) + 𝑅32 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2𝜀 𝜀 𝜂 2
1
= − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⟩
2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2
:= 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝐴 2 ,
1 1 2
= − ⟨𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
, 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⟩ − ⟨[𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
⟩
2 2 1
⟨[𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩
2 2
= −12 ∫ 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (3𝑢𝑥2 − 1) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 𝐼 1
= ⟨𝑊𝑖V (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
3
+ 𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 2𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 2
≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 12󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
3
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 = 12 ∫ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑥 + 24 ∫ 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑥
≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 1) 𝐼 𝐼
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩
12 2 ≤ 12 (󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
≤ 𝜀2 𝑅32 ( 𝑅 + 1) := 𝐴 1 .
𝜀2 2 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
(80) +2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩
Let us define ≤ 12 (󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩

󵄩 󵄩3/2 󵄩 󵄩3/2 󵄩 󵄩
1 +2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝜃1 (𝑡) := ∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥; (81)
4 𝐼
𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩
≤ 󵄩𝑢 󵄩󵄩 + 72 (󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩
then
󵄩 󵄩3/2 󵄩 󵄩3/2 2
+2󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 )
1
⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩
2 2
𝜂󵄩 󵄩2 2√2𝑅22 𝑅3 2𝑅2 𝑅3 3/2
1 ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 72[ + 2( ) ]
= − ⟨[𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )]𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩ 2 𝜀3 𝜀2
2
𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2
1 := 󵄩𝑢 󵄩󵄩 + 𝐴 3 .
= − ⟨𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
, 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩ 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩
2 (83)
(82)
1
− ⟨𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩
2
𝑑 1
=− 𝜃1 + ⟨[𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
]𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ⟩ Then if we set 𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜃0 (𝑡) + 𝜃1 (𝑡) we get
𝑑𝑡 2
1
+ ∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥.
4 𝐼
𝑑 󵄩 󵄩2
𝜃 (𝑡) + 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 + 𝐴 3 := 𝐴. (84)
We estimate the last two terms of the previous equality: 𝑑𝑡

