2

CHAPTER

Quadratic Equations

INTRODUCTION
General Real Polynomial
An expression written as, anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 +......+ a1x + a0, where Example 1: The roots of the quadratic equation
a0, a1, a2,........, an ∈ R is called a real polynomial of degree n 3x2 – 5x – 12 = 0 are
where (an ≠ 0, n ∈ W).
4 3
anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 +......+ a1x + a0 = 0 is known as polynomial (a) − ,3 (b) − ,3
3 4
equation.
5 4
Quadratic Polynomial with Real Coefficients (c) − , 2 (d) − , 2
4 5
Polynomial of form ax2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c ∈R is a
quadratic polynomial with real coefficients. 5 ± 25 − 4(3)(−12) 4
Sol. x= i.e. x = − ,3
Note: If a = 0, then above expression reduces to bx + c which is a 2×3 3
linear polynomial provided b ≠ 0.
Alternate method (using factorization method)
3x2 – 9x + 4x – 12 = 0
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH REAL 3x(x – 3) + 4(x – 3) = 0
COEFFICIENTS 4
(3x + 4)(x – 3) = 0, x = − ,3
3
Second-degree equation of form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0 and
a, b, c ∈R is quadratic equation with real coefficients. Example 2: The quadratic equation whose roots are
1. The values of x which satisfy the quadratic equation is called 1 + 2, 1 − 2 is
roots of the quadratic equation. (a) x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
2. Generally, three methods factorization method, completing
(c) x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (d) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
the square method and quadratic formula are used to solve the
quadratic equation. Sol. ( x − (1 + 2))( x − (1 − 2)) =0
−b ± D
3. This equation has two roots which are given by x = , i.e. x2 – 2x + (–1) = 0
2a
x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (or ) x = 1 +
2
where D (or ∆) = b2 – 4ac is called as discriminant of the
2
quadratic equation. 1
x == 2( x − 1) =2
2
x – 2x – 1 = 0

EQUATION V/S IDENTITY Example 3: If a, b, c are positive real numbers then the
number of real roots of the equation ax2 + b|x| + c = 0 is
A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ‘x’ which (a) 2 (b) 4
may be real or imaginary. The equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 is a
(c) 0 (d) –1
quadratic equation if a ≠ 0 and An identity if a = b = c = 0
2
Sol. a|x| + b|x| + c = 0
(Infinite Roots).
using quadratic formula,
( x − a )( x − b ) ( x − b )( x − c ) ( x − c )( x − a )
+ + 1 has roots as
=
( c − a )( c − b ) ( a − b )( a − c ) ( b − a )( b − c ) −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
a, b, c so it is identity because it can not have more than 2 roots 2a
due to quadratic nature.
 SYMMETRIC FUNCTION OF THE ROOTS
−b − b 2 − 4ac
Now x ≠ < 0 (since, a,b,c are +ve)
2a A function of α and β is said to be a symmetric function if it
remains unchanged when α and β are interchanged.
also, since a, b, c are positive real number
(i) α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ
∴ b2 – 4ac < b2
⇒ b 2 − 4ac − b < 0 (ii) α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 – 3αβ (α + β)
(iii) α4 + β4 = (α3 + β3) (α + β) – αβ (α2 + β2)
−b + b 2 − 4ac
⇒ x ≠ (iv) α5 + β5 = (α3 + β3) (α2 + β2) – α2β2(α + β)
2a
∴ No. of real roots = 0 (v) α −β= (α + β) 2 − 4αβ
Example 4: Find the value of m such that (m2 – 3m + 2)x2 +
(m2 – 5m + 4)x + (m2 – 7m + 6) = 0 is an identify.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) –2 (d) –1
Sol. m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
Example 5: If α and β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
m = 1, 2
γ, δ are those of lx2 + mx + n = 0, then the sum of coefficient
m2 – 5m + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 4 of x2 and x in the quadratic equation whose roots are
m2 – 7m + 6 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 6 αγ + βδ and αδ + βγ is (if leading coefficient is unity.)
acceptable value of m = 1 (a) al(al + bm) (b) – al(al – bm)
(c) al(al – bm) (d) –al(al + bm)
Sol. ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots α and β

∴ α + β = − b ; α β = c
a a
1. If 31+x + 31–x = 10 then the values of x are lx2 + mx + n = 0 has roots γ and δ
(a) 1, –1 (b) 1, 0
∴ γ + δ = − m ; γ δ = n
(c) 1, 2 (d) –1, –2 l l
2. If the roots of the quadratic equation 2024x2 + 2025x The required quadratic equation is
+ 1 = 0 are α and β, then 2024 αβ = x2 – (αγ + βδ + αδ + βγ)x + (αγ + βδ)(αδ + βγ) = 0
b m
(a) 1 (b) –1 where αγ + βδ + αδ + βγ = (α + β)( γ + δ) = .
a l
(c) 2024 (d) 2025
n  b 2 − 2ac  c  m 2 − 2n l 
3. Number of real roots of the equation 3x2 + 4|x| + 5 = 0 are
(αγ + βδ)(αδ
= + βγ)  +  
l  a2  a  l2 
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 0 (d) –1 ln (b 2 − 2ac) + ac(m 2 − 2nl )
=
 a 2l 2
∴ a 2 l 2 ⋅ x 2 − ablm x + ln (b 2 − 2ac) + ac(m 2 − 2n l ) =
0
∴ sum of coefficient of x2 and x = al(al – bm).
RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND Example 6: If a, b are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and c ≠ 0
CO-EFFICIENTS 1 1
then the value of 2
+ in terms of a, b, c is
If α, β are the roots of quadratic equation, ( aα + b ) (aβ + b) 2

ax2 + bx + c = 0 ...(i) b 2 − 2ac 2ac − b 2

(a) (b)
b coefficent of x ac ac
sum of the roots = α + β = − =−
a coefficient of x 2 b 2 − 2ac b2
(c) 2 2
(d) 2
c constant term ac ac
product of the roots = αβ= = 2
a coefficient of x 2 Sol.  a is a root of ax + bx + c = 0
∴ Equation (i) can be written as −c −c
⇒ aa2 + ba = –c ⇒ aa + b = , similarly a β + b =
a(x2 – (α + β)x + αβ) = 0 α β
⇒ a(x2 – (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots)) = 0

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2 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 1 1
∴ +
(aα + b) 2 (aβ + b) 2

α + β) 2 − 2αβ b 2 − 2ac 4. If a, b are roots of the equation 2x2 + 6x + b = 0(b < 0)

= (= α β
c2 a2c2 then β + α is less than
Example 7: If a, b are the root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the (a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 18 (d) 0
equation whose roots are 2 + a and 2 + b is 2
5. If a, b are roots of x + p(x + 1) + C = 0 then (a + 1)
(a) ax2 + (b – 4a)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0 (b + 1) =
(b) ax2 – (b – 4a)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0 (a) 1 – C (b) 1 + C (c) C – 1 (d) C
(c) ax2 + (b – 4a)x – (4a – 2b + c) = 0 2
6. If the roots of quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are
(d) ax2 – (b – 4a)x – (4a – 2b + c) = 0 2
 1 1
Sol. f(x – 2) = 0 ⇒ a(x – 2)2 + b(x – 2) + c = 0 a and b. Then  +  =
α β
⇒ ax2 + x(b – 4a) + 4a – 2b + c = 0

2 2 2 c2
Alternate method
(a) b (b) b (c) a (d)
α, β are roots of a2 c2 b2 b2
ax2 + bc + c = 0
7. Let two numbers have arithmetic means 9 and
geometric mean 4. Then these numbers are the roots
−b c of the quadratic equation
∴α=
+β ,=
αβ
a a (a) x2 + 18x + 16 = 0 (b) x2 – 18x – 16 = 0
Equation with roots (2 + α) and (2 + β) will be 2
(c) x + 18x – 16 = 0 (d) x2 – 18x + 16 = 0
x2 – (2 + β + 2 + α)x + (2 + α) (2 + β) = 0
1 1
x2 – (4 + α + β)x + [4 + 2(α + β) + αβ] = 0
8. If a, b are root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then 3
+ 3 =
α β
 b  2b c  3abc − b3 3abc − b3
x2 −  4 −  x + 4 − +  =
0
 a  a a (a) (b)
a3 a3c
ax2 + (b – 4a)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0

3abc − b3 b3 − 2ac
Example 8: If each root of the equation x2 + 11x + 13 = 0 (c) (d)
c3 ac
is diminished by 4, then sum of the roots of the transfered 2
9. If a, b are the roots of the equation x + 3x + 2 = 0. Then
equation is
a5 + b5 =
(a) 19 (b) –19 (a) 33 (b) –32 (c) 35 (d) –33
(c) 17 (d) –17
Sol. f(x + 4) = 0 ⇒(x + 4)2 + 11(x + 4) + 13 = 0
⇒ x2 + 19x + 73 = 0
NATURE OF ROOTS
b coefficient of x
∴ sum of the roots = − =
− ™ Consider the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 where a, b,
a coefficient of x 2 c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 then;
= – 19 (i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal)
Example 9: If a, b are the roots of 4x2 + 7x + 2 = 0, then the (ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal)
equation whose roots are a2, b2 is
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary
(a) 16x2 + 33x + 4 = 0  If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other
(b) 16x2 – 33x – 4 = 0 must be it’s conjugate p – i q & vice versa. (p, q ∈ R &
(c) 16x2 + 33x – 4 = 0 i = −1 )
(d) 16x2 – 33x + 4 = 0
™ Consider the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 where a, b,
Sol. f(x) = 4x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then ;
The required equation is f ( x ) = 0. (i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square, then roots are rational &
unequal.
( x)
2
⇒ 4 + 7 x + 2 =0 ⇒ 4 x + 2 =−7 x q is one root in this case, (where p is
(ii) If α = p +

( )
2
⇒ (4 x + 2) 2 = −7 x ⇒ 16 x 2 − 33 x + 4 =0 rational & q is a surd) then the other root must be
the conjugate of it i.e. β = p – q & vice versa.

Quadratic Equations 3
 If ∆ = b2 – 4ac > 0.
Now consider the following cases. ⇒ m2 + 4m + 4 – (10 + 8m – 5m – 4m2) = 0
Case Nature of roots ⇒ 5m2 + m – 6 = 0 ⇒ (5m + 6) (m – 1) = 0
Case-I a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 Both roots are negative. 6
⇒ m= − or m=1
⇒ α + β < 0, 5
aβ > 0
Example 11: The roots of the quadratic equation
Case-II a > 0, b > 0, c < 0 Both roots are opposite in
x2 + x – 1 = 0 are
⇒ α + β < 0, sign; Magnitude of negative
aβ < 0 root is more than the (a) Rational
magnitude of positive root. (b) Irrational and conjugate
Case-III a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 Both roots are positive.
(c) Real
⇒ α + β > 0,
(d) Complex
aβ > 0
Case-IV a > 0, b < 0, c < 0 Roots are opposite in sign. Sol. D = (1)2 – 4(1)(–1) = 5 is not a perfect square.
⇒ α + β > 0, Magnitude of positive root ⇒ roots are irrational and more over conjugate
aβ < 0 is more than magnitude of
negative root. Example 12: The roots of the quadratic equation
2x2 + x + 6 = 0 are
PTR (Points to Remember) (a) Rational
(i) Roots are rational ⇔ D is a perfect square. (b) Real number
(ii) Roots are irrational ⇔ D is positive but not a perfect square. (c) Irrational and conjugate complex number
(iii) If a + b + c = 0, then 1 is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. (d) Complex
(iv) If a and c are of opposite sign, the roots must be of opposite Sol. D = 1 – 4(2)(6) = –47 < 0 is not a perfect square.
sign. ⇒ roots are irrational and more over conjugate complex
(v) If the roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then number
b = 0, ac < 0. Example 13: If the roots of the equation x2 – 15 – m(2x – 8)
(vi) If the roots are reciprocal of each other, then c = a. = 0 are equal then sum of all the values of m is
(vii) If a = 1, b, c ∈ Z and the roots are rational numbers, then (a) 8 (b) 15
these roots must be integers. (c) 3 (d) 5
(viii) If P(x) = a1x2 + b1x + c1 and Q(x) = a2x2 + b2x + c2, then Sol. x2 – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
P(x). Q(x) = 0 have atleast two real roots if D1 + D2 > O. x2 – 2mx + 8m – 15 = 0
D = 0 ⇒ (–2m)2 – 4 × 1 × (8m – 15) = 0
TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATION m2 – 8m + 15 = 0
If f(x) = 0 & g(x) = 0 are two polynomial equation having some (m – 3)(m – 5) = 0, m = 3; m = 5
common root(s) then those common root(s) is/are also the root(s) of Example 14: If a, b, c are real, the roots of a2x2 + b2x2 –
h(x) ≡ a f(x) + bg (x) = 0. 2abx – 2bcx + b2 + c2 = 0 are real and equal then a, b, c are in
(a) A.P (b) G.P
(c) H.P (d) A.G.P
Sol. a2x2 + b2x2 – 2abx – 2bcx + b2 + c2 = 0
Example 10: If the sum of all the values of m for which the a2x2 – 2abx + b2 + b2x2 – 2bcx + c2 = 0
quadratic equation 5x2 – 4x + 2 + m (4x2 – 2x – 1) = 0 have (ax – b)2 + (bx – c)2 = 0
equal roots is l, then –5l =
ax – b = 0; bx – c = 0
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 5 (d) –5
b c
Sol. 5x2 – 4x + 2 + m (4x2 – 2x – 1) = 0 =x = ;x
a b
(5 + 4m)x2 – 2(m + 2)x + (2 – m) = 0…(i)
b c
For equal roots, the discriminant of (i) should be = ⇒ b 2 =ac
equal to zero. a b
∴ 4(m + 2)2 – 4(5 + 4m) (2 – m) = 0 ∴ a, b, c are in G.P.

