ALGEBRA (worksheet)

Partial Fractions
Ex 1b. Express the following in Partial Fractions

1) 3
(x + 1)(x – 1)

3 ≡ A + B
(x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1) (x – 1)

3 ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)
(x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1) (x– 1 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 3 ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in –1 as the value for x.

3 ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

3 = A( – 1 –1) + B(– 1 + 1)

3 = A(– 2) + B(0)

3 = A(– 2)

3 = – 2A
–2
A=–3
2

To eliminate A by substituting in 1 for x.

3 ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

3 = A(1 – 1) + B(1 + 1)

3 = A(0) + B(2)
 3 = 2B

3 = B
2
B = 3
2

.
. . 3 ≡ A + B
(x + 1) (x – 1) x+1 x–1

≡ 3 1 – 3 1
2 x–1 2 x+1

3 ≡ 3 – 3
(x + 1) (x– 1) 2(x – 1) 2(x + 1)

2) x
(x – 1)(x – 4)

x ≡ A + B
(x – 4) (x – 1) (x – 4) (x – 1)

x ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x – 4)
(x – 4) (x – 1) (x – 4) (x – 1 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. x ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x – 4)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in 4 as the value for x.

x ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

4 = A( 4 –1) + B(4 – 4)

4 = A(3) + B(0)

4 = A(3)

4 = A
3
 A= 4
3

To eliminate A by substituting in 1 for x.

x ≡ A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)

1 = A(1 – 1) + B(1 – 4)

1 = A(0) + B(– 3)

1 = B(– 3)

1 = – 3B

–1 = B
3
B =–1
3

.
. . x ≡ A + B
(x – 4) (x – 1) x–4 x–1

≡ 4 1 – 1 1
3 x–4 3 x–1

x ≡ 4 – 1
(x– 4) (x – 1) 3(x – 4) 3(x – 1)

3) x–1
(x + 2)(x – 2)

x–1 ≡ A + B
(x + 2) (x – 2) (x + 2) (x – 2)

x–1 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(x + 2)

(x + 2) (x – 2) (x + 2) (x – 2 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. x – 1 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(x + 2)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in – 2 as the value for x.

x – 1 ≡ A(x – 2) + B( x + 2)

– 2 – 1 = A( – 2 – 2) + B(– 2 + 2)

– 2 – 1 = A(– 4 ) + B(0)

– 3 = A(– 4)

– 3 = – 4A

–3 = A
–4

A= 4
3

To eliminate A by substituting in 2 for x.

x – 1 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(x + 2)

1 = A(2 – 2) + B(2 + 2)

1 = A(0) + B 4

1 = B4

1 = 4B

1 = B
4
B = 1
4

.
. . x–1 ≡ A + B
(x + 2) (x – 2) x+2 x–2

≡ 3 1 + 1 1
4 x+2 4 x–2

x–1 ≡ 3 + 1
(x + 2) (x – 2) 4(x + 2) 4(x – 2)
4) 2
(2x – 1)(x – 2 )

2 ≡ A + B
(2x – 1) (x – 2) (2x – 1) (x – 2)

2 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(2x – 1)
(2x – 1) (x – 2) (2x – 1) (x – 2 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 2 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(2x – 1)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in ½ is the value for x.

2 ≡ A(x – 2) + B( 2x – 1)

2 = A( [½ ] – 2) + B (2[½ ] – 1)

2 = A – 3 + B(0)
2
2 = – 3A
2

(2)2 = – 3A

–4 = A
3

A=–4
3

To eliminate A by substituting in 2 for x.

2 ≡ A(x – 2) + B(2x – 1)

2 = A(2 – 2) + B(2(2) – 1)

2 = A(0) + B (3)

2 = B3
 2 = 3B

2 = B
3
B = 2
3

.
. . 2 ≡ A + B
(2x – 1 ) (x – 2) 2x – 1 x–2

≡ 2 1 – 4 1
3 x–2 3 2x – 1

2 ≡ 2 – 4
(2x –1) (x – 2) 3(x – 2) 3(2x – 1)

5) x+3
x (x + 1)

x+3 ≡ A + B
x (x + 1) x (x + 1)

x+3 ≡ A(x + 1) + B x
x (x + 1) x (x + 1 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. x + 3 ≡ A(x + 1) + Bx

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in 0 as the value for x.