1
∫ 𝑊󸀠󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
4 𝐼 Moreover we have
2
= 6 ∫ 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂󵄩 󵄩2 1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝜃 (𝑡) ≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 − 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 󵄩𝑢 󵄩
4 2 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩
󵄩 󵄩3/2 󵄩 󵄩1/2 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
≤ 6󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 1󵄩 󵄩2 1
≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 − 𝑅22
2 2
𝑅22 𝑅33/2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩1/2 󵄩 󵄩
≤ (12 ⋅ 23/4 7/2
) 󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 1󵄩 󵄩2
:= 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 − 𝑎1 ,
𝜀 2
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩
𝜃 (𝑡) ≤ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 𝜂 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 such that
󵄩 󵄩
1 󵄩 󵄩2 1 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩3 (𝐶1) sup sup 󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩𝐿 𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡)𝑧󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩V < ∞,
+ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 )󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑡≥0 𝑧∈H 𝜀,𝜂
𝜀,𝜂 (94)
2 4
󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩
≤ 2󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (𝐶2) lim { sup 󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) 𝑧󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩H } = 0. (95)
𝑡 → ∞ 𝑧∈H 𝜀,𝜂
𝜀,𝜂
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
+ (3󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ + 1) 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
Let B ⊂ H𝜀,𝜂 be a fixed bounded set and let (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈
󵄩 󵄩2 2 6 2 B ⊂ H𝜀,𝜂 . We will define the decomposition of 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 as follows:
≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 2 𝑅22 + ( 2 𝑅22 + 1) 2 𝑅32
𝜀 𝜀 𝜀
𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) = (𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 ) ,
󵄩 󵄩2
:= 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑎2 .
𝐿 𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) = (ℎ, ℎ𝑡 ) , (96)
(85)
𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) = (V, V𝑡 ) ,
Then putting all together we get
where ℎ and V are solutions of the following problems:
1 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 − 𝑎1 ≤ 𝜃 (𝑡) ≤ 2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑎2 . (86)
2󵄩 𝜂ℎ𝑡𝑡 + ℎ𝑡 + 𝜀2 ℎ𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝛼ℎ𝑥𝑥
From the previous inequality we get 1
= 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) ℎ𝑥𝑥 − 𝛼𝑢𝑥𝑥 ,
𝑑 1 𝑎 2
̃
𝜃 (𝑡) + 𝜃 (𝑡) ≤ 𝐴 + 2 := 𝐴 (87)
𝑑𝑡 2 2 (97)
ℎ (𝑥, 0) = 0,
and by Gronwall’s lemma
ℎ𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 0,
𝜃 (𝑡) ≤ [𝜃 (0) − 2𝐴] ̃
̃ 𝑒−(1/2)𝑡 + 2𝐴. (88) ℎ = ℎ𝑥𝑥 = 0, in 𝜕𝐼,
Using again (86) we get 𝜂V𝑡𝑡 + V𝑡 + 𝜀2 V𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝛼V𝑥𝑥
󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 2 [2󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 + 𝑎2 − 2𝐴]
̃ 𝑒−(1/2)𝑡 1 1
(89) = 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) ℎ𝑥𝑥 ,
2 2
̃ + 2𝑎1 .
+ 4𝐴 (98)
V (0) = 𝑢0 ,
Then if (𝑢0 , 𝑢1 ) ∈ V𝜀,𝜂 such that
V𝑡 (0) = 𝑢1 ,
󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅, (90) V = V𝑥𝑥 = 0, in 𝜕𝐼,
then there exists 𝑅4 > 0: where
󵄩󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝜀,𝜂 ≤ 𝑅4 , ∀𝑡 ≥ 𝜏𝑉, (91) 6√2
𝛼≥ 𝑅 > 6√6. (99)
𝜀 2
where
Before showing that the semigroups 𝐿 𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) and 𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) satisfy
̃
2 (2𝑅2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝐴) the conditions (94) and (95), respectively, we consider the
𝜏𝑉 := 2 log [ ], (92) following lemma (see [9]) that will be useful for the sequel.
̃ − 2𝑎1
𝑅2 − 4𝐴 4
Lemma 10. Let 𝜓 : R+ → R be an absolutely continuous
and this concludes the proof.
function which fulfills, for some ] > 0 and almost every 𝑡 ≥ 0,
the differential inequality
5. Global Attractor
𝑑
In this section we will show the existence of a global attractor 𝜓 (𝑡) + 2]𝜓 (𝑡) ≤ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝜓 (𝑡) , (100)
𝑑𝑡
for the semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) in H𝜀,𝜂 . Since we have already
proved the existence of the absorbing set in H𝜀,𝜂 , then it is where 𝑓 is a positive function satisfying
sufficient (see, e.g., [4] or [14] for general results or [15] for 𝑡
a recent application on a weakly damped wave equation) to ∫ 𝑓 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ≤ ]𝑡 + 𝑐, ∀𝑡 ≥ 0. (101)
prove that, for any fixed bounded set B ⊂ H𝜀,𝜂 , the solution 0

semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) admits the decomposition: Then

𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) = 𝐿 𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) + 𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) , (93) 𝜓 (𝑡) ≤ 𝑐𝜓 (0) 𝑒−]𝑡 , 𝑡 ≥ 0. (102)
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9

