Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2016, Article ID 1708527, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1708527

Research Article
Existence and Uniqueness Results for a Smooth Model of
Periodic Infectious Diseases

Guy Degla1,2
1
International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
2
Institut de Mathématiques et de Sciences Physiques (IMSP), 01 BP 613 Porto-Novo, Benin

Correspondence should be addressed to Guy Degla; gdegla@ictp.it

Received 14 July 2016; Accepted 18 August 2016

Academic Editor: Mohsen Alimohammady

Copyright © 2016 Guy Degla. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

We prove the existence of a curve (with respect to the scalar delay) of periodic positive solutions for a smooth model of Cooke-
Kaplan’s integral equation by using the implicit function theorem under suitable conditions. We also show a situation in which any
bounded solution with a sufficiently small delay is isolated, clearing an asymptotic stability result of Cooke and Kaplan.

Dedicated to Professor Giovanni Vidossich

1. Introduction result for bounded solutions of (1) when 𝑓(𝑡, 0) ≡ 0, 𝑓 is

continuous and continuously differentiable with respect to its
By modelling some infectious diseases with periodic contact second variable 𝑥, and 𝜏 > 0 is sufficiently small.
rate that varies seasonally, Cooke and Kaplan [1] came up with
the nonlinear integral equation
2. The Results
𝑡
𝑢 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑠, 𝑢 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠, − ∞ < 𝑡 < +∞, (1) In the sequel 𝜔 denotes a positive constant real number,
𝑡−𝜏
C𝜔 (R) denotes the real Banach space of 𝜔-periodic contin-
where 𝑢(𝑡) represents the proportion of infections in the uous functions from R to R equipped with the supremum
population at time 𝑡, 𝑓 : R×[0, ∞) → [0, ∞); (𝑡, 𝑥) 󳨃→ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑥) norm
is a (nonnegative) continuous function which is 𝜔-periodic in
the variable 𝑡; and 𝜏 is a positive real number corresponding ‖𝑢‖𝜔 = sup |𝑢 (𝑡)| = max |𝑢 (𝑡)| , (2)
𝑡∈R 0≤𝑡≤𝜔
to the length of time an individual remains infectious.
This has attracted many mathematicians such as Leggett C1𝜔 (R) denotes the space of 𝜔-periodic continuously differ-
and Williams [2], Nussbaum [3], and Agarwal and O’Regan entiable functions from R to R, and 𝐶𝑏 (R) denotes the real
[4] who have considered many variants of this model and Banach space of bounded continuous functions from R to R
used cone theoretic arguments to establish their existence equipped with the supremum norm
results.
In this paper, we consider 𝜏 as a positive real parameter ‖𝑢‖∞ = sup |𝑢 (𝑡)| . (3)
and prove under suitable conditions (5) the existence of a 𝑡∈R

unique curve of periodic positive solutions when 𝑓 is of Given a function of two variables 𝑢 : (𝜏, 𝑡) 󳨃→ 𝑢(𝜏, 𝑡), we shall
separable variables; say 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑥) ≡ 𝑞(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑞 : R → set
[0, +∞) continuous and 𝜔-periodic, and 𝑔 : [0, +∞) →
[0, +∞) is of class C1 . Furthermore we show a uniqueness 𝑢𝜏 (𝑡) fl 𝑢 (𝜏, 𝑡) . (4)
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Theorem 1. Let 𝑞 : R → [0, +∞) be a (nonnegative) continu- Proposition 3. Let