x + 3 ≡ A(x + 1) + B x

0 + 3 = A(0 + 1) + B(0)

3 = A(1 ) + B(0)

3=A

A=3
 To eliminate A by substituting in –1 for x.

x + 3 ≡ A(x + 1) + B x

– 1 + 3 = A( – 1 + 1) + B(– 1)

2 = A(0) + B (– 1)

2 = –B

–2 = B
1
B =–2

.
. . x+3 ≡ A + B
x (x + 1) x x+1

≡ 3 1 – 2 1
1 x 1 x+1

x+3 ≡ 3 – 2
x (x + 1) x x+1

6) 2x – 1
(x + 1)(3x + 2)

2x – 1 ≡ A + B
(x + 1) (3x + 2) (x + 1) (3x + 2)

2x – 1 ≡ A(3x + 2) + B(x + 1)
(x + 1) (3x + 2) (x + 1) (3x + 2 )

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 2x – 1 ≡ A(3x + 2) + B(x + 1)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in – 1 as the value for x.

2x – 1 ≡ A(3x + 2) + B( x + 1)
 2(–1) – 1 = A( 3[– 1] + 2) + B(– 1 + 1)

– 2 – 1 = A(– 3 + 2 ) + B(0)

– 3 = A(– 1)

–3=–A

–3 = A
–1

A= 3

To eliminate A by substituting in – 2 for x.

2x – 1 ≡ A(3x + 2) + B(x + 1)

2(– 2 ) –1 = A [(3) – 2 + 2] + B ( – 2 + 1)
3 3 3
– 4 – 1 = A(0) + B
3 3

–7 = B
3 3

–7 = B
3 3

– 7 × 3 = B × 3
3 3

–7= B

B= –7
.
. . 2x – 1 ≡ A + B
(x + 1) (3x + 2) x+1 3x + 2

≡ 3 1 –7 1
1 x+1 1 3x + 2

2x – 1 ≡ 3 – 7
(x + 1) (3x + 2) x+1 3x + 2
7) 3x r.f.
(x – 1 ) (x – 2) (x – 3)

3x ≡ A + B + C
(x – 1 ) (x – 2) (x – 3) x+1 x–2 x–3

3x ≡ A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B (x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)

(x – 1 ) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 1 ) (x – 2) (x – 3)

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 3x ≡ A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B (x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B and C by substituting in 1 as the value for x.

3x ≡ A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B (x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)

3(1) ≡ A(1– 2)(1 – 3) + B (1 – 1)(1 – 3) + C(1 – 1)(1 – 2)

3 = A(– 1)(– 2) + B (0)( – 2) + C(0)(– 1)

3 = A(2)

3 = 2A

3 = A
2
A = 3
2

To eliminate A and C by substituting in 2 for x.

3x ≡ A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B (x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)

3(2) ≡ A(2 – 2)( 2 – 3) + B (2 – 1)(2 – 3) + C(2 – 1)( 2 – 2)

3(2) = A(0)(– 1) + B (1)(– 1) + C(1)(0)

6 = B (– 1)
 6 = –B

6 = B
–1

B = –6

To eliminate A and B by substituting in 3 for x.

3x ≡ A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B (x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)

3(3) = A(3 – 2)( 3 – 3) + B (3 – 1)(3 – 3) + C(3 – 1)( 3 – 2)

9 = A(1)( 0) + B (2)(0) + C(2)(1)

9 = C2

9 = 2C

9 = 2C

9 = C
2
.
. . 3x ≡ A + B + C
(x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) x–1 x–2 x–3

≡ 3 1 – 6 1 + 9 1
2 x–1 1 x–2 2 x–3

3x ≡ 3 – 6 + 9
(x – 1)(x – 2)( x – 3) 2(x – 1) x–2 2(x – 3)

8) x2 – 2x + 4 r.f.
2x (x – 3) (x + 1)

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A + B + C
2x (x – 3) (x + 1) 2x x–3 x+1

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A(x – 3)(x + 1) + B 2x (x + 1) + C 2x (x – 3)
2x (x – 3) (x + 1) 2x (x – 3) (x + 1)

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.
i.e. x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A(x – 3)(x + 1) + B 2x (x + 1) + C 2x (x – 3)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate A and B by substituting in –1 as the value for x.