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4 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 Example 15: If the roots (a2 – bc)x2 + 2(b2 – ca)x + (c2 – ab) Example 19: Sum of all the integral values of a for which
= 0 are equal then the quadratic equation (x – a) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral
(a) b = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0 roots is
(b) b = 1 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
(a) 22 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 8
(c) b = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc = 0
(d) b = 1 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc = 0 Sol. Here the equation is x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. For
Sol. (a2 – bc)x2 + 2(b2 – ca)x + (c2 – ab) = 0 integral roots D should be a perfect square.
roots are equal ⇒ D = 0 D = a2 – 20a + 96.

⇒ 4(b2 – ca)2 – 4(a2 – bc)(c2 – ab) = 0 ⇒ D = (a – 10)2 – 4 ⇒ 4 = (a – 10)2 – D
⇒ b4 – 2ab2c + a3b + bc3 – ab2c) = 0
⇒ b = 0 (or) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0 If D is a perfect square means difference of two
perfect square as 4 which is possible only when
Example 16: A quadratic equation p(x) = 0 has 1 + 5 and
(a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
1 – 5 as roots and it satisfies p(1) = 2, then the quadratic
⇒ (a – 10) = ± 2; ⇒ a = 12, 8
polynomial is.
(a) 2/5 (x2 – 2x – 4) (b) – 2/5 (x2 – 2x – 4)
2
(c) – 2/5 (x + 2x – 4) (d) 2/5 (x2 + 2x – 4)
Sol. Sum of the roots = 2, product of the roots = – 4
∴ let p(x) = a(x2 – 2x – 4) ⇒ p(1) = 2
⇒ 2 = a(12 – 2 · 1 – 4) ⇒ a = – 2/5
10. If the expression x2 – (5m – 2)x + (4m2 + 10m + 25)
∴ p (x) = – 2/5 (x2 – 2x – 4)
can be expressed as a perfect square, then m =
Example 17: The quadratic equation x2 + mx + n = 0 has roots
8 8
which are as twice as those of x2 + px + m = 0, m, n, p are non (a) or 4 (b) − or 4
3 3
zero, then the value of n = 4 4
p (c) or 8 (d) − or 8
(a) 8 (b) 5 3 3
(c) 3 (d) 4
11. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 4x – log3 a
2a
= 0 are real, then the least value of a is
Sol. x2 + mx + n = 0
2b 1 1
(a) 81 (b) (c) (d) 9
a 81 64
and x2 + px + m = 0 12. If the roots of the equation
2(α + β) = – m...(i) b (a2 + b2)x2 + 2(bc + ad)x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are real then
4 αβ = n...(ii) a2, bd, c2 are in
and α + β = –p...(iii) (a) A.P. (b) G.P.
αβ = m...(iv) (c) H.P (d) A.G.P.
∴ from (i) and (iii)
2
⇒ 2p = m 13. The roots of the equation x − 2 3 x + 3 = 0 are
and from (ii) and (iv) (a) rational and equal (b) rational and not equal
n 4m (c) irrational (d) imaginary
⇒ 4m = n ⇒= = 8
p m2 14. If one root of the quadratic equation ax2 + 3x + 5 = 0
Example 18: The value of m for which the quadratic is 1, then the second root is
equation (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal 5 −5 5 −5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
roots is 3 3 16 8
(a) 0, 3 (b) 0, –3
(c) 9, 0 (d) –9, 0
Sol. Given equation is COMMON ROOTS
(1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0
Roots of equation will be equal if, D = 0. One Root Common
⇒ 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0 If α ≠ 0 is a common root of the equation
⇒ 4(1 + 9m2 + 6m – 1 – 9m – 8m2) = 0 a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 …(i)
⇒ m2 – 3m = 0 or, m(m – 3) = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 …(ii)
∴ m = 0, 3. Then we have
a1α2 + b1α + c1 = 0 and a2α2 + b2α + c2 = 0

Quadratic Equations 5
 α2 α
These give =
b1c2 − b2 c1 c1a2 − c2 a1 Example 21: If the quadratic equations, x2 + bx + c = 0 and
bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root then
1 (a) b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 + c2 + 1 = bc + b + c

= (a1b2 − a2 b1 ≠ 0).
a1b2 − a2 b1 (b) b – c + 1 = 0 or b2 – c2 + 1 = bc + b + c
Thus, the required condition for one common root is (a1b2 – a2b1) (c) b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 – c2 + 1 = bc – b + c
(b1c2 – b2c1) = (c1a2 – c2a1)2 and the value of the common root is (d) None of these
c a −c a b c −b c Sol. α2 + b α + c = 0 ...(i)
α = 1 2 2 1 or 1 2 2 1 . bα2 + cα + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
a1b2 − a2b1 c1a2 − c2 a1
α2 α 1
∴ = =
Both Roots Common b−c 2
b c − 1 c − b2
If the equations (i) and (ii) have both roots common, then these
b − c2 bc − 1
equations will be identical. Thus the required condition for both ⇒ α2 = 2
or α =
c − b c − b2
roots common is
a1 b1 c1 (If no root is equal to zero) ⇒ (b c – 1)2 = (b – c2) (c – b2)
= =
a2 b2 c2 or b3 + c3 + 1 – 3 b c = 0
⇒ (b + c + 1) (b2 + c2 + 1 – b c – c – b) = 0
PTR (Points to Remember)
⇒ b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 + c2 + 1 = b c + b + c
(i) To find the common root of two equations, make the coefficient
Example 22: If x2 + 4ax + 3 = 0 and 2x2 + 3ax – 9 = 0 have
of second degree terms in two equations equal and subtract.
a common root then the value of |a| is
The value of x so obtained is the required common root.
(a) 1 (b) 0
(ii) If two quadratic equations with real and rational coefficients (c) –1 (d) None of these
have a common imaginary or irrational roots, then both
Sol. (c1a2 – c2a1)2 = (a1b2 – a2b1)(b1c2 – b2c1)
roots will be common and the two equations will be
identical. The required condition is (6 + 9)2 = (3a – 8a)(–36a) ⇒ a = ±1
a1 b1 c1 x2
Example 23: If + bx + c = 0, x2 + cx + b = 0 (b ≠ c), have
= = . a common root then
a2 b2 c2
(a) b – c + 1 = 0 (b) –b + c – 1 = 0
(iii) If α is a repeated root of the quadratic equation
(c) b + c + 1 = 0 (d) b – c – 1 = 0
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0,

Sol. Let a be the common root
Then α is also a root of the equation f ′(x) = 0.
⇒ a2 + ba + c = 0 ...(i)
a2 + ca + b = 0 ...(ii)
(i) – (ii) ⇒ a = 1
Substitute in (1)
Example 20: The value of m and n in order that the equations
⇒ b+c+1=0
mx2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10x + n = 0 may have both the
Example 24: If the equation k(6x2 + 3) + rx + (2x2 – 1) = 0
roots common is
and 6k(2x2 + 1) + px + (4x2 – 2) = 0 have both roots common,
4 3 then the value of p/r is
(a) ,2 (b) ,4
3 2
1 1 1
3 (a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
(c) ,2 (d) None of these 3 2 −3
4
Sol. (6k + 2)x2 + rs + 3k – 1 = 0 ...(i)
Sol. The equations are mx2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10x + n = 0.
Since they have both the roots common, (12k + 4)x2 + px + 6k – 2 = 0 ...(ii)
m 5 2 a1 b1 c1 Since the roots of (i) and (ii) and equal,
= =  = =
3 10 n
a2 b2 c1 6k + 2 r 3k − 1
= =
15 3 12k + 4 p 6k − 2
From the first-relation, =
m = .
10 2 r 1
∴ =
From the last-relation, n = 4. p 2

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6 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 (ii) a > 0 and D = 0 ⇔ f(x) ≥ 0 ∀ x∈R
y

15. If the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0(a ≠ b)

have a common root then a + b =
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 b
x

16. If (x – 2) is a common factor of the expressions 2a
b−d
x2 + ax + b and x2 + cx + d, then –b
c−a f(x) = 0 at x =
2a
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
(iii) a > 0 and D > 0 ; then,
y

THEORY OF EQUATIONS 
b
2a
If α1, α2, α3, .....αn are the roots of the equation; f(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1  
x

+ a2xn–2 + .... + an–1x + an = 0 where a0, a1, .... an are all real &
a0 ≠ 0 then, f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ (–∞, α) ∪ (β, ∞)
a a
∑ α1 = – a1 , ∑ α1 α2 = + 2 , ∑ α1 α2 α3 = – 3 , ....., α1 α2 α3 f(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ (α, β)
a0 a0 a0
an D b
........αn = (–1)n f ( x) min =
− at x =
−
a0 4a 2a

(iv) a < 0 and D < 0 ⇔ f(x) < 0 ∀ x∈R

GRAPHS & SIGN OF REAL y
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS 
b
2a
x
Quadratic Expression
 b 
2
D 
Let y = ax2 + bx + c = a   x +  − 2  …(i)
 2a  4a 

 −b − D 
1. Represents a parabola with vertex  ,  and axis of the α and β are complex conjugates
−b  2a 4a 
parabola is x = (v) a < 0 and D = 0 ⇔ f(x) ≤ 0 ∀ x∈R
2a y
If a > 0, the parabola opens upward while if a < 0, the b
parabola opens downward. The parabola cuts the x-axis at 
2a
points corresponding to roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0. If this x
equation has
(i) D > 0, the parabola cuts x-axis at two real and distinct
points.
−b
(ii) D = 0, the parabola touches x-axis at x = . −b
2a f(x) = 0 at x =
(iii) D < 0, then;
2a
If a > 0, parabola lies above x-axis.
(vi) a < 0 and D > 0 ; then
If a < 0, parabola lies below x-axis. y
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c and a, b : a < b, be its roots
(i) a > 0 and D < 0 ⇔ f(x) > 0 ∀ x∈R
y  
x
b