ous 𝜔-periodic function that is not identically equal to zero and
𝑔 : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) be a nonnegative continuous function 𝑓 : R × [0, +∞) 󳨀→ [0, +∞) ,
of class C1 . (10)
Suppose, moreover, that there exists a real number 𝑥0 > 0 (𝑡, 𝑥) 󳨃󳨀→ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑥)
such that
be a nonnegative bounded continuous function, 𝜔-periodic
𝑥0 − 𝜔𝑞𝑔 (𝑥0 ) = 0, with respect to 𝑡, not identically equal to zero and having a
󵄨 󵄨 (5) continuous partial derivative 𝜕𝑓/𝜕𝑥. Suppose, moreover, that
𝜔𝑞 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥0 )󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 < 1,
𝜔 𝑓 (𝑡, 0) = 0 ∀𝑡 ∈ R. (11)
where 𝑞 = (1/𝜔) ∫0 𝑞(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 (the mean value of 𝑞).
Then there exists 𝛿 ∈ (0, 𝜔) and a unique curve of nontriv-
Then,
ial nonnegative 𝜔-periodic solutions 𝑢 ∈ C1 ((𝜔 − 𝛿, 𝜔 + 𝛿);
C1𝜔 (R)); 𝜏 󳨃→ 𝑢(𝜏, ⋅) š 𝑢𝜏 such that by setting 𝑢𝜏 fl 𝑢(𝜏, ⋅) we (i) for every 𝜏 > 0, any solution of (1) is a priori bounded,
have
(ii) given 𝜏 > 0, any solution 𝑢 of (1), such that
𝑢𝜔 (𝑡) = 𝑥0 , ∀𝑡 ∈ R, (6)
𝑡 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑓 󵄨󵄨
󵄨󵄨 󵄨
and for each 𝜏 ∈ (𝜔 − 𝛿, 𝜔 + 𝛿), sup ∫ 󵄨󵄨 (𝑠, 𝑢 (𝑠))󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑑𝑠 < 1, (12)
𝑡∈R 𝑡−𝜏 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑥 󵄨󵄨
𝑡
𝑢𝜏 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔 (𝑢𝜏 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠, − ∞ < 𝑡 < +∞; (7)
𝑡−𝜏
is isolated,
that is, 𝑢𝜏 solves (1) with 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑥) ≡ 𝑞(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥).
(iii) in particular, for any 𝜏 > 0 such that
Remarks 2. (i) For 𝜏 sufficiently closed but not equal to 𝜔,
𝑡 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑓 󵄨󵄨 𝑡 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑓 󵄨󵄨
the solution 𝑢𝜏 provided by Theorem 1 is not constant (since 󵄨󵄨 󵄨 󵄨 󵄨
sup ∫ 󵄨󵄨 (𝑠, 0)󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑑𝑠 = max ∫ 󵄨󵄨󵄨 (𝑠, 0)󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑑𝑠 < 1, (13)
it can be seen in the proof that (𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝜏)(𝜔, 𝑥0 ) ≢ 0). 𝑡∈R 𝑡−𝜏 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑥 󵄨󵄨 0≤𝑡≤𝜔 𝑡−𝜏 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑥 󵄨󵄨
(ii) The assumptions of this theorem are satisfied (due to
the intermediate value theorem) when 𝑞 : R → [0, +∞)
the zero function is an isolated solution of (1).
is a nonnegative continuous 𝜔-periodic function that is not
identically equal to zero and 𝑔 : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) is a Example 4. The assumptions of this theorem are satisfied in
nonnegative continuous function of class C1 such that each of the next two cases followed by an illustration of part
𝑔 (𝑥) (iii) of Remarks 2:
lim sup = +∞,
𝑥
𝑥→0+ (i) Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥 for every 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑞(𝑡) = (1/2)(1 +
𝑔 (𝑥) sin(2𝜋𝑡)) for all 𝑡 ∈ R and 𝜔 = 1.
inf =0 for some 𝑥∗ > 0, (8)
𝑥≥𝑥∗ 𝑥 Clearly 𝑞 is a 1-periodic nonnegative function with
𝜔
󵄨 󵄨 𝑞 = (1/𝜔) ∫0 𝑞(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = 1/2. Moreover 𝑔 is a
𝜔𝑞 (sup 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥)󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨) < 1. nonnegative function of class C1 on [0, +∞) and so
𝑥>0