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A(x – 3)(x + 1) + B 2x (x + 1) + C 2x (x – 3)

(–1)2 – 2(–1) + 4 = A(–1 – 3)( –1 + 1) + B 2(– 1) (–1 + 1) + C 2(–1)( –1 – 3)

1 + 2 + 4 = A(– 4)(0) + B 2x (0) + C – 2(– 4)

7 = C8

7 = 8C

7 = C
8

C= 7
8

To eliminate A and C by substituting in 3 for x.

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A(x – 3)(x + 1) + B 2x (x + 1) + C 2x (x – 3)

(3)2 – 2(3) + 4 = A(3 – 3)( 3 + 1) + B 2(3) (3 + 1) + C 2(3)( 3 – 3)

9 – 6 + 4 = A(0)(4) + B 2(3) (4) + C 2(3)( 0)

7 = B 24

7 = 24B

7 = B
24

B= 7
24
 To eliminate B and C by substituting in 0 for x.

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A(x – 3)(x + 1) + B 2x (x + 1) + C 2x (x – 3)

(0)2 – 2(0) + 4 = A(0 – 3)( 0 + 1) + B 2(0) (0 + 1) + C 2(0)( 0 – 3)

0 – 0 + 4 = A(– 3)(1)

4 = A –3

4 = –3A

–4 = A
3

A = –4
3
.
. . x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ A + B + C
2x (x – 3) (x + 1) 2x x–3 x–3

≡– 4 1 + 7 1 + 7 1
3 2x 24 x–3 8 x+1

x2 – 2x + 4 ≡ 7 + 7 – 4
2x(x – 3)( x + 1) 24(x – 3) 8(x + 1) 3(2x )

9) 2x – 1 r.f.
(3x – 1) (2x + 1)

2x – 1 ≡ A + B
(3x – 1) (2x + 1) 3x – 1 2x + 1

2x – 1 ≡ A (2x + 1) + B(3x – 1)
(3x – 1) (2x + 1) (3x – 1) (2x + 1)

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 2x – 1 ≡ A (2x + 1) + B(3x – 1)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in ⅓ as the value for x.

 2x – 1 ≡ A (2x + 1) + B(3x – 1)

2(⅓) – 1 ≡ A [2(⅓) + 1] + B[3(⅓) – 1]

–⅓ ≡ A 5 + B(0)
3

–⅓ ≡ 5 A
3
3 ×–⅓ ≡ A
5
– 1 = A
5

A=–1
5

To eliminate A by substituting in – ½ for x.

2x – 1 ≡ A (2x + 1) + B(3x – 1)

2(– ½) – 1 ≡ A [2(– ½) + 1] + B[3(– ½) – 1]

– 2 ≡ A (0) + B 5
2

(– 2) = 5 B
2
– 2 × (– 2) = B
5
4 = B
5

B = 4
5
.
. . 2x – 1 ≡ A + B
(3x – 1) (2x + 1) 3x – l 2x + 1

≡ – 1 1 + 4 1
5 3x – 1 5 2x + 1

2x – 1 ≡ 4 – 1
(3x – 1)( 2x + 1) 5(2x + 1) 5(3x – 1)
11) 1– 3x
(2x – 1) (x + 2)

1 – 3x ≡ A + B
(2x –1) (x+2) (2x – 1) (x + 2)

1 – 3x ≡ A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)
(2x – 1)(x + 2) (2x – 1 ) (x + 2)

since the denominator are obviously identical the numerator MUST also be identical.

i.e. 1 – 3x ≡ A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)

 NB – The L.H.S = R.H.S. for any value of x

To eliminate B by substituting in ½ as the value for x.

1 – 3x ≡ A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)

1 – 3(½) ≡ A [(½) + 2] + B[2(½) – 1]

– ½ ≡ A 5 + B(0)
2

– ½ = 5 A
2

– ½ –5 = A
2

–1 = A
5
A=–1
5

To eliminate A by substituting in –2 for x.

