INTEGRATIONS

Finding Indefinite Integral

∫ ❑ axn dx = axn+1 + c

n+1

Finding definite Integrals

4 4 4
2 x−1 –½
Eg. 9 ∫ dx ∫ (2 x −1)x = ∫¿¿
1 √x 1 1

Definite Integrals
a

∫ f ( x )dx = 0
a

b a

∫ f ( x )dx = – ∫ f (x )dx
a b

c c b

∫ f ( x )dx =∫ f (x )dx + ∫ f ( x )dx

a b a

PROOF OF INTEGRAL IDENTITIES

a

 ∫ f ( x )dx = 0
a

b
dy
If dx [F(x)] = f (x), then ∫ f (x )dx = F(b) – F(a)
a

∫ f ( x )dx = F(a) – F(a) = 0 Proof

a

b a

 ∫ f ( x )dx = – ∫ f (x )dx
a b
 b
dy
If dx [F(x)] = f (x), then ∫ f (x )dx = F(b) – F(a)
a

b a

∫ f ( x )dx = F(b) – F(a) = – [F(a) – F(b)] = – ∫ f ( x )d x Proof

a b

c b c

∫ f ( x )dx=¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
a a b

b
dy
If dx [F(x)] = f (x), then ∫ f (x )dx = F(b) – F(a)
a

c b c

∫ f ( x )dx=¿ ∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
a a b

∫ f ( x )dx = F(b) – F(a) + [F(c) – F(b)] Proof

a

∫ f ( x )dx = F(c) – F(a)

a

dy
Example 1. dx = (3x2 + 2x) = 6x + 2

∫ (6 x+ 2) dx =[3x2 + 2x]
2

= [3(3)2 + 2(3)] –[3(2)2 + 2(2)]

= [3(9) + 6] – [3(4) + 4]

= (27+ 6) – (12 + 4)

= 33 –16

= 17
8

Example 2. ∫ x – ⅓ dx
1
 b

Using ∫ f ( x )dx=¿ F(b) – F(a)

a

= x– ⅓ + 1 8

–⅓+11

= x⅔ 8
2
3
1

3
= x⅔ ×
2
8

3
= 2 x⅔ 8

Substitute in the values of a &b into the equation

3
= 2 ¿]

3
= 2 ¿]

3
= 2 (4 –1)