2a

f(x) < 0 ∀ x∈(–∞, a) ∪ (b, ∞)

x f(x) > 0 ∀ x∈(a, b)
b

2a D b
f ( x) max =
− at x =
−
α and β are complex conjugates 4a 2a

Quadratic Equations 7
 Example 29: The roots of ax2 + 3bx + c = 0 if 3b = a + c are
c c
(a) 1, (b) 1,
Example 25: If a + b + c = 0; a n2 + b n + c = 0 and a + b n a −a
+ c n2 = 0 where n ≠ 0, 1, then −c −c
(c) 1, (d) –1,
(a) a = 0, b = c = 1 −a a
(b) a = b = 0, c = 1 Sol. ax2 + 3bx + c = 0 and 3b = a + c
(c) a = b = c = 0
ax2 + (a + c)x + c = 0; ax2 + ax + cx + c = 0
(d) a = 1, b = c = 0
ax(x + 1) + c(x + 1) = 0; (x + 1)(ax + c) = 0
Sol. Note that a x2 + b x + c = 0 is satisfied by x = 1;
−c
1 1 x=
−1; x =
x=n&x= where n ≠ a
n n
⇒ Q.E. has 3 distinct real roots which implies that it −c
∴ roots are –1,
must be an identity. a
Example 26: If x = 1 and x = 2 are solutions of the equation
x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a + b = 1, then the value of b =
(a) 5 (b) –4
(c) –5 (d) 4
Sol. a + b + c = – 1 17. If p, q are two real numbers satisfying the relations
⇒ c = – 2 & 8 + 4a + 2b + c = 0 2p2 – 3p –1 = 0 and q2 + 3q – 2 = 0 and pq ≠ 1, then
⇒ 4a + 2b = – 6 pq + p + 1
the value of .
⇒ 2a + b = – 3 q
(a) 1 (b) –1
⇒ a = – 4, b = 5
(c) 0 (d) None of these
Example 27: A polynomial in x of degree greater than 3
18. If p and q are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 then
leaves the remainder 2, 1 and –1 when divided by (x – 1),
(a) p = 1 (b) p = 1 or 0
(x + 2) & (x + 1) respectively, then the remainder, if the
(c) p = –2 (d) p = –2 or 0
polynomial is divided by, (x2 – 1) (x + 2) is
(a) a + b + c = – 1
(b) a + b + c = – 1 RANGE OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
(c) a – b – c = – 1
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
(d) a – b + c = – 1
(i) Range when x ∈ R : If a > 0
Sol. f (x) = Q1 (x – 1) + 2 = Q2 (x + 2) + 1 = Q3 (x + 1) – 1
⇒ f (1) = 2 ; f (– 2) = 1 ; f (– 1) = – 1 D
⇒ f(x) ∈  − , ∞ 

Let f(x) = Qr (x2 – 1) (x + 2) + ax2 + bx + c  4a 
Hence a + b + c = 2 ; 4 a – 2 b + c = 1  −D 

a < 0 ⇒ f ( x ) ∈  − ∞,
and a – b + c = – 1  4a 
Example 28: The roots of the equation a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a) Maximum & Minimum Value of y = ax² + bx + c occurs at
x + c(a – b) = 0 (a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ 0) are x = – (b/2a) according as a < 0 or a > 0 respectively
c ( a − b) a (a − b) (ii) Range in restricted domain : Given x ∈ [x1, x2]
(a) 1, (b) 1, b
a (b − c) c (b − c ) (a) If – ∉ [x1, x2] then,
2a
a (a + b) c (a + b)
(c) 1, (d) 1, f(x) ∈ [ min{ f ( x1 ), f ( x2 )}, max{ f ( x1 ), f ( x2 )}]

c (b − c ) a (b + c )
Sol. a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b) = 0 b
(b) If – ∈ [x1, x2] then,
c ( a − b) 2a
∴ the roots are 1,
a (b − c)   D  D 

f(x) ∈  min  f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ), −  , max  f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ), − 
  4a   4a  

P
8 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 Sol. Given expression 2x + 5 – 3x2,
a = –3 < 0, b = 2, c = 5
⇒ given expression has maximum value
Example 30: The minimum value of f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6.
1 1 4ac − b 2 4(−3)(5) − 4 16
(a) − (b) − ∴ maximum value =
= =
3 2 4a 4(−3) 3
1
(c) − (d) None of these
4
D  25 − 24 
Sol. Minimum value of f(x) =
− =
− 
4a  4 
1 b 5  . Hence range is  1 

=−  at x =
− = − ,∞  .
4 2a 2   4  19. Maximum value of –5x2 + 2x + 3 is
14 2 16
x+2 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
Example 31: The range of y = , if x is real 5 3 5
2 x 2 + 3x + 6
and x ≠ –2 is 1
20. The maximum value of is
 1 1 2
4x + 2x + 1
(a)  − , 
 13 3  4 2 3
1 1 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
(b)  − ,  – {0} 3 3 4
 13 3 
21. If x ∈ [2, 4] then for the expression x2 – 6x + 5
 1 1 1 1
(c)  − ,  or  − ,  – {0} (a) The least value = – 4
 13 3   13 3  (b) The greatest value = 4
(d) None of these (c) The least value = 3
(b) The greatest value = –5
x+2
Sol. y = 2 22. If 2x – 7 – 5x2 has maximum value at x = a then a =
2 x + 3x + 6
−1 1
⇒ 2yx2 + 3yx + 6y = x + 2 (a) (b)
5 5
⇒ 2yx2 + (3y – 1) x + 6y – 2 = 0 ...(i)
34 −34
Case-I: If y ≠ 0, then equation (i) is quadratic in x (c) (d)
 x is real 5 5
∴ D≥0 23. Find the range of the following functions:
⇒ (3y – 1)2 – 8y (6y – 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ (3y – 1) (13y + 1) ≤ 0 (i) f (x) = x2 + x + 1 (ii) f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 5
1 1
y ∈  − ,  – {0} (iii) f (x) = x2 + 2x + 7 (iv) f (x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)
 13 3 
( x − 1) 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
Case-II: if y = 0, then equation becomes (v) f ( x) = (vi) f ( x) =
x + x +1
2
x2 + x + 1
x=–2
Which is possible as x is real ( x − 1)( x − 2) ( x − 1)( x − 2)
(vii) f ( x) = (viii) f ( x) =
( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x − 4)
 1 1
∴ Range y ∈  − ,  ( x − 1)( x − 3)
 13 3  x2 − 5
(ix) f ( x) = (x) f ( x) = 2
( x − 2)( x − 4) 2x + 3
Example 32: The maximum or minimum values of 2x +
5 – 3x2 on R is (xi) f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1; x ≥ 0 (xii) f ( x)= 2 x 2 + x + 1;1 ≤ x ≤ 5

16
(a) Maximum value =
3
16 SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
(b) Minimum value =
3 The values of ‘x’ satisfying the inequality, ax2 + bx + c > 0
16 (a ≠ 0) are:
(c) Maximum value = –
3 (i) If D > 0, i.e. the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two different
16 roots α < β.
(d) Minimum value = – a > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, α) ∪ (β, ∞)
3
a < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (α, β)

Quadratic Equations 9
 (ii) If D = 0, i.e. roots are equal, i.e. α = β.
a > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, α) ∪ (α, ∞)
a<0⇒x∈φ
(iii) If D < 0, i.e. the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots. 24. The set of values of x for which the inequality
a>0⇒x∈R [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 ≤ 0 (where [.] denote the greatest
a<0⇒x∈φ function ) hold good is
P ( x) (a) 2 ≤ [x] < 3 (b) 2 ≤ x < 4
(iv) Inequalities of the form 0 can be solved using the
Q ( x) (c) 2 ≤ x < 3 (d) 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
method of intervals.
25. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, if f(–1) < 1, f(1) > –1, f(3) <
–4 and a ≠ 0 then
(a) a > 0 (b) a > 1
1 1
(c) a < − (d) − < a < 0
Example 33: The solution set of k so that y = kx is secant to 8 8
the curve y = x2 + k is
(a) (– ∞, 0) ∪ (4, ∞) (b) (– ∞, 0] ∪ (4, ∞)
(c) (– ∞, 0) ∪ [4, ∞) (d) (– ∞, 0] ∪ [4, ∞)
LOCATION OF ROOTS
Sol. Put y = kx in y = x2 + k Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and α,β be roots of
⇒ kx = x2 + k = 0 f (x) = 0
⇒ x2 – kx + k = 0 for line to be secant, D > 0 1. A real number k lies between the roots of f (x) = 0
⇒ k2 – 4k > 0 k(k – 4) > 0
hence k > 4 or k < 0
⇒ k ∈ (– ∞, 0) ∪ (4, ∞)
x2 + x + 1
Example 34: The solutions set of inequality > 0 is
| x + 1|

(a) R (b) R – {1} (i) D > 0, (ii) af (k) < 0, where α < β
(c) R – {–1} (d) None of these 2. If both roots of quadratic equation f (x) = 0 are greater than k, then

Sol.
x 2 + x + 1 > 0 …(i)
| x + 1|
∴ |x + 1| > 0, ∀ x ∈ R – {–1}
∴ (i) becomes x2 + x + 1 > 0 x ≠ –1
 2
x + x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R (as its a > 0 and D < 0)
∴ Solution of (i) is x ∈ R – {–1} (i) D > 0,
2
x − 3x − 1 (ii) af (k) > 0,
Example 35: The solutions set of inequality
x2 + x + 1
< 3 is. (iii) k < −b , where α ≤ β
(a) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (– 1, ∞) (b) (– ∞, – 2] ∪ (– 1, ∞) 2a
(c) (– ∞, – 2] ∪ [– 1, ∞) (d) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ [– 1, ∞) 3. If both roots are less than real number k, then

Sol. x 2 − 3 x − 1 < 3. a>0 a<0  b  D 

 , 
 2a 4a 
x2 + x + 1
  k x-axis
 (x2 + x + 1) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R k
  x-axis
∴ |x2 – 3x – 1| < 3(x2 + x + 1)  b  D 
 , 
⇒ (x2 – 3x – 1)2 – {3(x2 + x + 1)}2 < 0  2a 4a 

⇒ (4x2 + 2) (– 2x2 – 6x – 4) < 0 (i) D > 0,

⇒ (2x2 + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) > 0 (ii) af (k) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (– 1, ∞) −b
(iii) k > , where α ≤ β
2a

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10 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 4. Exactly one root lies between real numbers k1 and k2, where
k1 < k2. 2 2
 3 5  3 5
 b  D  = 2  α −  − ≤ 2  −1 −  − 10 since –1 ≤ a < 1.
=
a>0
 ,
 2a 4a 
  2 2  2 2
a<0
 k2 k1 αx12 αx22
 x-axis  Thus, the maximum value of + is 10.
k1 k2  x-axis
1 − x1 1 − x2

Example 37: The range of values of ‘a’ for which the

(i) D > 0,
 15 
(ii) f (k1).f (k2) < 0, where a < b equation x2 – (a – 5) x +  a −  = 0 has at least one
 4
5. If both roots of f (x) = 0 are confined between real numbers k1 positive root.
and k2, where k1 < k2. (a) (–∞, 15/4) ∪ [10, ∞)
 b  D 
a>0 a<0  ,
 2a 4a 
 (b) (–∞, 15/4) ∪ (10, ∞)
 
(c) (–∞, 15/4] ∪ [10, ∞)
k1 k2 x-axis k1 k2
  x-axis
(d) None of these
 b  D 
 ,
 2a 4a 

 15 
Sol. D ≥ 0 ⇒ (a – 5)2 – 4  a −  ≥ 0
(i) D > 0, (ii) af (k1) > 0  4
−b ⇒ a2 – 10 a + 25 – 4a + 15 ≥ 0
(iii) af (k2) > 0, (iv) k1 < < k2 , where a < b
2a
6. If real numbers k1 and k2 lie between roots of f (x) = 0, where ⇒ a2 – 14 a + 40 ≥ 0
k1 < k2. ⇒ (a – 4) (a – 10) ≥ 0
a<0
a>0
⇒ a ∈ (–∞, 4] ∪ [10, ∞)
k1 k2
  x-axis
  Case I: When both roots are positive
k1 k2 x-axis
15

D ≥ 0, a – 5 > 0, a – >0
4
(i) D > 0,
15
(ii) af (k1) < 0 ⇒ D ≥ 0, a > 5, a >
4
(iii) af (k2) < 0, where a < b ⇒ a ∈ [10, ∞)

Case II: When exactly one root is positive

15
⇒ a– ≤0
4
Example 36: Given that α is a real number not less than –1, 15
⇒ a≤
such that the equation is x i.e., x2 + 2(α – 2)x + α2 – 3α + 3 = 0, 4
αx12 αx22 then finally a ∈ (–∞, 15/4] ∪ [10, ∞)
then the maximum value of + is
1 − x1 1 − x2 Example 38: The set of values of k for which one root of
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) –10 (d) –5 the equation of x2 – (k + 1)x + k2 + k – 8 = 0 exceed 2 and
α  x12 (1 − x2 ) + x22 (1 − x1 )  other is smaller than 2.
αx12 αx22
Sol. + = (a) (–2, 3) (b) [–2, 3)
1 − x1 1 − x2 (1 − x1 )(1 − x2 )
(c) [–2, 3] (d) (2, –3)
α  x12 + x22 − x1 x2 ( x1 + x2 )  Sol. Since a > 0, ∴ f (2) < 0
=
x1 x2 − ( x1 + x2 ) + 1