5.1. The Semigroup 𝐿 𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡). Due to the similarity of problem where 𝑘𝑥 (𝑥) is between ℎ𝑥 (𝑥) and 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥) and satisfies ‖𝑘𝑥 ‖∞ ≤
(97) to (1), Proposition 9 still holds in this setting. We will ‖V𝑥 ‖∞ . Moreover we have
omit the proof. Consequently we get that condition (94) holds
by noting that (ℎ(0), ℎ𝑡 (0)) = (0, 0). ⟨𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊 (ℎ𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) V𝑥 , 1⟩
Moreover by (97), multiplying the equation by ℎ𝑡 and
integrating over 𝐼, we get that there exists a constant 𝑐 > 0 = ⟨𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘̃𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) , V𝑥 ⟩
such that
= ⟨𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑠𝑥 ) 𝑘̃𝑥 , V𝑥 ⟩ (108)
𝑑 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
{ 󵄩ℎ 󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩
𝑑𝑡 2 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 2 = 12 ∫ 𝑠𝑥2 𝑘̃𝑥 V𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑘𝑥 V𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 𝐼
1 𝛼 󵄩 󵄩2 (103)
+ ∫ 𝑊 (ℎ𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛼⟨𝑢𝑥𝑥 , ℎ⟩} 󵄩 󵄩2
2 𝐼 2 ≥ −4󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ,
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩 where 𝑘̃𝑥 (𝑥) is between 0 and V𝑥 (𝑥), 𝑠𝑥 (𝑥) is between 0 and
+ 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 = 𝛼⟨𝑢𝑡 , ℎ𝑥𝑥 ⟩ ≤ 𝑐 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 .
𝑘̃𝑥 (𝑥) and ‖𝑠𝑥 ‖∞ ≤ ‖𝑘̃𝑥 ‖∞ ≤ ‖V𝑥 ‖∞ . Moreover we have used
Then integrating the above equation on (0, 𝑡) and using (30)
we get that there exist constants 𝐴 > 0 and 𝐵 > 0 such that that V𝑥2 ≥ 𝑘̃𝑥 V𝑥 ≥ 0.
We denote as F the differential term of (106) and prove
𝑡 𝑡
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩 that it induces a norm that is equivalent to that of H𝜀,𝜂 . Then
∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝐴 + 𝑐 ∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑑𝑠 from (99) and (107) we have that
0 0 (104)
1/2 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 𝛽 2
≤ 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡 . F (𝑡) ≥ 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 󵄩V 󵄩 − ‖V‖
2 󵄩 𝑡󵄩 2
Consequently, for any 𝛾 > 0 there exists a constant 𝐶𝛾 ≥ 0
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 6𝛽√2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
such that + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛼󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 𝑅2 󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩 (109)
𝑡 𝜀
󵄩 󵄩2
∫ 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝛾 𝑡 + 𝐶𝛾 . (105) 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
0 ≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≥ 󵄩󵄩󵄩(V, V𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 .
2
5.2. The Semigroup 𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡). Let 𝛽 > 0 be a parameter to be Moreover we have
determined later and let us multiply, in 𝐿2 (𝐼), (98) by 2V𝑡 +𝛽V. 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 𝛽
F (𝑡) ≤ 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + ‖V‖2
Then we get 2 2
𝑑 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 𝛽
{𝜂󵄩V 󵄩 + 𝜂𝛽⟨V𝑡 , V⟩ + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + ‖V‖2
𝑑𝑡 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 2
󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󸀠󸀠 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2
+
𝛽 2 󵄩 󵄩2
‖V‖ + 𝛼󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛼󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩 + 󵄩󵄩𝑊 (𝑘𝑥 )󵄩󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2
3 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
+⟨𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊 (ℎ𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) V𝑥 , 1⟩} ≤ 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
(106) 2
󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
+ (2 − 𝜂𝛽) 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝜀2 𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛼󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 4 (3󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ + 1) 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
𝛽 3 󵄩 󵄩2 12√2𝑅2 󵄩 󵄩2
− ⟨𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) , V𝑥 ⟩ ≤ 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + (𝛽 + 𝜀2 + 𝛼 + + 4) 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
2 2 𝜀
= ⟨ℎ𝑡𝑥 , 𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) V𝑥 ⟩ .
3 󵄩 󵄩2 𝜀 2 󵄩 󵄩2
:= 𝜂󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝐴 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
We estimate the term involving 𝑊 and its derivatives: 2 2
󵄩 󵄩 2
𝛽 ≤ 𝑐󵄩󵄩󵄩(V, V𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ,
− ⟨𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) , V𝑥 ⟩
2 (110)
𝛽
= − ⟨𝑊󸀠󸀠 (𝑘𝑥 ) V𝑥 , V𝑥 ⟩ where we have used the same argument as (107) and (108) and
2 where

= 2𝛽 ∫ (1 − 3𝑘𝑥2 ) V𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (107) 2 12√2𝑅2

𝐴= (𝛽 + 𝜀2 + 𝛼 + + 4) , 𝑐 = max {3, 𝐴} .
𝐼 𝜀2 𝜀
󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩2 (111)
≥ −6𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
Then we have
6𝛽√2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
≥− 𝑅2 󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩 , 󵄩󵄩(V, V𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 ≤ F (𝑡) ≤ 𝑐󵄩󵄩󵄩(V, V𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 . (112)
𝜀
10 Abstract and Applied Analysis