3 3
= 2 × 4 – 2 ×1

6 3
=1 –2
 12−3
= 2

9
= 2 ½

4
2 x−1
Example 3. ∫ dx
1 √x

4 4 4

∫ 2 √x−1
x
dx ⇒ ∫ ( 2 x−1 ) x −½
dx = ∫ ( 2 x ½ −x−½ ) dx
1 1 1

4 4
2 x ½+1
∫ 2 √x−1
−½+1
dx ⇒ ∫ ( 2 x ½ −x−½ ) dx = – x 4
1 x 1 ½+1 −½+1

3
2
2x x½
= 3 – 4
½
2

3
2 2 x½
= 4x – 4
3 1

4 4
4 3 1
= 3 x2 –2 x 2

1 1

Substitute in the value of a& b into the equation

 3
4 3 1 4 1
= 3 ( 4)
2 – 2
( 4) 2 – (1) 2 – 2(1) 2
3

4 4 2
= 3
(8) – 2(2) – 3
– 1

32 4 4 2
= 3
– 1
– 3
– 1

32−12 4−6
= 3
– 3

32−12 4−6
= 3
– 3

20+2
= 3

22
= 3

Exercise 20.2
5

1a) ∫ 3 x dx 5
2

5
3 x 1+1
∫ 3 x dx =
2 1+1

5
 3 x2
= 2
1

3 52 3 22
=2 –
1 2 1

3 3
= 2 ×25 – 4 × 4

75 12
= 2
– 2

63
= 2

1
= 31 2

9 1
2
1b) ∫ x dx 9
1

1
+1
9 1
2
x2
∫x dx = 1
1 +1
2

9
 3
2
x
= 3
2

9
3
2 2
= 3 x
1

3 3
2 2 2
= 3 (9) – 2 (1)
1 3 1

3 3
2 2 2 22
= 3 (3 ) – 2 (1 )
1 3 1

2 (33 ) 2 (1)
2
= 3 –
1 3 1

2 27 2
= 3×1– 3

18 2
= 1
– 3
 1
= 17 3

3
1
1d) ∫ 2
dx
2 3x
3 3
1 1 −2
∫ 3 x 2 dx ⇒∫ 3 x dx
2 2

3 1 −2+1
1 −2 x
∫3 x dx = 3 3
2 −2+1

3
1 −1
x
= 3 2
−1

−1 1 −1 1
= 3 ×3 – 3 ×2

−1 1
= 9 + 6

1
= 18

9
1
1d) ∫ dx
4 √x
9 9 −1

∫ √1x dx ⇒∫ x 2
dx
4 4
 −1
+1
2
3
x
∫ x −2 dx = −1 9
2 +1
2

9
1 −1
x
= 3 4
−1

1 1
=2 x 2 – 2 x 2

1 1
=2(9) 2 – 2(4) 2

1
=2 ¿ – 2(2¿¿ 2) 2 ¿

= 2(3) – 2(2)

=6–4

=2

1f) ∫ √1x dx
1

4 4

∫ x √ x dx ⇒∫ x(x ¿ ¿ 12 ) dx ¿
1 1
 4
3
+1
2
4
x
∫ x ( x ¿ ¿ 12 ¿ )dx ¿ ¿ = 3
1 +1
2

4
1 −1
x
= 3 1
−1

4
5
2
= x2
5

1 4
5
2 52 2
= x – x2
5 5

1
5
2 5
= (4) 2 – 2(1) 2
5

5
2 5
=5 –
¿ (1¿¿ 2) 2
¿
2

64 2
= 5 –5

62
= 5

2
= 12 5
 1

2a)∫ (8 x −4)dx 1
−1

1 1 1
8 x1 +1
∫ (8 x −4) dx ⇒ ∫ ( 8 x )dx+¿ ∫ (−4)dx = +(−4 x )
−1 −1 −1 1+1

1 –1

8 x2
= +(−4 x)
2

–1

8(1)2 8 (−1 )2
= + [ −4 ( 1 ) ] − +[−4(−1)]
2 2

8 4 8 4
= 2 − 1 −2 + 1

4 4 −4 −4
=1 – 1 + 1 1

= 0–8

= –8
0

2b)∫ (3 x−2 x +5)dx

−1

0 0 0 0

∫ (3 x 2−2 x+ 5) dx ⇒∫ (3 x ) dx+¿ ∫ (−2 x )dx +∫ 5 dx

−1 −1 −1 −1

3 x 2+ 1 2 x 1 +1
= − +5 x
2+1 1+ 1
 –1

3 x3 2 x2
= − +5 x
3 2

–1

= x 3−x 2+ 5 x −x 3−x 2+ 5 x

= (0)3−(0)2+ 5(0)−(−1)3−(−1)2 +5(−1)