1 – 3x ≡ A(x + 2) + B(2x – 1)

1 – 3(–2) ≡ A [(–2) + 2] + B[2(–2) – 1]

7 = A (0) + B (–5)

– 7 = B (–5)
 7 = –5B

–7 = B
5

B=–7
5

.
. . 1– 3x ≡ A + B
(2x – 1) (x + 2) 2x – 1 x+2

≡ 3 1 + 1 1
4 x+2 4 x–2

1– 3x ≡ 3 + 1
(2x – 1) (x + 2) 4(x + 2) 4(x – 2)

Ex. 1d

Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square

1) 2x2 – 6x + 4 = 0

Divide thru by 2 gives x2 – 6x + 4 = 0

2 2

x2 – 6x = – 4
2 2
2
Adding ½× 6 to both sides to make L.H.S.
2

x2 – 6x + 6 2
= –4 + 6 2

2 4 2 4
2

x– 6 = 1 ±
2 4

2 2

√ x– 6 = ±√ 1
2 4
 x– 6 = ± 1
2 2

x– 3 = ± 1
2

x= 3 ± 1
2
x= 3 + 1 or x= 3 – 1
2 2

x= 2 or x= 1

2) x2 + 4x – 8 = 0

x2 + 4x – 8 = 0
1 1

x2 + 4x = 8
1 1
2 2

x2 + 4x + 4 = 8 4
1 2 1 2

Ex 1e

1a) x2 – 3x + 2 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – – 3 = 3 ; αβ = c = 2 =2
a 1 a 1

1b) 4x2 + 7x – 3 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – 7 = –7 ; αβ = c = –3
a 4 4 a 4

1c) x(x – 3) = x + 4 → x2 – 3x – x – 4 = 0
 x2 – 4x – 4 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – – 4 = 4 ; αβ = c = –4 = –4
a 1 a 1

1d) x – 1 = 3 → x–1
2 x+2 2

1e) x2 – kx + k2 = 0

x2 – kx + k2 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – – k = k ; αβ = c = k2 = k2
a 1 a 1

1f) ax2 – x (a + 2) – a = 0

ax2 – x(a + 2) – a = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – – a – 2 = a +2 ; αβ = c = – a = –1
a a a a a

Ex 1e
3) The roots of the equation 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 are α and β . Find the equation whose roots
are:
1 + 1
a) α β

One can see that 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2
So to evaluate 1 + 1 one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose
α β
values are known

1 + 1 = α+β = 2 =2 × 2 = 4
α β αβ 5 5 5
2
Hence the value 1 + 1 = 4
α β 5

b) (α + 1) ( β + 1)

Write down the equation whose roots are (α + 1) ( β + 1)

Given 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

One can see that

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

So to evaluate (α + 1)( β + 1) one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose

values

are known. (α + 1)( β + 1) = αβ + α + β + 1 = 5 + 2 + 1 = 11 or 5 ½

2 2
Hence the value of (α + 1)( β + 1) = 5 ½

c) α2 + β2

Given 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

One can see that

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+ β = – b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2
 α2 + β2 ≡ (α + β)2 ≡ (α + β) ( α + β) → α2 + 2αβ + β2

→ 2 + 2(– 2) + 5

→2+5–8
2 2
Hence the values α + β = – 1

d) α2β + αβ2

Given 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

One can see that

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

α2β + αβ2 = αβ (α + β) = 5 (2) = 5

2

Hence the values of α2β + αβ2 = 5

e) (α – β)2

Given 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

One can see that

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

(α – β)2 ≡ (α – β) (α – β) ≡ α2 – 2α β + β2 [ Let α = 2, β = – 4 ]

≡ α2 + β2– 2α β

≡ (α + β)2– 2α β

≡ (2 – 4)2 + (–2) 5
2
 ≡ (– 2)2 + (–2) 5
2

≡ 4 + (–5)

≡ –6

Hence the value of (α – β)2 = –6

f) α + β
β α

One can see that 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

So to evaluate α + β one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose

β α
values are known

α + β = α2 + β2 = (2)2 = 4 × 2 =
β α αβ 5 1 5 5
2
Hence the value α + β = –2
β α 5

g) 1 + 1
α+1 β+1

One can see that 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

So to evaluate 1 + 1 one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose

α+1 β+1
values are known
 1 + 1 = (α + 1) + (β + 1) = α + β + 2
α+1 β+1 (α + 1) (β + 1) αβ + α + β + 1

= (2) + 2
5 +3
2
= 4
5+6
2
= 8
11
Hence the value 1 + 1 = 8
α+1 β+1 11

h) 1 + 1
2α + β α + 2β

One can see that 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

So to evaluate 1 + 1 one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose

2α + β α + 2β
values are known

1 + 1 = ( α + 2β ) + (2α + β )
2α + β α + 2β (2α + β ) (α + 2β )