(iii) The conclusion of Theorem 1 still holds, according to 󵄨 󵄨 1

its proof, when 𝑞 : R → [0, +∞) is a nonnegative continuous 𝜔𝑞 sup 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥)󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 = 𝜔𝑞 sup 𝑒−𝑥 = < 1. (14)
𝑥>0 𝑥>0 2
𝜔-periodic function that is not identically equal to zero, for
some real number 𝑥1 > 0, 𝑔 is continuously differentiable
from [0, 𝑥1 ] into [0, +∞), and there exists a real number 𝑥0 ∈ One can even realize that the positive solution 𝑥0 of
(0, 𝑥1 ) that satisfies the conditions (5). the equation
(iv) Note that if 𝑞 : R → [0, +∞) is a nonnegative con-
tinuous 𝜔-periodic function that is not identically equal to 𝑒−𝑥
𝑥− =0 (15)
zero and 𝑔 : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) is a nonnegative continuous 2
function of class C1 which is superlinear or for which there
exists a positive number 𝑥∗ such that belongs to the interval (0, 1/2).
𝑔𝑟󸀠 (0) = 0, (ii) Let 𝑔(𝑥) = exp(−𝑥2 /2) for every 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑞(𝑡) =
(1 + sin(𝜋𝑡))/2 for all 𝑡 ∈ R and 𝜔 = 2.
𝑔 (𝑥∗ ) 1 (9)
> , Clearly 𝑞 is a 2-periodic nonnegative function with
𝑥∗ 𝜔𝑞
then (1) with 𝜏 = 𝜔 has a positive constant solution but we 1 𝜔 1
cannot say more because 𝜔𝑞(sup0<𝑥<𝑥∗ |𝑔󸀠 (𝑥)|) > 1. 𝑞= ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = . (16)
𝜔 0 2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

Moreover 𝑔 is a nonnegative function of class C1 on defined by

[0, +∞) and 𝑔󸀠 (𝑥) = −𝑥 exp(−𝑥2 /2) for 𝑥 > 0,
𝑡

𝑔 (𝑥) [𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢)] (𝑡) = 𝑢 (𝑡) − ∫ ̃ (𝑢 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠,

𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔
lim+ = +∞, 𝑡−𝜏 (25)
𝑥→0 𝑥
−∞ < 𝑡 < +∞.
𝑔 (𝑥)
lim = 0, (17)
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 Then 𝐹 is well-defined by the 𝜔-periodicity of 𝑞 and the
1/2
continuity of both 𝑞 and 𝑔. Also for every (𝜏, 𝑢) ∈ (0, +∞)×Ω
󵄨 󵄨 2
𝜔𝑞 (sup 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥)󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨) = sup (𝑥𝑒−𝑥 /2 ) = ( )
2
< 1. fixed, we have
𝑥>0 𝑥>0 𝑒
𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢) = 0 ⇐⇒
Then we can conclude according to part (ii) of
Remarks 2. { [𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢)] (𝑡) = 0, ∀𝑡 ∈ R
{
{
{
{ 𝑡
(iii) Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) for every 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑞(𝑡) = {
{
{
{ 𝑢 (𝑡) − ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔 ̃ (𝑢 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 = 0, ∀𝑡 ∈ R
5(1 + sin(4𝜋𝑡)) for all 𝑡 ∈ R, and 𝜔 = 1/2. { 𝑡−𝜏
(26)
𝑡
It follows that 𝑞 is a 1/2-periodic nonnegative func- {
{𝑢 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔
{
{ ̃ (𝑢 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 ≥ 0, ∀𝑡 ∈ R
tion with 𝑞 = 5, and 𝑔 is a nonnegative function of {
{
{
{
𝑡−𝜏
𝑡
class C1 on [0, 1] with 𝑔󸀠 (𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 1. {
{𝑢 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔 (𝑢 (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 ≥ 0, ∀𝑡 ∈ R.
Moreover 𝑥0 = 3/5 satisfies { 𝑡−𝜏