α[(2α 2 − 10α + 10) + 2(α 2 − 3α + 3)(α − 2)] –2 3

=
α 2 − 3α + 3 + 2 ( α − 2 ) + 1
∴ 4 – 2(k + 1) + k2 + k – 8 < 0
α ( 2α3 − 8α 2 + 8α − 2 ) ⇒ k2 – k + 6 < 0
= 2
= 2 ( α 2 − 3α + 1)
α −α ⇒ (k + 2)(k – 3) < 0 ∴ k ∈ (–2, 3)

Quadratic Equations 11
 ADVANCED LEARNING
IMPORTANT THEOREMS AND RESULTS
1. Every equation of an even degree whose last term is
26. Let x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0 (m ∈ R) be a quadratic
negative has at least two real roots, one positive and one
equation, then find the values of ‘m’ for which
negative, provided that the coefficient of the first term is
(a) Both the roots are greater than 2.
positive.
(b) Both roots are positive.
(c) One root is positive and other is negative. 2. Every equation of nth degree (n ≥ 1) has exactly n roots &
(d) One root is greater than 2 and other smaller than 1 if the equation has more than n roots, it is an identity.
(e) Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. 3. If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and
(f) Both roots lie in the interval (1, 2) α + iβ is its root, then α – iβ is also a root. i.e. imaginary
27. If both roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2kx + k2 + roots occur in conjugate pairs.
K – 5 = 0 are less than 5, then the interval in which k 4. If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & α + β
lies
is one of its roots, then α − β is also a root where
(a) (–∞, 4) (b) (–∞, 4]
(c) (–∞, –4) (d) (–∞, –4] α, β ∈ Q & β is not a perfect square.
28. The interval in which ‘a’ lies when the graph of the 5. If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & ‘b’ such that f(a) &
function y = 16x2 + 8(a + 5) – 7a – 5 is strictly above f(b) are of opposite signs, then f(x) = 0 must have atleast
the x-axis is one real root between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(a) –15 < a < 2 (b) –15 < a < 3 6. If an equation has no odd powers of x, then all roots of the
(c) –15 < a < –2 (d) None of these
equation are complex provided all the coefficients of the
equation are having positive sign.
7. If x = α is root repeated m times in f (x) = 0,
NEWTON'S THEOREM (f (x) = 0 is an nth degree equation in x) then
f (x)= (x – α)m g (x)
Let a, b be the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and when g (x) is a polynomial of degree (n – m) and the root
sk = ak + bk then as3 + bs2 + cs1 = 0 x = α is repeated (m – 1) times in f ′(x) = 0, (m – 2) times in
f ″(x) = 0,...(m – (m – 1)) times in f m–1(x) = 0.
8. The condition that a quadratic function
DESCARTE'S RULE OF SIGNS
f (x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c may be resolved
into two linear factor if
The poynomial equations f(x) = 0 with real coefficent cannot have
more. ∆ = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2
(i) Positive roots than the number of changes of sign in f(x). a h g
(ii) Negative roots than the number of changes of signs in f(x). or h b f is 0.
g f c
ADVANCED LEARNING
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
1. Reciprocal equation of the standard form can be reduced
to an equation of half its dimension.
2. Equations of the form Example 39: The solutions of equation 2x4 + x3 – 11x2 +
(a) (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) = A where a < b < c < d can x + 2 = 0 is
be solved by change of variable. 1 3± 5 1 −3 ± 5
(a) , 2, (b) , 2,
 a+b+c+d  2 2 2 2
y= x −  
 4  1 3± 5
(b) (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) = Ax2 where (c) , 2, (d) None of these
2 −2
ab
ab = cd can be solved by assumption y= x + . Sol. Since x = 0 is not a solution hence, divide by x2
x
3. For the equation of the type (x – a)4 + (x – b)4 = A We get,
( x − a ) + ( x − b) 1 2

Substitute y = 2 x 2 + x − 11 + + =0
2 x x2

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12 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 Example 42: Given that the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
1 1
or 2  x 2 + 2  +  x +  − 11 =
0 has no real roots, but Kishan got two roots 2 and 4 since he
 x   x
wrote down a wrong value of a. Rahul also got two roots –1
1 and 4 because he wrote down the sign of a term wrongly,
Let x + = y
x 2b + 3c
⇒ 2(y2 – 2) + y – 11 = 0
then the value of =
a
5 (a) –6 (b) 5
or 2y2 + y – 15 = 0 ⇒ y = −3,
2 (c) 6 (d) –5
1 −3 ± 5 Sol. Suppose that Kishan wrote down the coefficient a as
Corresponding values of x are , 2,
2 2 a′ wrongly. Then
b c b 3
Example 40: The value of 7 + 7 − 7 + 7...∞ is − = 6, = 8, therefore − =. Based on Rahul
a′ a′ c 4
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 b c
result, we have= 3,= 4.
a a
Sol. Let 7 + 7 − 7 + 7...∞ or y = 7 + 7 − y
Since ∆ = b2 – 4ac < 0, we have ac > 0, therefore
2
or y −7= 7 − y ...(i) c b
= 4, and hence = −3.
Clearly y 2 − 7 ≥ 0 ⇒ y 2 ≥ 7 a a
2b + 3c
⇒ y ≥ 7 or y ≤ − 7 Thus, = 2 ( −3) + 3 ( 4 ) = 6.
a

y ≤ − 7 is not acceptable as y ≥ 0 so only solution
may be in the interval y ≥ 7

Since 7 > 2 so y = 2 is not possible

Keeping y = 3, 4 and 5 in equation (i) we see
29. The condition for ax2 + 2cxy + by2 + 2bx + 2ay + c is
That only y = 3 satisfies it and not y = 4 or y = 5. resolvable into two linear factors is
So only solution is y = 3. (a) a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Example 41: If 0 ≤ x ≤ π, then the solution of the equation (b) a3 + b3 + c3 = abc
2
16sin x + 16cos
2
x
10 is given by x equal to
= (c) a3 + b3 + c3 = ab + bc + ca
(b) a3 + b3 + c3 + abc = 0
π π π π
(a) , (b) , 30. If x4 + 4xy + 4y2 + 4x + cy + 3 can be written as the
6 3 3 2
product of two linear factors, then c =
π π (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(c) , (d) None of these
6 2 31. The solution set of (x + 4) (x + 6) (x + 8) (x + 12) =
2 16 1680x2 is
Sol. Let 16sin x 2 2
= y , then =
16cos x 16
=1− sin x

16
Hence, y + = 10 ⇒ y
y
2 – 10y + 16 = 0 or y = 2, 8
(a) {2, 24, − 28 − 4 46, − 28 + 4 46 }
y
2
(b) {2, 28, − 28 − 4 46, − 28 + 4 46 }
Now 16sin x
2 ⇒ 4sin 2 x =
= 1
1 π (c) {4, 28, − 28 − 4 46, − 28 + 4 46 }
∴ sin x =± ⇒x=
2 6 (d) None of these

( ) ( )
2 x2 −8 x2 −8
Also 16sin x
8 ⇒ 4sin 2 x =
= 3 32. If 7 + 4 3 + 7−4 3 14 then the value
=
3 π of x is
∴ sin x =± ⇒x=
2 3 ± 7, x =
(a) x = ±3 (b) x = 7, x = ±3
Hence (a) is the correct answer. (c) x =
± 7, x =
3 (d)
= x 7, x 3
=

Quadratic Equations 13
 AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)
1. Let a, b and c be real numbers such that 4a + 2b + c = 0 and 4. If α & β are the two distinct roots of x2 + 2 (K – 3) x + 9 = 0,
ab > 0. Then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has then the values of K such that α, β ∈ (– 6, 1) are
(a) real roots (b) imaginary roots  27   27   27   27 
(c) exactly one root (d) none of these (a) 6,  (b)  6,  (c)  6,  (d) 6, 
 4   4  4   4
Sol. D = b – 4ac = b – 4a (–4a –2b) = b2 + 16a2 + 8ab
2 2

Since ab > 0 Sol. x2 + 2(k – 3) x + 9 = 0 ...(i)

∴D>0 Roots α, β of equation (i) are distinct and lies between
So equation has real roots. – 6 and 1
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. D>0
⇒ 4(k – 3)2 – 36 > 0 ⇒ k(k –6) > 0
2. The quadratic equation whose roots are the x and y intercepts ⇒ k∈ (–∞,0) ∪(6, ∞) ...(ii)
of the line passing through (1, 1) and making a triangle of f (1) > 0
area A with the axes, may be ⇒ 1 + 2 (k – 3) + 9 > 0 ⇒ k ∈ (–2, ∞) …(iii)
(a) x2 + Ax + 2A = 0 (b) x2 – 2Ax + 2A = 0 f (–6) > 0 ⇒ 36 – 12 (k –3) + 9 > 0
(c) x2 – Ax + 2A = 0 (d) x2 – 2Ax – 2A = 0  27 
Sol. Line passing through (1, 1) is ⇒ 4k – 27 < 0 ⇒ k∈  – ∞,  ...(iv)
 4 
y – 1 = m(x – 1)
b –2(k – 3)
y = mx + 1 – m –6 < – < 1 ⇒ –6 < <1
2a 2
m −1
x intercept x = ...(i) ⇒ –1 < k – 3 < 6 ⇒ 2 < k < 9 ...(v)
m
 27 
y=0 (ii) ∩ (iii) ∩ (iv) ∩ (v) ⇒ k ∈  6, 
y intercept : y = 1 – m  ...(ii)  4 
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
x=0
1 5. If α is a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 then the other
Given are of OAB= A= × (OB)(OA) root must be
2 (a) 3α3 + 4α (b) 4α3 + 3α
1 (m − 1) (c) 2a - 1
2 (d) All the above
= × (1 − m)
2 m Sol. 4x2 + 2x − 1 = 0

A=
(
− m2 − 1 ) ....(iii)
x=
−2 ± 4 + 16
2m 8
Quardatic equation whose roots are x, y, is −2 ± 2 5 −1 ± 5

=x =
x 2 − ( x + y ) x1 + xy =
0 8 4
1

 2m − m 2 − 1  (m − 1) 2 5 −1
x12 − 
 x1 − 0
= If
= α = sin18°
 m  m 4
 
2
 5 + 1
m − 2m + 1  (m − 1) 2 β = −  = − cos 36°
x12 + 
 x1 − 0
=  4 
 m m
  β = −cos36° = −sin[90° − 36°] = −sin54°
From (iii), we get
= 4 sin318° − 3 sin18° = 4α3 − 3α
x12 − 2 Ax1 + 2 A =0 β = -cos36° = 2 sin218° − 1 = 2α2 − 1
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
3. Given that the equation x2 + (2a – 1)x + a2 = 0 has two real 6. Given that a,b,c are the lengths of three sides of ∆ABC,
positive roots, where a is an integer. If x1 and x2 are the a > b > c, 2b = a + c, and b is a positive integer. If a2 + b2 +
roots, find the value of x1 − x2 . c2 = 84, then the value of b =
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 5 (b) –5
(c) 2 (d) None of these (c) 4 (d) None of these
Sol. The two real roots are positive implies 1 – 2a ≥ 0, i.e., since Sol. The conditions a + c = 2b and a2 + b2 + c2 = 84 yield
a is an integer, so a ≤ 0. Then 1 1( 2
( a + c ) − ( a + c ) = 5b − 84 )
2 2 2
ac=
2 2
( )
2
x1 − x2 = x1 − x2 = x1 + x2 − 2 x1 x2 5b 2 − 84
By the inverse Viete throrem, the equation x2 – 2bx + =0
2
= 1 − 2a + 2a = 1. has two distinct roots a and c, so its discriminant is positive,
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. i.e., ∆ = 4b2 – 2(5b2 – 84) = 168 – 6b2 > 0, which implies