= (2α + β ) + ( α + 2β )
(2α2 + 5αβ + 2β2)

= (2α + 2β ) + ( α + β)
(2α2 + 2β2 + 5αβ )

= 2(α + β) + ( α + β)
2(α + β )2+ 5αβ

= 2(1) + ( α + β)
2(1)2+ 5αβ
 = (2) + 2
(2)2 + (5) 5
2
= 4
2 + 10
1 2

= 4
4 + 10
2
2
= 4 × 2
1 14
7

Hence the value 1 + 1 = 4

2α + β α + 2β 7

i) 1 + 1
2 2
α +1 β +1

One can see that 2x2 – 4x + 5 = 0

x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

α+β= –b = – –4 = 4 = 2 ; αβ = c = 5
a 2 2 a 2

So to evaluate 1 + 1 one need to express it in terms of α + β and αβ whose

2α + β α + 2β
values are known

1 + 1 = (β2 + 1 ) + (α2 + 1)
2 2
α +1 β +1 (α2 + 1) (β2 + 1)

= β2 + α2 + 1 + 1
(α2 + 1) (β2 + 1)

= β2 + α2 + 1 + 1
α2β2 + β2 + α2 + 1
= 1 + 1
2 2
αβ + 1
 = 2
2
(αβ) + 1

= 1+1
(5)2 + 1
2

= 1 + 1
25 1
4

Hence the value 1 + 1 = 4

2 2
α +1 β +1 25
Ex 1e

4. The roots of x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 are α and β . Find the equation whose roots are:

a) α + 2 , β + 2

x2 – 2x + 3 = 0
a = 1; b = – 2; c = 3

b) 1 , 1
α β

c) α2 , β2

d) α , β
β α

e) α – β , β – α

5) Write down the simplify the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0, without solving the given equation.

Ex 2e The Remainder Theorem

1. Find the Remainder when the following functions are divided by the linear factors
indicated.

a) x3 – 2x + 4, x – 1
x2 – x – 1
x–1 x3– 2x2 + 4 x3/ x = x2, then x2(x – 1)
– ( x3 – x2)
– x2 + 4 – x2 / x = – x, then – x(x – 1)
 – (– x2 + x ) + 4
–x + 4 – x/x = – 1, then –1(x – 1)
– (– x + 1)
3 Remainder

b) x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 2, x + 2

x2 + x – 8
x+2 x3 + 3x2 – 6x + 2 x3/ x = x2, then x2(x + 2)
3 2
– (x + 2x )
x2 – 6x + 2 x2 / x = x, then x(x + 2)
– ( x2 + 2x )
– 8x + 2 – 8x/x = – 8, then – 8(x + 2)
– (– 8x – 16)
18 Remainder

c) 2x3 – x2 + 2 , x – 3
2x2 + 5x + 15
x–3 2x – x2 + 2
3
2x3/x = 2x2, then 2x2(x – 3)
– (2x3 – 6x2 )
5x2 + 2 5x2 /x = 5x, then 5x(x – 3)
– (5x2 – 15x ) + 2
15x + 2 15x/x = 15, then 15(x – 3)
– (15x – 45)
47 Remainder
4 3
*d) x – 3x + 5x, 2x – 1

x3 + x – 8
2x – 1 x4 + 3x3 + 5x x4/ x = x2, then x3(2x –1)
4 3
– (2x – 2x )
x2 – 6x + 2 x2 / x = x, then x(2x – 1)
2
– ( x + 2x )
– 8x + 2 – 8x/x = – 8, then – 8(2x –1)
– (– 8x – 16)
18 Remainder

*e) 9x5 – 5x2 , 3x + 1

3x4 – x3 + ⅓x2
3x + 1 9x5 – 0x4 + 0x3 + 5x2 9x5/ 3x = 3x4, then 3x4(3x + 1)
– (9x5 + 3x4)
–3x4 + 0x3 + 5x2 –3x4 /3x = – x3, then – x3(3x + 1)
– (–3x4 – x3 )
x3 + 5x2 x3/3x = 0, then ⅓x2 (3x + 1)
– (– ⅓ x3 + ⅓x2)
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