We estimate the right hand side of (106): Then by Lemma 10 and from (105) we conclude that there
exists a positive constant 𝐾 such that
⟨ℎ𝑡𝑥 , 𝑊󸀠 (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) − 𝑊󸀠󸀠 (ℎ𝑥 ) V𝑥 ⟩
F (𝑡) ≤ 𝐾F (0) 𝑒−(𝛽/2𝑐)𝑡 , (117)
󸀠󸀠󸀠 󸀠󸀠 󸀠󸀠
= ⟨ℎ𝑡 , 𝑊 (ℎ𝑥 ) ℎ𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 + (𝑊 (ℎ𝑥 ) − 𝑊 (𝑢𝑥 )) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩
and consequently from (112) we conclude
12 (ℎ𝑥2 𝑢𝑥2 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩ 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2 −(𝛽/2𝑐)𝑡
= ⟨ℎ𝑡 , 24ℎ𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 + − 󵄩󵄩(𝑢, 𝑢𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜂,𝜀 ≤ 𝑐𝐾󵄩󵄩󵄩(𝑢0 , 𝑢1 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜂,𝜀 𝑒 . (118)
= ⟨ℎ𝑡 , 12ℎ𝑥 V𝑥 (2ℎ𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) − 12V𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⟩ This shows that the semigroup 𝑁𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) satisfies condition (95)
and hence we have proven the following.
= ⟨ℎ𝑡 , 12V𝑥 [ℎ𝑥 (ℎ𝑥𝑥 − V𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ]⟩
Theorem 11. The semigroup 𝑆𝜀,𝜂 (𝑡) possesses a connected
= ⟨ℎ𝑡 , 12V𝑥 [−2V𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥 − V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ]⟩ global attractor A𝜀,𝜂 ⊂ H𝜀,𝜂 that is bounded in V𝜀,𝜂 .
1/2
󵄩 󵄩
≤ 24 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (∫ V𝑥2 V𝑥𝑥
2 2
ℎ𝑥 ) Acknowledgment
𝐼
1/2 The authors would like to thank the editor and the referees for
󵄩 󵄩
+ 12 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 (∫ 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2 4
V𝑥 ) their helpful suggestions and remarks. This work was partially
𝐼
supported by projects PPTA 4476 and PPTA 5571 of Pontificia
󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
≤ 24 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá.
󵄩 󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
+ 12 󵄩󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑢𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩
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+ 𝛼𝛽󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 − 6𝛽 𝑅2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 Global Attractors, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics,
𝜀
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA, 2001.
𝜂 󵄩 󵄩2 󵄩 󵄩2
≥ 𝛽 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑡 󵄩󵄩󵄩 + 𝛽𝜀2 󵄩󵄩󵄩V𝑥𝑥 󵄩󵄩󵄩 . [8] P. Galenko, “Phase field model with relaxation of the diffusion
2 flux in non equilibrium solidification of a binary system,”
Then, using the above estimates, we can rewrite (106) in the Physiscs Letters A, vol. 287, pp. 190–197, 2001.
following way: [9] S. Gatti, M. Grasselli, A. Miranville, and V. Pata, “On the
hyperbolic relaxation of the one-dimensional Cahn-Hilliard
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F (𝑡) + F (𝑡) ≤ 󵄩ℎ 󵄩 󵄩V 󵄩
2𝛽𝜀2 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 󵄩 𝑥𝑥 󵄩
vol. 312, no. 1, pp. 230–247, 2005.
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
[10] S. Zheng and A. Milani, “Global attractors for singular pertur-
𝜎2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩2 bations of the Cahn-Hilliard equations,” Journal of Differential
≤ 4 󵄩󵄩ℎ𝑡 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩(V, V𝑡 )󵄩󵄩󵄩H𝜀,𝜂 (116) Equations, vol. 209, no. 1, pp. 101–139, 2005.
𝛽𝜀
[11] A. Segatti, “On the hyperbolic relaxation of the Cahn-Hilliard
equation in 3D: approximation and long time behaviour,”
𝜎2 󵄩󵄩 󵄩󵄩2
≤ 󵄩ℎ 󵄩 F (𝑡) . Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences, vol. 17, no.
𝛽𝜀4 󵄩 𝑡 󵄩 3, pp. 411–437, 2007.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 11

[12] M. Grasselli, G. Schimperna, A. Segatti, and S. Zelik, “On the 3D

Cahn-Hilliard equation with inertial term,” Journal of Evolution
Equations, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 371–404, 2009.
[13] H. Brezis, Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial
Differential Equations, Universitext, Springer, New York, NY,
USA, 2011.
[14] J. K. Hale, Asymptotic Behavior of Dissipative Systems, vol. 25 of
Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, American Mathemati-
cal Society, Providence, RI, USA, 1988.
[15] S. Gatti and V. Pata, “A one-dimensional wave equation with
nonlinear damping,” Glasgow Mathematical Journal, vol. 48, no.
3, pp. 419–430, 2006.
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