P
14 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 168 Sol. f(1 – x) = f(1 + x)

b2 < = 28 ⇒ the graph of the function y =
6 84
Since ac > 0 implies 84 < 5b2, so 16 < < b 2 . Thus, f(x) will be symmetric about
2
16 < b < 28 yields b = 5 5 the line x = 1
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. f(2) = 0 ⇒ f(0) = 0 x
0 2
f(x) = ax(x – 2)
7. x + 3 − 4 x −1 + x + 8 − 6 x −1 = 1. Solve for x. Now f(3) = 6 ⇒ a = 2
(a) {5, 10} (b) [1, ∞) (c) [5, 10] (d) (5, 10) f(x) = 2x2 – 4x x =1
Sol. Put x − 1 = t2 in the given equation, we get Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
t 2 + 1 + 3 − 4t + t 2 + 1 + 8 − 6t =1 12. All values of a for which the equation 2x2 – 2(2a + 1)x +
a(a + 1) = 0 has two roots, one of which is greater than
⇒| t − 2 | + | t − 3 |=
1
a and the other is smaller than a.
⇒ t ∈ [2,3] ⇒ x ∈ [5,10] (a) (–∞, –1] ∪ (0, ∞) (b) (–∞, –1) ∪ [0, ∞)
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. (c) (–∞, –1) ∪ (0, ∞) (d) (–∞, –1] ∪ [0, ∞)
8. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + mx + n = 0 are tan Sol. Here coefficient of x2 is positive
30° and tan 15°, respectively, then the value of 2 + n – m =
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) –4 (d) 4 + +
Sol. The equation x2 + mx + n = 0 has roots tan 30° and tan 15°. 0 – 1
Therefore, Let f(x) = 2x2 – 2(2a + 1)x + a(a + 1)
tan 30° + tan 15° = –m...(i)
\ f(a) = 2a2 – 2(2a + 1)a + a(a + 1) = –a2 – a < 0
tan 30° tan 15° = n...(ii)
tan 30° + tan15° ⇒ – a(a + 1) < 0 ⇒ a(a + 1) > 0
Now, tan 45° = tan (30° + 15°) ⇒ 1 = a ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (0, ∞)
1 − tan 30° tan15°
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
−m
⇒1=    [Using (i) and (ii)] 13. If x is real and 4y2 + 4xy + x + 6 = 0, then the complete set
1− n of values of x for which y is real is.
⇒ 1 – n = –m  ⇒ n – m = 1 ⇒ 2 + n – m = 3
(a) (– ∞, –2] ∪ [3, ∞) (b) (– ∞, –2] ∪ (3, ∞)
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
(c) (– ∞, –2) ∪ [3, ∞) (d) (– ∞, –2) ∪ (3, ∞)
9. If the difference between the roots of the equation
Sol. 4y2 + 4xy + x + 6 = 0 y ∈ R
x2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5, then the set of possible
values of a are \D ≥ 0
(a) (–3, 3) (b) [–3, 3) (c) (–3, 3] (d) [–3, 3] 16x2 – 16(x + 6) ≥ 0
⇒x2 – x – 6 ≥ 0
Sol. If a, b are roots of x2 + ax + 1 = 0, then
⇒ (x – 3)(x + 2) ≥ 0 –2 3

| α − β |< 5 ⇒ (α + β) 2 − 4αβ < 5 \ x ∈ (– ∞, –2] ∪ [3, ∞)
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
⇒ a 2 − 4 < 5 ⇒ a2 – 4 < 5 ⇒ a2 – 9 < 0

14. If Q1(x) = x2 + (k – 29)x – k and Q2(x) = 2x2 + (2k – 43)x + k
\ a ∈ (–3, 3) both are factors of a cubic polynomial P(x), then the largest
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. value of k is
10. The values of a for which one root of equation (a – 5)x2 – 2ax (a) 0 (b) 33 (c) 23 (d) 30
+ a – 4 = 0 is smaller than 1 and the other greater than 2. Sol. Two quadratic polynomials can be a factor of cubic polynomial
(a) [5, 24) (b) (5, 24) (c) (5, 24] (d) [5, 24] only when they have atleast one root common
⇒ x2 + (k – 29)x – k = 0 ...(i)
Sol. Let f(x) = (a – 5)x2 – 2ax + a – 4 (a ≠ 5) as 1 and 2 lie
and 2x2 + (2k – 43)x + k = 0 ...(ii)
between the roots of f(x) = 0
Must have a common roots
Consider (a – 5) f(1) < 0: (a – 5)(a – 5 – 2a + a – 4) < 0 Multiple equation (i) by 2 and subtracting, we get
⇒ (a – 5)(–9) < 0 ⇒ a – 5 > 0 ⇒ a ∈ (5, ∞)...(i)
−k
Consider (a – 5) f(2) < 0: (a – 5)(4 (a – 5) – 4a + a – 4) < 0 15 x + 3k = 0 ⇒ x = is the common root and it must
5
⇒ (a – 5)(a – 24) < 0 ⇒ a ∈ (5, 24) ...(ii)
satisfy equation (i)
Hence, the values of a satisfying (i) and (ii) at the same time
k2  k
are a ∈ (5, 24)
⇒ + (k − 29)  −  − k =0
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. 25  5
11. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c be a polynomial. If f(1 – x) = f(1 + x),  k  k 
⇒  −   − + k − 29 + 5 = 0 ⇒ k = 0 or k = 30
f(2) = 0 and f(3) = 6, then the value of a + b + c =  5  5 
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) –4 (d) 4 Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Quadratic Equations 15
 SCHOOL LEVEL PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTION 11. Find the values of k for which exactly one root of the
 1
1 quadratic equation 4x2 – 4(k – 2)x + k – 2 = 0 lies in  0,  .
1. The roots of the quadratic equation x + = 3, x ≠ 0 are  2
x
12. Find the zeroes of a biquadratic equation x4 – 3x2 + 2 = 0.
(a) 3 + 5,3 − 5 (b) 2 + 5, 2 − 5
13. Find the range of k for which 6 lies between the roots of the
3+ 5 3− 5 3+ 3 3− 3 quadratic equation x2 + 2(k – 3)x + 9 = 0.
(c) , (d) ,
2 2 2 2 x2 − 4x + 3
2. If the roots of the equation x2 + 2x + p = 0 are real then the 14. Find the values of x for which the expression < 0.
x2 + x + 1
value of P is
Find the minimum and maximum values of quadratic
(а) P ≤ 2 (b) P ≤ 1 expression f(x) = x2 – 12x + 11.
(c) P ≤ 3 (d) None of these
15. Find the relation between c, a and m if a quadratic equation
3. If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in the ratio m : n, then formed from y2 = 4ax and y = mx + c has equal roots.
(а) mna2 = (m + n)c2 (b) mnb2 = (m + n)ac 16. Check whether the following is a quadratic equation
(c) mnb2 = (m + n)2ac (d) mnb2 = (m – n)2ac (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4
4. If one root of the equation x2 + px +12 = 0 is 4, while the
equation x2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots, the value of q is LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
49 4 17. Find the values of k such that the equation
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d) 49
4 49 p q k
+ = has two equal roots.
5. The roots of the quadratic equation (x + r) (x − r) 2x

1 1 1 1 18. For what value of k do both the quadratic equations,

= + + , a+b ≠ 0
a+b+ x a b x
6x2 – 17x + 12 = 0 and 3x2 – 2x + k = 0, will have a common
root?
(a) a, b (b) –a, b (c) a, –b (d) –a, –b
19. For what values of 'm' does the quadratic expression
6. The roots of x2 – 2x – (r2 – 1) = 0 are: x2 + 2(m + l)x + 9m – 5 = 0 have only negative roots?
(a) 1 – r, r – 1 (b) 1 – r, r + 1
20 Find the values of k for which the roots of the quadratic
(c) 1, r (d) 1 – r, r equation x2 – (k – 3)x + k = 0 are greater than 2.
x 2 − bx k − 1 ( x + 2)
7. If equation = has equal and opposite roots in 21. Find the range of function f ( x) = , if x is real.
ax − c k + 1 (2 x 2 + 3 x + 6)
sign then the value of k is
a+b a −b a a CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
(a) (b) (c) +1 (d) −1
a −b a+b b b Case Study-I
8. If the equation x2 – bx + 1 = 0 does not possess real roots, Nidhi and Ria are very close friends. Nidhi’s parents own a Maruti
then Alto. Ria’s parents own a Toyota Liva. Both the families decide
(a) –3 < b < 3 (b) –2 < b < 2 to go for a picnic to Somnath temple in Gujrat by their own cars.
(c) b > 2 (d) b < –2 Nidhi’s car travels x km/h while Ria’s car travels 5 km/h more than
Nidhi’s car. Nidhi’s car took 4 hrs more than Ria’s car in covering
9. The roots of the equation x 2 − 2 2 x + 1 =0 are 400 km.
(a) Real and different (b) Imaginary and different 22. Write the quadratic equation that describe the speed of
Nidhi's car?
(c) Real and equal (d) Rational and different
(a) x2 + 5x – 500 = 0 (b) x2 + 4x – 200 = 0
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (c) x2 + 6x – 300 = 0 (d) x2 + 5x + 500 = 0
10. Find the quadratic equation with rational coefficients when 23. How much time did Ria take to travel 400 km?
1 (a) 18 hours (b) 16 hours
one root is .
2+ 5 (c) 12 hours (d) 11 hours

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16 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
Case Study-II 24. The sum of squares of two consecutive integers is 650.
Quadratic equations started around 3000 B.C. with the (a) x3 – 2x – 650 = 0
Babylonians. They were one of the world’s first civilisation, and (b) 2x2 + 2x – 649 = 0
came up with some great ideas like agriculture, irrigation and (c) x3 – 2x2 – 650 = 0
writing. There were many reasons why Babylonians needed to (d) 2x2 + 6x – 550 = 0
solve quadratic equations. For example to know what amount of 25. A natural number whose square diminished by 84 is thrice
crop you can grow on the square field. of 8 more of given number.
Based on the above information, represent the following questions (a) x2 + 8x – 84 = 0 (b) 3x2 – 84x + 3 = 0
in the form of quadratic equation. (c) x2 – 3x – 108 = 0 (d) x2 – 11x + 60 = 0

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
QUADRATIC EQUATION & NATURE OF ROOTS 9. If a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and the quadratic equation ax2 – bx + 1 = 0
has imaginary roots then a + b + 1 is:
1. If a + b + c = 0, and a, b, c ∈ R, then the roots of the
equation 4ax2 + 3bx + 2c = 0 are (a) Positive (b) Negative
(a) Equal (b) Imaginary (c) Zero (d) Depends on the sign of b
(c) Real (d) Both (a) and (b) 10. If a and b are the non-zero distinct roots of x2 + ax + b = 0,
2. The roots of the given equation 2(a2 + b2)x2 + 2(a + b) then the least value of x2 + ax + b is
x + 1 = 0 are 3 9 9
(a) (b) (c) – (d) 1
[Where a ≠ b] 2 4 4
(a) Rational (b) Irrational 11. If both roots of the quadratic equation (2 – x) (x + 1) = p are
(c) Real (d) Imaginary distinct & positive, then p must lie in the interval
3. If a, b, c ∈ Q, then roots of the equation (a) (2, ∞) (b) (2, 9/4)
(b + c –2a)x2 + (c + a – 2b)x + (a + b – 2c) = 0 are (c) (–∞, –2) (d) (–∞, ∞)
(a) Rational (b) Non-real 12. If (1 – p) is root of quadratic equation x2 + px + (1 – p) = 0,
(c) Irrational (d) Equal then its roots are
4. The value of k for which the quadratic equation, (a) 0, 1 (b) –1, 1 (c) 0, –­1 (d) –1, 2
kx2 + 1 = kx + 3x – 11x2 has real and equal roots are 13. If a + b + c = 0 then the equation 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has
(a) –11, –3 (b) 5, 7 (a) Imaginary roots
(c) 5, –7 (d) –7, 25 (b) Real and equal roots
x2
5. If – 3x + 2 be a factor of – x4 px2
+ q, then (p, q) = (c) Real and different roots
(a) (3, 4) (b) (4, 5) (c) (4, 3) (d) (5, 4) (d) Rational roots
6. The roots of the equation (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are 14. If a, b, c are in A.P then the roots of the equation ax2 + 2bx
+ c = 0 are (a ≠ b ≠ c)
c-a a-b
(a) ,1 (b) ,1 (a) Real and distinct (b) Real and equal
b-c b-c
(c) Real (d) Imaginary
b-c c-a
(c) ,1 (d) ,1 15. If the roots of the equation bx2 + cx + a = 0 be imaginary
a-b a-b
then for all real values of x, the expression 3b2x2 + 6bcx +
7. If a, b, c are integers and b2 = 4(ac + 5d2), d ∈ N, then roots 2c2 is
of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are (a) Greater than 4ab (b) Less than 4ab
(a) Irrational (b) Rational & different (c) Greater than –4ab (d) Less than –4ab
(c) Complex conjugate (d) Rational & equal
8. Consider the equation x2 + 2x – n = 0, where n ∈ N and Sum and Product of Roots
n ∈ [5, 100]. Total number of different values of ‘n’ so that 16. If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other,
the given equation has integral roots, is then k =
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 3 (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 1/6 (d) 6

