Applications of the Definite Integral in

Geometry, Science, and Engineering

Exercise Set 6.1

 2 2
1. A = (x2 + 1 − x) dx = (x3 /3 + x − x2 /2) = 9/2.
−1 −1

 4 4
√
2. A = ( x + x/4) dx = (2x3/2 /3 + x2 /8) = 22/3.
0 0

 2 2
3. A = (y − 1/y 2 ) dy = (y 2 /2 + 1/y) = 1.
1 1

 2 2
2 3 2
4. A = (2 − y + y) dy = (2y − y /3 + y /2) = 10/3.
0 0

 2  4
√
5. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3. (b) A = ( y − y/2) dy = 4/3.
0 0

4 (2,4)

y =2x

y =x 2

x
2

6. Eliminate x to get y 2 = 4(y + 4)/2, y 2 − 2y − 8 = 0, (y − 4)(y + 2) = 0; y = −2, 4 with corresponding values of

x = 1, 4.

 1  4  1  4
√ √ √ √ √
(a) A = [2 x − (−2 x)] dx + [2 x − (2x − 4)] dx = 4 x dx + (2 x − 2x + 4) dx = 8/3 + 19/3 = 9.
0 1 0 1

 4
(b) A = [(y/2 + 2) − y 2 /4] dy = 9.
−2

305
306 Chapter 6

y2 = 4x (4, 4)

y = 2x – 4
x

(1, –2)

 1 √
7. A = ( x − x2 ) dx = 49/192.
1/4
y

y = 3x (1, 1)

y = x2
x
1
4

 2  2
8. A = [0 − (x3 − 4x)] dx = (4x − x3 ) dx = 4.
0 0
y

x
2

y = x3 4x

 π/2  π/2
9. A = (0 − cos 2x) dx = − cos 2x dx = 1/2.
π/4 π/4
y
1 y= 2x
x
3 6


√ π/4
10. Equate sec2 x and 2 to get sec2 x = 2, sec x = ± 2, x = ±π/4. A = (2 − sec2 x) dx = π − 2.
−π/4
y
2
(#, 2) (3, 2)
y= 2 x
1
x

 3π/4 √
11. A = sin y dy = 2.
π/4
Exercise Set 6.1 307

x= y
9

 2
12. A = [(x + 2) − x2 ] dx = 9/2.
−1
y

(2, 4)

y = x2
( 1, 1)
x
x=y 2

 ln 2   ln 2
 2x
 1 2x
13. A = e −e x
dx = e − ex = 1/2.
0 2
0
y

y= 2x

2
y= x
x
2

 e e
dy
14. A = = ln y = 1.
1 y 1

1
x
1/ 1

 1    1  
1
2 2 −1 2
15. A = − |x| dx = 2 −x dx = 4 tan x−x = π − 1.
−1 1 + x2 0 1 + x2 0
y
2

x
–1 1
308 Chapter 6

√  √3/2  
√3/2
1 3 1 −1
√ 2π
16. √ = 2, x = ± , so A = √ 2− √ dx = 2x − sin x √ =2 3− .
1 − x2 2 − 3/2 1 − x 2
− 3/2 3
y
2 y=2

1.5

1 y= 1
1 x2
0.5
x
3 3
2 2

  1
    5
  
3 − x, x≤1 1 1
17. y = 2 + |x − 1| = , A= − x + 7 − (3 − x) dx + − x + 7 − (1 + x) dx =
1 + x, x≥1 −5 5 1 5
 1   5 
4 6
x + 4 dx + 6− x dx = 72/5 + 48/5 = 24.
−5 5 1 5
y
( 5, 8)
1
y= 5
x+7

(5, 6)
y=3 x
y = 1+x

 2/5  1  2/5  1
18. A = (4x − x) dx + (−x + 2 − x) dx = 3x dx + (2 − 2x) dx = 3/5.
0 2/5 0 2/5
y
( 25 , 85 )
y= x+2

y = 4x (1, 1)

x
y=x

 1  3
19. A = (x3 − 4x2 + 3x) dx + [−(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)] dx = 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12.
0 1
4

1 4

20. Equate y = x3 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 − 3x to get x3 − 4x2 + 3x = 0, x(x − 1)(x − 3) = 0; x = 0, 1, 3 with
 1  3
corresponding values of y = 0, −1, 9. A = [(x3 − 2x2 ) − (2x2 − 3x)] dx + [(2x3 − 3x) − (x3 − 2x2 )] dx =
 1  3 0 1
3 2 3 2 5 8 37
(x − 4x + 3x) dx + (−x + 4x − 3x) dx = + = .
0 1 12 3 12
Exercise Set 6.1 309

1 3

 5π/4 √
21. From the symmetry of the region A = 2 (sin x − cos x) dx = 4 2.
π/4
1

0 o

1
 2
22. The region is symmetric about the origin, so A = 2 |x3 − 4x| dx = 8.
0
3.1