= −(−1 ) (−1 )−5

= 1+1+5

=7
4 4 1

2c) ∫ ( 6 x −3 √ x ) dx ⇒ ∫ ( 6 x −3 x ) dx 2

1 1

4 1 4 4 1

∫ ( 6 x −3 x ) dx = ∫ ( 6 x ) dx+∫ −3 x
2 2
dx
1 1 1

3 x2
6 x1 +1
= −¿ 1
1+ 1 +1
2

4
3
2
6x2 3x
= −¿ 3 1
2
2

4
 3
= 3 x 2 −2 x 2 1

3 3
= 3 x 2 −2 x 2 –3 x 2 −2 x 2

3 3
= 3(4)2 −2 x 2 –3(1)2 −2 x 2

3 3
= 3(4)2 −2(22 ) 2 –3(1)2 −2(12 ) 2

= 48 – 2(8) −3+2

= 48 – 16 −1

= 48 – 17

= 31
4 4 1 1

2d) ∫ ( √ x−
2
) (
dx ⇒ ∫ x 2 −2 x 2 dx )
1 √x 1

4 1 1 4 1 4 −1

∫ ( x −2 x ) dx =¿ ¿ ∫ x
2 2 2
dx+∫ −2 x 2
dx
1 1 1

4
−1 −1
+1 +1
2 2
x 2x
= 1 −¿ −1 1
+1 +1
2 2
 4
3 1
2 2
x 2x
= 3 −¿ 1 1
2 2

4
3 1

= 2 x 2 −¿ 4 x 2
3 1

3 1

= 2(4) 2 −¿ 4 x 2
3 1

= 2 ¿ ¿ −¿ 4 ¿ ¿
16 −8 2 −4
= 3 1
–3 1

−8 10
= 3 +¿ 3

2
=3

2
4
2e) ∫ (x 2− 2 ¿ ) dx ¿
1 x
2 2 2
x2 +1 −4 x −2+1
∫ (x – x42 ¿ ) dx=∫ x 2 dx +∫−4 x−2 dx ¿ = 2+
2
+
1 −2+1
2
1 1 1

x2 +1 −4 x −2+1
= + 1
2+ 1 −2+1
 2

x3 4 x−1
= + 1
3 1

x3 4 x−1 x3 4 x−1
= + – +
3 1 3 1

(2) x 3 4(2)−1 (1)3 4 (1)−1

= + – +
3 1 3 1

2 2
2
3a) ∫ x ( x – 2 ¿ )dx ¿ ⇒ ∫ (x 3 – 2 x ¿ )dx ¿ 2
0 0

2 2 2
x3 +1 2 x 1+1
∫ (x 3 – 2 x ¿ )dx =∫ x3 dx +∫−2 x dx ¿ = 3+1
–
3+1
0 0 0

2 0

x4 2 x2
= –
4 4

(2)4 2(2)2 (0)4 2(0)2

= – −¿ –
4 4 4 4

= (4 – 4 ) – (0 – 0)

=0
2 2

3b) ∫ (x+ 1¿)( x – 2)dx ¿ ⇒ ∫ (x 2 – x −2 ¿) dx ¿

1 1

2
 2 2 +1
x x1 +1
∫ (x 2 – x −2 ¿) dx ¿ = 2+ 1
–
1+ 1
– 2x
1

x3 x2
= – – 2x 1
3 2

(2)3 (2)2 2(2) (1)3 (1)2 2(1)

= – – – – –
3 2 1 3 2 1

8 4 4 1 1 2
=3 – 2 – 1 – 3 –2 –1

8 4 4 1 1 2
=3 – 2 – 1 – 3 + 2 + 1

1
= –1 6

0 0

3c) ∫ x ( x – 2)( x +1¿)dx ¿ ⇒ ∫ (x 3−4 x ¿ ) dx ¿

−1 −1

0
0 3 +1
x 4 x 1+1
∫ (x 3−4 x ¿ ) dx=¿ ¿ 3+1 –
1+1
−1

–1

0
0
3 x4 4 x2
∫ (x −4 x ) dx=¿ ¿ 4 – 2
¿
−1

–1
 ( 0 )4 4 ( 0 )2 (−1 )4 4 (−1 )2
¿ – −¿ –
4 2 4 2

1 (−4)
¿−¿
4
–
2

3
=1 4

4 4 1
2
3d) ∫ √ x (1 – √ x )dx ⇒ ∫x – x dx 4
0 0

1
+1
4 1
2
4 1
2
x2 4
x1 +1
∫ x – x dx ⇒ ∫ x dx+∫ – x dx = 1 –
1+ 1
0
0 0 0 +1
2
3
4 1
2
4 1
2
x2 4
x2
∫ x – x dx ⇒ ∫ x dx+∫ – x dx = 3 –
2
2
0 0 0
2

0
3
2 x2
= 2x – 2
3 2

3 3
2 (2)2 2 (0)2
= 2(2) – – 2(0) –
3 2 3 2

3
2 2 4 0 0
= (2 ) – 2 – 3 – 2
3
 8 4
= 3−2