Quadratic Equations 17
 17. If α and β are the roots of the equation 4x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, then 28. If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the square of
1 1 the other, then
+ =
α β (a) b2 + ac2 + a2c = 3abc
3 3 3 3 (b) b3 + ac2 + a2c = 3abc
(a) − (b) (c) − (d)
7 7 5 5 (c) b2 + ac2 + a2c + 3abc = 0
18. If α, β be the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the (d) b3 + ac2 + a2c + 3abc = 0
1 1 29. The number of real solution of the equation (9/10)x
equation whose roots are 2 and 2 is
α β = –3 + x – x2 is
(a) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (b) 9x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
(c) 9x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (d) 9x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 30. If the roots of x2 – bx + c = 0 are two consecutive integers
then b2 – 4c =
19. If the product of roots of the equation, mx2 + 6x + (2m – 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
= 0 is –1, then the value of m will be
31. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + px + q are tan a
1 1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) (d) − p
3 3 and tan b respectively then the value of is
q −1
20. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 + x + 1 = 0, then
the value of α3 β3γ3 (a) tan (a – b) (b) cot (a – b)
(c) tan (a + b) (d) cot (a + b)
(a) 0 (b) – 3 (c) 3 (d) – 1
x2
21. If a, b are the roots of quadratic equation + px + q = 0 and COMMON ROOTS
g, d are the roots of x2 + px – r = 0, then (a – g). (a – d) is
32. If the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and x2 + qx + p = 0, have a
equal to: common root, (Where p ≠ q) then p + q + 1 =
(a) q + r (b) q – r (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) – 1
(c) – (q + r) (d) – (p + q + r) 33. If a, b, p, q are non-zero real numbers, then the equations
22. If α, β are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the 2a2x2 – 2 abx + b2 = 0 and p2x2 + 2pqx + q2 = 0 have:
value of α3 + β3 is (a) No common root
3 3 3
(b) One common root if 2a2 + b2 = p2 + q2
(a) 3abc + b (b) a + b
a 3abc (c) Two common roots if 3pq = 2ab
3
−(3abc + b3 ) (d) Two common roots if 3qb = 2ap
(c) 3abc − b (d)
a3 a3 34. The equations x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 have a
common root. If a, b, c ∈ N then the least possible value of
23. If a + b = –2 and a3 + b3 = –56 then the quadratic equation
a + b + c is equal to
whose roots are a, b is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
(a) x2 + 2x – 16 = 0 (b) x2 + 2x – 15 = 0
(c) x2 + 2x – 12 = 0 (d) x2 + 2x – 8 = 0 Theory of Equation and Identity, Inequalities
24. tan 22° and tan 23° are roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 then 35. The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – |x + 2| + x > 0 is
(a) a + b + 1 = 0 (b) a – b + 1 = 0 (a) (–∞, –2) ∪ (2, ∞) (b) (–∞, – 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)
(c) b – a + 1 = 0 (d) a + b = 1
(c) (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞) (d) ( 2, ∞)
25. Let a, b be the roots of the equation (x – a)(x – b) = c,
c ≠ 0 then the roots of the equation (x – a)(x – b) + c = 0 are 36. Number of values of ‘p’ for which the equation (p2 – 3p + 2)
(a) a, c (b) b, c x2 – (p2 – 5p + 4)x + p – p2 = 0 possess more than two roots,
is:
(c) a, b (d) a + b, b + c
(a) 0 (b) 1
26. Let a, b are the roots of the equation x2 – 15x + 1 = 0, then
−2 −2
(c) 2 (d) None of these
1  1 
the value of  − 15  +  − 15  is x 4 − 3x 3 + 2x 2
α  β  37. The complete solution set of the inequality >
x 2 − x − 30
(a) 225 (b) 900 (c) 223 (d) 0 ≥ 0 is:
(a) (–∞, –5) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (6, ∞) ∪ {0}
27. If one root of x2
+ px + 12 = 0 is 4 while the equation
x2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots then q = (b) (–∞, –5) ∪ [1, 2] ∪ (6, ∞) ∪ {0}
49 (c) (–∞, –5] ∪ [1, 2] ∪ [6, ∞) ∪ {0}
(a) –7 (b) 4 (c) 42 (d)
4 (d) None of these

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18 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 38. If the inequality (m – 2)x2 + 8x + m + 4 > 0 is satisfied for 44. The values of k, for which the equation x2 + 2(k – 1)x + k +
all x ∈ R, then the least integral ‘m’ is: 5 = 0 possess atleast one positive root, are
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) [4, ∞) (b) (–∞, – 1] ∪ [4, ∞)
(c) 6 (d) None of these (c) [–1, 4] (d) (–∞, – 1]
45. The set of values of p for which 6 lies between the roots of
39. The set of all solutions of the inequality (1/ 2) x
2
− 2x
< 1/4 the equation x2 + 2(p – 3)x + 9 = 0 is
contains the set
3   3
(a) (–∞, 0) (b) (–∞, 1) (c) (1, ∞) (d) (3, ∞) (a)  , ∞  (b)  −∞, − 
4   4
40. If two roots of the equation x3 − px2 + qx − r = 0 are equal
 3 3  3 3
in magnitude but opposite in sign, then: (c)  − ,  (d)  − , 
 4 4  4 4
(a) pr = q (b) qr = p
3
(c) pq = r (d) None of these  x −1  x−4
46. If   = , then x =
 x + 2  x+5
41. If α, β & γ are the roots of the equation x3 − x − 1 = 0 then,
1 1 1
1+ α 1+ β 1+ γ
+ + has the value equal to: (a) − (b) (c) − 1 (d)
1− α 1− β 1− γ 2 2 4 4
(a) Zero (b) − 1 (c) − 7 (d) 1 47. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation x3 + 4x + 1 = 0, then
1 1 1
find the value of + + ,=
LOCATION OF ROOTS α+β β+ γ γ +α
42. The real values of ‘a’ for which the quadratic equation (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2x2 – (a3 + 8a – 1)x + a2 – 4a = 0 possesses roots of opposite 48. The solution of equation x3 – 13x2 + 15x + 189 = 0, if one
sign is given by: root exceeds the other by 2 is given by
(a) a > 5 (b) 0 < a < 4 (a) 7, 9, –3 (b) 2, –5, –4 (c) 1, 2, 6 (d) –1, –8, 9

(c) a > 0 (d) a > 7 mx 2 + 3 x + 4

49. If the inequality < 5 is satisfied for all x ∈ R,
x2 + 2x + 2
43. If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2p then the values of m
(x – 4) – 15 = 0, then the set of values of ‘p’ for which one (a) 1 < m < 5 (b) –1 < m < 5
root is less than 1 and the other root is greater than 2 is: (c) 1 < m < 6 (d) m < 71/24
(a) (7/3, ∞) (b) (– ∞, 7/3) 50. Sum of all the roots of the equation x2 − 2x + |x − 1| − 5 = 0 is
(c) x ∈ R (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 5

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. The value of k for which the equation (k – 2)x2 + 8x + k + 4 4. x2 – 11 x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a will have a common factor,
= 0 has both real, distinct and negative roots is if a =
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) – 4 (a) 24 (b) 0, 24
2. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2
+ bx + c = 0 then the (c) 3, 24 (d) 0, 3
1 1
equation whose roots are and α + and β + , is 5. The value of p for which both the roots of the equation
β α
4x2 – 20px + (25p2 + 15p – 66) = 0 are less than 2, lies in
(a) acx2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0
(b) abx2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0 (a) (4/5, 2) (b) (2, ∞)
(c) acx2 + (a + b)cx + (a + c)2 = 0 (c) (–1, – 4 / 5) (d) (– ∞, – 1)
(d) acx3 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)3 6. The number of quadratic equations which are unchanged by
3. If the roots of the equation 12x2 – mx + 5 = 0 are in the ratio squaring their roots
2 : 3, then m =
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) 5 10 (b) 3 10 (c) 2 10 (d) 10 5 (c) 4 (d) None of these

Quadratic Equations 19
 7. If b2 < 2ac, then equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 has 18. The number of real solutions of the equation |x|2 – 3|x|+2 = 0 is
(a) Exactly one real roots (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
(b) Has three real roots 19. Two towns A and B are 60km apart. A school is to be built
(c) At least two roots to serve 150 students in town A and 50 students in town B.
(d) None of these If the total distance to be travelled by all 200 student is to
be as small as possible, then the school should be built at
8. If secα, tanα are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
(a) town B (b) 45 km from town A
(a) a4 – b4 + 4ab2c = 0 (b) a4 + b4 – 4ab2c = 0
2 2 (c) town A (d) 45 km from town B
(c) a – b = 4ac (d) a2 + b2 = ac
20. If p, q, r are +ve and are in A.P., the roots of quadratic
9. If one root of the equation (l – m)x2 + lx + 1 = 0 is double
equation px2 + qx + r = 0 are all real for
the other and if l is real, then the greatest value of m is
7 8 8 r p
(a) 9 (b) (c) (d) (a) −7 ≥ 4 3 (b) −7 ≥ 4 3
8 9 9 p r
8
10. If p, q, r are real numbers satisfying the condition (c) all p and r (d) no p and r
p + q + r = 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation 21. Let p, q ∈{1, 2, 3, 4}. The number of equations of the form
3px2 + 5qx + 7r = 0 are px2 + qx + 1 = 0 having real roots is
(a) Positive (b) Negative (a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 8
(c) Real and distinct (d) Imaginary 22. If a and b (a < b) are the roots of the equation x2 + bx + c
11. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
d e f (a) 0 < a < b (b) a < 0 < b < |a|
dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have common root if , , are in
a b c (c) a < b < 0 (d) a < 0 < |a| < b
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) ab = cd 23. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that a + b + c +
d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d) satisfies the relation
12. The number of integral roots of the equation x8 – 24x7 – 18x5
+ 39x2 + 1155 = 0 is: (a) 0 ≤ M ≤ 1 (b) 1 ≤ M ≤ 2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 (c) 2 ≤ M ≤ 3 (d) 3 ≤ M ≤ 4
2
24. For the equation 3x + px + 3 = 0, p > 0, if one of the roots
13. If α ≠ β but α2 = 5α – 3 and β2 = 5β – 3, then the equation
α β is square of the other, then p is equal to
with roots , is:
β α (a) 1/3 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2/3
2
(a) 3x – 25x + 3 = 0 (b) x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 25. If a1, a2 ... an are positive real numbers whose product is a
2
(c) x – 5x + 3 = 0 (d) 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0 fixed number c, then the minimum value of a1 + a2 + ... +
14. Minimum possible number of positive root of the quadratic an–1 + 2an is
equation x2 – (1 + λ) x + λ –2 = 0, λ ∈R: (a) n(2c)1/n (b) (n+1)c1/n
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 2nc1/n (d) (n+1)(2c)1/n
(c) 1 (d) Can not be determined
26. Number of positive integers n for which n2 + 96 is a perfect
15. If α, β, γ, δ ∈R satisfy square is
( α + 1) + (β + 1) + ( γ + 1) + ( δ + 1)
2 2 2 2
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) infinite
=4
α+β+ γ +δ 27. If x2 + 5 = 2x – 4cos(a + bx), where a, b ∈ (0, 5), is satisfied
x4 x3
If biquadratic equation a0 + a1 + a2 + a3x + a4 = 0 hasx2 for at least one real x, then the maximum value of a + b is
 1   1   1   1  equal to
the roots  α + –1 ,  β + –1 ,  γ + –1 ,  δ + −1 . Then
 β   γ   δ   α  (a) 3π (b) 2π (c) π (d) –π
the value of a2/a0 is: 28. Let r, s, t be the roots of the equation x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0,
(a) 4 (b) –4 such that (rs)2 + (st)2 + (rt)2 = b2 – kac, then k =
(c) 6 (d) None the these (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
16. Both the roots of the equation (x – b) (x – c) + (x – a)(x – c) 29. Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers such that a, b are roots
+ (x – a) (x – b) = 0 are always or x2 – 5cx – 6d = 0, and c, d are roots of x2 – 5ax – 6b = 0.
Then b + d is
(a) positive (b) real
(a) 180 (b) 162 (c) 144 (d) 126
(c) negative (d) None of these.
30. Let S = {1, 2, 3, ..., 100}. Suppose b and c are chosen at
17. If (x2 + px + 1) is a factor of (ax3 + bx + c), then random from the set S. The probability that 4x2 + bx + c has
(a) a2 + c2 = –ab (b) a2 – c2 = – ab equal roots is
(c) a2 – c2 = ab (d) None of these (a) 0.001 (b) 0.004 (c) 0.007 (d) 0.01