3 3

3.1

 0  1
3
23. A = (y − y) dy + −(y 3 − y) dy = 1/2.
−1 0
1

1 1

1
 1  4
 3 2 2

24. A = y − 4y + 3y − (y − y) dy + y 2 − y − (y 3 − 4y 2 + 3y) dy = 7/12 + 45/4 = 71/6.
0 1
4.1

2.2 12.1
0

 √   √ln 2
√ ln 2
x2 2 1 2 1
25. The curves meet when x = 0, ln 2, so A = (2x − xe ) dx = x − ex = ln 2 − .
0 2 0 2
310 Chapter 6

y
2.5

1.5

0.5
x
0.5 1

√ √
26. The curves meet for x = e−2 2/3 , e2 2/3 , thus
 e2√2/3    √ 
√
e2 2/3
3 1  −1
 √ −1 2 2
A= √
−  dx = 3 ln x − sin (ln x) = 4 2 − 2 sin .
x x 1 − (ln x) 2 √
3
e−2 2/3 e−2 2/3
y
20

15

10

5
x
1 2 3

 b  b
27. True. If f (x) − g(x) = c > 0 then f (x) > g(x) so Formula (1) implies that A = [f (x) − g(x)] dx = c dx =
 b  b
a a

c(b − a). If g(x) − f (x) = c > 0 then g(x) > f (x) so A = [g(x) − f (x)] dx = c dx = c(b − a).
a a

 b  1 1
28. False. Let f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 0, a = −2, and b = 1. Then [f (x) − g(x)] dx = 2x dx = x2 = −3, but the
a −2 −2
 0  1 0 1
area of A is (−2x) dx + 2x dx = −x2 + x2 = 4 + 1 = 5.
−2 0 −2 0

y
2

-2 x
1

-4

29. True. Since f and g are distinct, there is some point c in [a, b] for which f (c) = g(c). Suppose f (c) > g(c). (The
case f (c) < g(c) is similar.) Let p = f (c)−g(c) > 0. Since f −g is continuous, there is an interval [d, e] containing c
 e  b
p
such that f (x)−g(x) > p/2 for all x in [d, e]. So [f (x)−g(x)] dx ≥ (e−d) > 0. Hence 0 = [f (x)−g(x)] dx =
2
 d  e  b d  d  e a
[f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, > [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, so at
a  d d  e e a b

least one of [f (x) − g(x)] dx and [f (x) − g(x)] dx is negative. Therefore f (t) − g(t) < 0 for some point t in
a b
one of the intervals [a, d] and [b, e]. So the graph of f is above the graph of g at x = c and below it at x = t; by
the Intermediate Value Theorem, the curves cross somewhere between c and t.
Exercise Set 6.1 311

⎧
⎨ x if x < 0;
(Note: It is not necessarily true that the curves cross at a point. For example, let f (x) = 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;
⎩
x − 1 if x > 1,
 2
and g(x) = 0. Then [f (x) − g(x)] dx = 0, and the curves cross between -1 and 2, but there’s no single point at
−1
which they cross; they coincide for x in [0, 1].)

  9   9 √
k
√ √ k
2 3/2 2
y 1/2 dy = y 1/2 dy, = (27 − k 3/2 ), k 3/2 = 27/2, k = (27/2)2/3 = 9/ 4.
3
35. 2 y dy = 2 y dy; k
0 k 0 k 3 3

y=9

y=

 k  2 √
2 1 3 1
x2 dx, k = (8 − k 3 ), k 3 = 4, k = 4.
3
36. x dx =
0 k 3 3

y
x = 3y

x
2
x=
312 Chapter 6

 2
37. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3.
0

(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x − x2 where mx = 2x − x2 , x2 + (m − 2)x = 0, x(x + m − 2) = 0 so x = 0 or

 2−m  2−m
x = 2 − m. The area below the curve and above the line is (2x − x2 − mx) dx = [(2 − m)x − x2 ] dx =

2−m 0 0
1 1 1 √
(2 − m)x2 − x3 = (2 − m)3 so (2 − m)3 /6 = (1/2)(4/3) = 2/3, (2 − m)3 = 4, m = 2 − 3 4.
2 3 0 6
 5π/6   √
3 3 3 5
38. The line through (0, 0) and (5π/6, 1/2) is y = x; A = sin x − x dx = − π + 1.
5π 0 5π 2 24
y
y= x
1
( 56c , 12 )
x
c

43. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a ≈ −0.423028 and b ≈ 1.725171; the area is
 b
A= (2 sin x − x2 + 1) dx ≈ 2.542696.
a

 a
49. Solve x1/2 + y 1/2 = a1/2 for y to get y = (a1/2 − x1/2 )2 = a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x, A = (a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x) dx = a2 /6.
0
y

√
50. Solve
 a for y to get y = (b/a)
 a2 − x2 for the upper half of the ellipse; make use of symmetry to get A =
b  4b a  4b 1 2
4 a2 − x2 dx = a2 − x2 dx = · πa = πab.
0 a a 0 a 4