𝑥0 − 𝜔𝑞𝑔 (𝑥0 ) = 0, Thus for (𝜏, 𝑢) ∈ (0, +∞) × Ω, 𝐹(𝜏, 𝑢) = 0 if and only if 𝑢 is a
positive solution of (1) with 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑥) ≡ 𝑞(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥).
󵄨 󵄨 1 (18)
𝜔𝑞 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥0 )󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 = < 1.
2 Step 2. Now one can see that 𝐹 is of class C1 by the properties
of the parameter dependent integrals and those of Nemytskii
The result follows from part (iii) of Remarks 2. operators [5].
It is not hard to check that, for every 𝜏 > 0 and every
Proof of Theorem 1. Suppose that the assumptions of 𝑢 ∈ C𝜔 (R), we have for all ℎ ∈ C𝜔 (R),
Theorem 1 are satisfied.
𝐷1 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢) : 𝑡 󳨃󳨀→ −𝑞 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑔 (𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝜏)) ,
̃ be a real-valued C1 -extension of 𝑔 to R; for
Step 1. Let 𝑔
instance, [𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢)] (ℎ) : 𝑡 󳨃󳨀→ ℎ (𝑡)
(27)
𝑡
{𝑔 (𝑥) if 𝑥 ≥ 0, −∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑔󸀠 (𝑢 (𝑠)) ℎ (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠.
̃ (𝑥) = {
𝑔 (19) 𝑡−𝜏
𝑔󸀠 𝑥 + 𝑔 (0) if 𝑥 < 0,
{ 𝑟 (0)
In particular 𝐷1 𝐹(𝜔, 𝑥0 ) is the function −𝑔(𝑥0 )𝑞 since 𝑞 is 𝜔-
̃ is defined from R
which may change sign; in other words 𝑔 periodic, while 𝐷2 𝐹(𝜔, 𝑥0 ) is the endomorphism of C𝜔 (R);
into R. ℎ 󳨃→ 𝐷2 𝐹(𝜔, 𝑥0 )(ℎ), such that
Although
[𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜔, 𝑥0 ) (ℎ)] (𝑡) = ℎ (𝑡)
𝑔 ([0, +∞)) ⊂ [0, +∞) , (20)
𝑡
we shall need just a positive real number 𝑥1 > 𝑥0 such that − 𝑔󸀠 (𝑥0 ) ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) ℎ (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠, (28)
𝑡−𝜔

𝑔 ([0, 𝑥1 ]) ⊂ [0, +∞) (21) ∀𝑡 ∈ R.

for the sake of generality (see Remarks 2(iii)). Hence Step 3. We have 𝐹(𝜔, 𝑥0 ) = 0.
̃ (𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥) ≥ 0,
𝑔 ∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝑥1 ] . (22) Moreover
󵄩󵄩 󵄩 󵄩 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜔, 𝑥0 ) − 𝐼󵄩󵄩󵄩 = sup 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜔, 𝑥0 ) (ℎ) − ℎ󵄩󵄩󵄩𝜔
Now set ‖ℎ‖𝜔 ≤1

Ω = {𝑢 ∈ C𝜔 (R) : 0 < 𝑢 (𝑡) < 𝑥1 , ∀𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝜔]} . (23) 󵄨 󵄨 𝑡

≤ sup 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥0 )󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 ∫ 𝑞 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 (29)
𝑡∈R 𝑡−𝜔
Clearly Ω is open in C𝜔 (R) and contains the constant
function 𝑥0 . Moreover consider the mapping 󵄨 󵄨
= 𝜔𝑞 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑔󸀠 (𝑥0 )󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 < 1,
𝐹 : (0, +∞) × Ω 󳨀→ C𝜔 (R) ,
(24) showing that 𝐷2 𝐹(𝜔, 𝑥0 ) is an isomorphism of C𝜔 (R), Cf [5,
(𝜏, 𝑢) 󳨃󳨀→ 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢) page 212] or [6, page 31].
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Therefore by the implicit function theorem [5–7], there Competing Interests