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20 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 31. Let a1, a2, a3, a4 be real numbers such that a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTION
= 0 and a12+ a22 + a32 + a42 = 1. Then the smallest possible
value of the expression (a1 – a2)2 + (a2 – a3)2 + (a3 – a4)2 + 40. If solutions set of 3 6(5 x + 6) − 3 5(6 x − 11) =
1. is [a, –b/5a]
(a4 – a1)2 lies in the interval then a + b =
(a) (0, 1.5) (b) (1.5, 2.5) (c) (2.5, 3) (d) (3, 3.5) 41. Let p and q be the two roots of the equation mx2 + x(2 – m) +
32. Let r(x) be the remainder when the polynomial x135 + x125 – p q 2
3 = 0. If m1, m2 are the two values of m satisfying + =
x115 + x5 + 1 is divided by x3 – x. Then m m q p 3
(a) r(x) is the zero polynomial the value of 12 + 22 is
m2 m1
(b) r(x) is a non-zero constant
42. The minimum number of real roots of (x2 + 3x + a)(x2 + ax
(c) degree of r(x) is one + 1) = 0 equals
(d) degree or r(x) is two 43. The number of order pairs of integers (x, y) satisfying the
33. The sum of all non-integer roots of the equation x5 – 6x4 + equation x2 + 6x + y2 = 4 is
11x3 – 5x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 is 44. Given that α, β, γ are the roots of cubic equation
(a) 6 (b) –11 (c) –5 (d) 3 2
x 3 = 3 x 2 + 2 x + = 0.
34. The least value of the expression x2 + 4y2 + 3z2 – 2x – 12y 3
– 6z + 14 is The value of α + β4 + γ4 is equal to ______
4

(a) 1 (b) no least value 45. Let P(x) be a polynomial whose coefficient are integer
(c) 0 (d) None of these satisfies P(1) = 5 and P(2) = 7. The smallest possible
positive value of P(10) is equal to ________
35. If the equations px2 + qx + r = 0 and rx2 + qx + p = 0
(p ≠ r ≠ 0) have a negative common root then the value of 46. Let a and b be two real numbers such that a + b = 1 and
(p − q + r) is equal to ab = −1. Let pn = (a)n + (b)n, pn−1 =11 and pn+1 = 29 for
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0 some integer n ≥ 1. Then, the value of is p2n is ____.
36. Let a and β two real roots of the equation (k + 1) tan2x 47. Let the quadratic equation x2 + 3x − k = 0 has roots a, b
and x2 + 3x − 10 = 0 has roots c, d such that modulus of
− 2 . λ tan x = (1 − k), where k (≠−1) and λ are real
numbers. If tan2 (α + β) = 50, then a value of λ is difference of the roots of the first equation is equal to twice
the modulus of the difference of the roots of the second
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 10 2 (d) 5 2 equation. If the value of ‘k’ can be expressed as rational
37. Let a and β be the roots of the equation, 5x2 + 6x − 2 = 0. If number in the lowest form as m/n then find the value of
Sn = an + bn, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., then (m + n).
(a) 5S6 + 6S5 + 2S4 = 0 (b) 6S6 + 5S5 = 2S4 48. When y2 + my + 2 is divided by (y − 1) then the quotient is
(c) 6S6 + 5S5 + 2S4 = 0 (d) 5S6 + 6S5 = 2S4 f(y) and the remainder is R1. When y2 + my + 2 is divided
by (y + 1) then quotient is g(y) and the remainder is R2. If
38. Let p and q be two positive numbers such that p + q = 2 and R1 = R2 then find the value of m.
p4 + q4 = 272. Then p and q are roots of the equation
49. Let f (x) be the remainder when p(x) = x73 − 2x6 + 3x3 is
(a) x2 − 2x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 − 2x + 8 = 0
divided by x4(x2 − 1) then f (1) =
(c) x2 − 2x + 136 = 0 (d) x2 − 2x + 16 = 0
50. If all the values of ‘a’, so that exactly one root of the
39. The number of all 3-digit integers abc for which (a × b × c)
equation x2 – 2ax + a2 – 1 = 0, lies between the numbers
+ (a × b)6 + (c × a) + a + b + c = 29 is
2 and 4, and no root of the equation is either equal to 2 or
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 18 equal to 4 is (0, l) ∪ (l, 5) then find l.

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 2. The number of real roots of equation x8 − x5 + x2 − x + 2 = 0
1. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle where a ≠ b ≠ c and is
λ ∈ R. If the roots of the equation x2 + 2(a + b + c)x (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 0
+ 3λ(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then
3. Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers a such that the
4 5
(a) λ < (b) λ < quadratic equation ax2 − x + α = 0 has two distinct real roots
3 3
x1 and x2 satisfying the inequality |x1 − x2| < 2.
1 5  4 5
(c) λ ∈  ,  (d) λ ∈  , 
Which of the following interval(s) is a subset of S?
3 3  3 3

Quadratic Equations 21
  1 1 14 
 1 1
(a)  − , −  (b)  ,  (c) ( – ∞, –14 ) ∪  , ∞  ∪ {–12}
 2 3  10 2  3 
 1 1 14 
(c)  ,  (d) None of these (d) (−∞, −14) ∪  , ∞ 
 7 2 3 

4. Polynomials f (x) and g(x) are defined as follows:

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
11. The adjoining figure shows the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c. Then
f (x) = x2 + ax + 2; g(x) = x2 + 2x + a. (a ≠ 2)
y
If the equation f (x) = 0 and g(x) = 0 have a common root
then the sum of the roots of the equation f (x) + g(x) = 0 is.
1 1 x
(a) − (b) 0 (c) (d) 1 O x1 x2
2 2
(a) a<0
(a + x) + 43 (a – x) =
2 2
5. For the equation 3
5 3 a2 – x2 (b) b2 < 4ac
incorrect statement is (c) c>0
(a) Sum of real roots = (63/65)a (d) a and b are of opposite sign
(b) Product of real roots = 0 12. If (x2 + x + 1) + (x2 + 2x + 3) + (x2 + 3x + 5) + ...... + (x2 +
20x + 39) = 4500, then x is equal to
(c) No. of real roots = 2 (a) 10 (b) – 10 (c) 20.5 (d) –20.5
(d) No. of real roots = 3 13. If roots of equation, x3 + bx2 + cx – 1 = 0 forms an increasing
6. If a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and (b – 1)2 < 4ac, then the number G.P., then
of real roots of the system of equation (in three unknowns (a) b + c = 0
x1, x2, x3) (b) b ∈ (– ∞, –3)
(c) one of the roots = 1
ax12 + bx1 + c = x2, ax22 + bx2 + c = x3, ax32 + bx3 + c = x1 is
(d) one root is smaller than 1 & other > 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 14. If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx +
c = 0, then which of the following expression will be the
7. The values of a and b so that x4 + 12x3 + 46x2 + ax + b is symmetric function of roots
square of quadratic expression are respectively
α
(a) 60, 25 (b) 45, 25 (c) 60, 30 (d) 25, 45 (a) log (b) a2b5 + b2a5
β 2
8. Values of k for which the inequality ksin2 x – ksin x + 1 ≥ 0
(c) tan (a – b) (d)  log 1  + (log β) 2
is true ∀x ∈ R is  α

(a) k > – 1 (b) k > 4 15. If x ∈ R, then the roots of the equation x4 + 4x3 – 8x2 + k = 0
2 with respect to the values of k, (k ∈ [0, 2014]), are
(a) for k ∈ [0, 3]: 4 real and distinct roots
(c) – 1 ≤ k ≤ 4 (d) 1 ≤ k ≤ 5 (b) for k ∈ (3, 128): two real and two imaginary roots
2 2
9. Consider the following statements: (c) for k ∈ (128, 583): no real root
(d) for k ∈ (0, 3): four real and distinct roots
S1 : If the roots of x2 – bx + c = 0 are two consecutive
integers, then value of b2 – 4c is equal to 1. COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
S2 : if α, β are roots of x2 – x + 3 = 0 then value of α4 + β4 is
equal 7. Comprehension (Q. No. 16 to 18):
S3 : If α, β γ are the roots of x3 – 7x2 + 16x – 12 = 0 then Consider an unknown polynomial which when divided by
value of α2 + β2 + γ2 is equal to 17. (x – 3) and (x – 4) leaves remainders 2 and 1, respectively.
Let R(x) be the remainder when this polynomial is divided by
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3 are true or false
(x – 3) (x – 4)
(a) TTT (b) FTF (c) TFT (d) FTT
16. If equation R(x) = x2 + ax + 1 has two distinct real roots,
10. The complete set of values of ‘b’ for which the equation then exhaustive values of a are
2log1/25 (bx + 28) = – log5 (12 – 4x – x2) has only one
(a) (–2, 2) (b) (– ∞, –2) ∪ (2, ∞)
solution.
(c) (–2, ∞) (d) All real numbers
14 
(a) ( – ∞, –14 ) ∪  , ∞  ∪ {4} 17. If R(x) = px2 + (q – 1)x + 6 has no distinct real roots and
3  p > 0, then the least value of 3p + q is
14 
(b) ( – ∞, –14 ) ∪ {4} ∪  , ∞  ∪ {–12} (a) –2 (b) 2/3
3  (c) –1/3 (d) None of these

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22 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 18. Range of f(x) = [R(x)] / (x2 – 3x + 2) is (a) A → r, B → p, C → s, D → p,q
(a) [–2, 2] (b) A → r, B → p, C → s, D → p,r
(b) (−∞, −2 − 3] ∪ [−2 + 3,∞) (c) A → r, B → q, C → s, D → p
(c) (−∞, −7 − 4 3] ∪ [−7 + 4 3,∞) (d) A → p, B → r, C → s, D → q
(d) None of these
Comprehension (Q. No. 19 to 21): NUMERICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Consider the equation x4 + 2ax3 + x2 + 2ax + 1 = 0, where a ∈ R.
1 23. Find number of integral roots of equation x (x + 1)
Also, range of f ( x)= x + is (–∞, –2] ∪ [2, ∞) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 120 are
x
19. If equation has at least two distinct positive real roots, then 24. Find product of all real values of x satisfying
all possible value of ‘a’ are 2 −3 2 −3
(5 + 2 6) x + (5 − 2 6) x = 10 is
 1 5   3  −5 
(a)  −∞, −  (b)  , ∞  (c)  −∞, −  (d)  , ∞  25. The least prime integral value of ‘2a’ such that the roots
 4 4   4  4 
20. If equation has at least two distinct negative real roots, then α, β of the equation 2x2 + 6x + a = 0 satisfy the inequality
all possible values of ‘a’ are α β
+ < 2 is
3   5  β α
(a)  , ∞  (b)  − , ∞ 
4   4  26. If a, b are the roots of x2 + px + 1 = 0 and c, d are the roots
of x2 + qx + 1 = 0. Then find the value of (a − c) (b − c)
 1
(c)  −∞,  (d) All of above (a + d) (b + d)/(q2 − p2).
 4
21. If exactly two roots are positive and two roots are negative, 27. α, β are roots of the equation λ(x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0. If λ1 and
then number of integral values of ‘a’ is λ2 are the two values of λ for which the roots α, β are
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3 α β
connected by the relation + = 4, then the value of
β α
MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS  λ1 λ 2 
22. Match the column. λ + λ 
 2 1  is
Column-I Column-II  14 
A. If α, α + 4 are two roots of x2 – 8x p. 2 28. Let α, β be the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and γ,
+ k = 0, then possible value of k is δ be the roots of x2 – ax + b – 2 = 0. If αβγδ = 24 and
B. Number of real roots of equation q. 3 1 1 1 1 5
x2 – 5|x| + 6 = 0 are ‘n’, then value + + + = , then find the value of a.
α β γ δ 6
of n/2 is
C. If 3 – i is a root of x2 + ax + b = 0 r. 12 29. The least value of expression x2 + 2xy + 2y2 + 4y + 7 is:
(a, b ∈ R), then b is 30. If a > b > 0 and a3 + b3 + 27ab = 729 then the quadratic
D. If both roots of x2 – 2kx + k2 + k – 5 = 0 s. 10 equation ax2 + bx – 9 = 0 has roots α, β (α < β). Find the
are less than 5, then ‘k’ may be equal to value of 4β – aα.

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

NATURE OF ROOTS, RELATION BETWEEN 2. Let l ≠ 0 be a real number. Let a, b be the roots of the
ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS equation 14 x 2 − 31x + 3λ =0 and a, g be the roots of the
3α 4α
1. Let a, b be the roots of the quadratic equation equation 35 x 2 − 53 x + 4λ =0 . Then and are the
β γ
α 23 + β23 + α14 + β14
x2 + 6x + 3 = 0. Then 15 is equal to roots of the equation: [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
α + β15 + α10 + β10
2
 [12 April, 2023 (Shift-I)] 0 (b) 7 x 2 − 245 x + 250 =
(a) 7 x + 245 x − 250 = 0
(a) 729 (b) 72
(c) 81 (d) 9 (c) 49 x 2 − 245 x + 250 =
0 (d) 49 x 2 + 245 x + 250 =
0

Quadratic Equations 23
 3. If a and b are the roots of equation x2 – 7x – 1 = 0, then the 13. If one real root of the quadratic equation 81x2 + kx + 256 = 0
a 21 + b 21 + a17 + b17 is cube of the other root, then a value of k is:
value of is equal to  [11 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
a19 + b19
(a) –81 (b) 100
 [11 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
(c) 144 (d) –300
4. The minimum value of the sum of the squares of the roots
14. Let α and β be the roots of x2 – x – 1 = 0, with α > β. For
of x2 + (3 – a) x + 1 = 2a is: [26 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
α n − βn
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8 all positive integers n, define an = , n≥1
α −β
5. Let p and q be two real numbers such that p + q = 3 and b1 = 1 and bn = an–1 + an+1, n ≥ 2.
[JEE Adv, 2019]
2
 1 1 Then which of the following options is/are correct?
p4 + q4 = 369. Then    is equal to _________.
 p q
(a) a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + an = an+2 – 1 for all n ≥ 1
 [26 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]
∞
a 10
6. Let α and β be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0. If an= an – βn (b) ∑ 10nn =
89
n =1
a – 2a8
for n ≥ 1, then the value of 10 is: ∞
3a9 b 8
(c) ∑ 10nn =
89
 [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-II)] n =1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
(d) bn = γn + βn for all n ≥ 1
7. The number of real roots of the equation
e6 x − e 4 x − 2e3 x − 12e 2 x + e x + 1 =
0 is: CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS
 [25 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
15. If the value of real number a > 0 for which x2 – 5ax + 1 = 0
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
3
8. The sum of all integral values of k(k ≠ 0)for which the and x2 – ax – 5 = 0 have a common real roots is then
2β
2 1 2
equation − = in x has no real roots, is b is equal to______. [30 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
x −1 x − 2 k
 [26 Aug, 2021 (Shift-I)] 16. If for some p, q, r ∈ R, not all have same sign, one of the
9. Let α and β be two real roots of the equation (k + 1) tan2x roots of the equation (p2 + q2) x2 – 2q(p + r) x + q2 + r2 = 0
– 2· λ tan x = (1 – k), where k(≠ – 1) and l are equal q2 + r 2
is also a root of the equation x2 + 2x – 8 = 0 , then
number. If tan2(α + β) = 50, then a value of λ is p2
equal to ______ [26 July, 2022 (Shift-I)]
 [7 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)]
(a) 10 2 (b) 5 2 (c) 1 (d) 10
LOCATION OF ROOTS
10. The least positive value of ‘a’ for which the equation,
33 17. The number of integral values of k, for which one root
2x2 + (a – 10)x + = 2a has real roots is _______.
2 of the equation 2 x 2 − 8 x + k = 0 lies in the interval
 [8 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)] (1, 2) and its other root lies in the interval (2, 3), is:
11. Suppose a, b denote the distinct real roots of the quadratic  [1 Feb, 2023 (Shift-II)]
polynomial x 2 + 20x – 2020 and suppose c, d denote (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
the distinct complex roots of the quadratic polynomial
x2 – 20x + 2020. Then the value of ac(a – c) + ad(a – d) + 18. Consider the two sets: [3 Sep, 2020 (Shift I)]
bc(b – c) + bd(b – d) is [JEE Adv, 2020] A = {m ∈ R: both the roots of – (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0
x2
(a) 0 (b) 8000 are real} and B = [–3, 5).
(c) 8080 (d) 16000 Which of the following is not true?

12. The number of integral values of m for which the equation (a) A ∩ B = {–3}
(1 + m2)x2 – 2(1 + 3 m)x + (1 + 8 m) = 0 has no real root is: (b) B – A = (–3, 5)
 [8 April, 2019 (Shift-II)]
(a) infinitely many (b) 2 (c) A ∪ B = R
(c) 3 (d) 1 (d) A – B = (–∞, –3) ∪ (5, ∞)

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24 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 19. The set of all real values of λ for which the quadratic 24. L e t α1 , α 2 , …, α 7 b e t h e r o o t s o f t h e e q u a t i o n
equations, (λ +2 1)x2 – 4λx + 2 = 0 always have exactly
0 and α1 ≥ α 2 ≥ … ≥ α 7 .
x 7 + 3 x5 − 13 x3 − 15 x =
one root in the interval (0,1) is:
Then α1α 2 − α3α 4 + α5 α 6 is equal to
 [3 Sep, 2020 (Shift II)]
(a) (–3, –1) (b) (2, 4]  [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
(c) (0, 2) (d) (1, 3] 1 1
25. + + ... ,
( 20 − a )( 40 − a ) ( 40 − a )( 60 − a )
20. Consider the quadratic equation (c – 5)x2 – 2cx + (c – 4) =
0, c ≠ 5. Let S be the set of all integral values of c for which 1 1
+ = then the maximum value of a
one root of the equation lies in the interval (0, 2) and its other (180 − a )( 200 − a ) 256
root lies in the interval (2, 3). Then the number of elements
is: [29 July, 2022 (Shift-I)]
in S is: [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
(a) 198 (b) 202 (c) 212 (d) 218
(a) 18 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) 11 26. The sum of the cubes of all the roots of the equation
x4 – 3x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 is … [26 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
21. The number of integral values of m for which the quadratic
27. Let α, β (α > β) be the roots of the quadratic equation
expression, (1 + 2m)x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + 4(1 + m), x ∈ R, is
x 2 – x – 4 = 0 . I f P n = αn – βn, n ∈ N , t h e n
always positive, is: [12 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)]
P15 P16 − P14 P16 − P152 + P14 P15
(a) 3 (b) 8 is equal to.
P13 P14
(c) 7 (d) 6
 [29 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
SPECIAL FORMS 28. The number of distinct real roots of the equation
22. The number of real solutions of the equation x5 (x3 – x2 – x + 1) + x(3x3 – 4x2 – 2x + 4) –1 = 0 is_________

 1   1  [26 July, 2022 (Shift-I)]
3  x2 + 2  − 2  x +  + 5 =0 , is
 x   x 29. Let a be an integer such that all the real roots of the
 [24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)] polynomial 2x5 + 5x4 + 10x3 + 10x2 + 10x +10 lie in the
(a) 4 (b) 0 interval (a, a + 1). Then |a| is equal to_________.
(c) 3 (d) 2  [26 Feb, 2021 (Shift-II)]
−2
23. Let λ ∈  and let the equation E be |x|2 – 2|x| + |l – 3| = 0. 30. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (k ) =
Then the largest element in the set k
S = (x + l : x is an integer solution of E) is for k = 2, 3, 4, 5. Then the value of 52 – 10 f(10) is equal to.
 [1 Sep, 2021 (Shift-II)]
 [24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]

PW CHALLENGERS

NUMERICAL ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Then the maximal m(m > 1) such that there exists t ∈ R,
f(x + t) ≤ x holds so long as x∈[1, m], is
1. Suppose a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a, b, c∈R 2. Let A ={x|x2 – 4x + 3 < 0, x ∈R}, B = {x|21–x + a ≤ 0,
and a ≠ 0) satisfies the following conditions: x2 – 2(a + 7)x + 5 ≤ 0, x∈R}. If A ⊆ B, then the absolute
(a) f (x – 4) = f (2 – x) and f(x) ≥ x. value of the sum maximum and minimum value of real
number a is _______.
2
x +1
(b) When x  (0, 2), f ( x ) ≤   .
3. If the expression 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + l after
 2  factorizing into two linear factors is equivalent to
(ax + by + γ)(φx + ψy + ξ), then the value of (a + b + γ) –
(c) The minimum value of f(x) on R is 0 l(φ + ψ + ξ) =

Quadratic Equations 25
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 8. If a, b, c, d ∈ R satisfies
5(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 – ab – bc – cd– da) + 2 = 0 then
4. Let p be an odd prime. Let k be a positive integer such that
Column-I Column-II
k 2 − pk is also a positive integer. Then k = ________.
d
A. c = p.
( p + 1)
2
2
(a) (p + 1)4 (b)
4 c
B. b = q.
( p + 1) 3
(c) 4(p + 1)4 (d)
4 C. d = r. a+b
5. There are real numbers a, b and c and a positive number D. a = s. a+c
λ such that f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c has three real roots (a) A → r, B → p, C → s, D → q
x1, x2 and x3 satisfying
(b) A → p, B → r, C → q, D → q
1 (c) A → p, B → r, C → q, D → s
(1) x2 – x1 = λ (2) x3 > ( x1 + x2 ) .
2 (d) A → p, B → q, C → r, D → q
9. If the equation x4 + x3 – 2ax2 – ax + a2 = 0 has 4 real roots
2a 3 + 27c − 9ab
Find the maximum value of . then the least possible value of ‘a’ is
λ3
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) − (c) − (d)
2 2 4 4 4 4
(a) − 3 (b) 3
3 3 10. Mathematician J.Sachin was working on variables x, y,
z ∈ R during his work he found an interesting equation
3 1 2x2 + y2 + 2z2 – 8x + 2y – 2xy + 2xz – 16z + 35 = 0. Then
(c) 3 (d) 2
2 3 x+y+z=
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) N.O.T
6. Find all polynomials P(x) with real coefficients, which
11. S. Pankaj solved the equation to evaluate pair of solution of
satisfy the equation P(a – b) + P(b – c) + P(c – a) = 2P(a +
 1 
b + c)for all real numbers a, b, c such that ab + bc + ca =. 5 x 1 + 2 2 
=12
(a) 0 (b) 1  x +y 
(c) 2 (d) None of these  1 
5 x 1 − 2
2 =4
7. The number of ordered pairs (x, y) of positive integers  x +y 
satisfying the equation x2 + y2 = 13(x + y) is as (α, β) & (γ, δ) then find 5(α + β) + γ + δ
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3 (a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1

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26 W JEE (XI) Module-2 MATHEMATICS
 Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b)
3   31   1 
23. (i)  , ∞  (ii)  8 ,∞ (iii) [ −∞,8) (iv)  − ,8 
4     4 
 2 2 
(v)  −1 −
 3
, −1 + 
3
(vi)

1 −
2
3
,1 +
2 

3
(vii) ( −∞,3 − 8  ∪ 3 + 8, ∞
  )

 5 1
(   )
(viii) −∞, −7 − 48  ∪  −7 + 48, ∞    (ix) (−∞, ∞) (x)  − ,   
 3 2
(xi) [1, ∞ ) (xii) [4,56]

24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) [9, 10) (b) [9, ∞) (c) m < 0 (d) φ (e) φ (f) φ
27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (d) 31. (a) 32. (a)

SCHOOL LEVEL PROBLEM

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 22. (a)
23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. [167]
41. [99] 42. [2] 43. [8] 44. [9] 45. [23] 46. [324] 47. [191] 48. [0] 49. [2] 50. [3]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a,d) 12. (a,d) 13. (a,b,c,d) 14. (a,b,d) 15. (b,c,d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. [2] 24. [8] 25. [11] 26. [1] 27. [73] 28. [10] 29. [3] 30. [13]

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. [51] 4. (c) 5. [4] 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. [66] 9. (d) 10. [8]
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a,b,c) 15. [13] 16. [272] 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. [5] 24. [9] 25. (c) 26. [36] 27. [16] 28. [3] 29. [2] 30. [26]

PW CHALLENGERS
1. [9] 2. [5] 3. [1] 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b)

Quadratic Equations 27