is an open neighbourhood 𝑉0 of (𝜔, 𝑥0 ) in (0, +∞) × Ω, a
positive real number 𝛿 < 𝜔, and an open neighbourhood The author declares that there are no competing interests
Ω0 ⊆ Ω and a unique continuously differentiable map 𝜑 regarding the publication of this paper.
from (𝜔 − 𝛿, 𝜔 + 𝛿) to Ω0 such that 𝜑(𝜔) = 𝑥0 and for any
(𝜏, 𝑢) ∈ (𝜔 − 𝛿, 𝜔 + 𝛿) × Ω, Acknowledgments
((𝜏, 𝑢) ∈ 𝑉0 , 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝑢) = 0) ⇐⇒ The author is very grateful to the Abdus Salam International
(30) Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP, Trieste, Italy) for its
(𝜏 ∈ (𝜔 − 𝛿, 𝜔 + 𝛿) , 𝑢 = 𝜑 (𝜏)) . hospitality and financial support during his 2016 visit as a
Regular Associate.
In addition
−1
𝜑󸀠 (𝜏) = [𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝜑 (𝜏))] 𝐷1 𝐹 (𝜏, 𝜑 (𝜏)) , ∀𝜏 ∈ 𝑈0 , (31) References
and so [1] K. L. Cooke and J. L. Kaplan, “A periodicity threshold theo-
rem for epidemics and population growth,” Mathematical Bio-
−1
𝜑󸀠 (𝜔) = −𝑔 (𝑥0 ) [𝐷2 𝐹 (𝜔, 𝑥0 )] (𝑞) ≢ 0. (32) sciences, vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 87–104, 1976.
[2] R. W. Leggett and L. R. Williams, “A fixed point theorem with
The result follows. application to an infectious disease model,” Journal of Mathe-
matical Analysis and Applications, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 91–97, 1980.
Proof of Proposition 3. (1) Let us fix 𝜏 > 0 and suppose that [3] R. Nussbaum, “A periodicity threshold theorem for some non-
V is any solution of (1) with 𝑓 satisfying the hypotheses of linear integral equations,” SIAM Journal on Mathematical Anal-
Proposition 3. Then we have ysis, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 356–376, 1978.
[4] R. P. Agarwal and D. O’Regan, “Periodic solutions to nonlinear
𝑡
󵄩 󵄩 integral equations on the infinite interval modelling infectious
0 ≤ V (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑠, V (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝜏 󵄩󵄩󵄩𝑓󵄩󵄩󵄩∞ , ∀𝑡 ∈ R, (33) disease,” Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications,
𝑡−𝜏
vol. 40, no. 1–8, pp. 21–35, 2000.
showing that V is bounded by the boundedness of 𝑓. [5] H. Amann and J. Escher, Analysis II, Birkhäuser, 1999.
(2) Let us fix 𝜏 > 0 and suppose 𝑢 is a solution of (1) such [6] A. Ambrosetti and G. Prodi, A Primer of Nonlinear Analysis, vol.
that 34 of Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge
University Press, 1993.
𝑡 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑓 󵄨󵄨
󵄨󵄨 󵄨
sup ∫ 󵄨󵄨 (𝑠, 𝑢 (𝑠))󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑑𝑠 < 1. (34) [7] A. Ambrosetti and A. Malchiodi, Nonlinear Analysis and Sem-
𝑡∈R 󵄨
𝑡−𝜏 󵄨 𝜕𝑥 󵄨󵄨 ilinear Elliptic Problems, vol. 104 of Cambridge Studies in
Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Consider the nonlinear map 𝐺 : 𝐶𝑏 (R) → 𝐶𝑏 (R) defined by
𝑡
[𝐺 (V)] (𝑡) = V (𝑡) − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑠, V (𝑠)) 𝑑𝑠, ∀𝑡 ∈ R. (35)
𝑡−𝜏

Indeed if V is a bounded continuous function from R into

R, then 𝐺(V) is also continuous by the continuity of 𝑓 and
is moreover bounded by the previous result.
Again it is not hard to see that 𝐺, as a map from 𝐶𝑏 (R) into
𝐶𝑏 (R), is continuously differentiable and given V ∈ 𝐶𝑏 (R), we
have for every ℎ ∈ 𝐶𝑏 (R)
𝑡 𝜕𝑓
[𝐺󸀠 (V) (ℎ)] (𝑡) = ℎ (𝑡) − ∫ (𝑠, V (𝑠)) ℎ (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠,
𝑡−𝜏 𝜕𝑥 (36)
∀𝑡 ∈ R.

So that
𝑡 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑓 󵄨󵄨
󵄩󵄩 󸀠 󵄩
󵄩󵄩𝐺 (𝑢) − 𝐼󵄩󵄩󵄩 ≤ sup ∫ 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 (𝑠, 𝑢 (𝑠))󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 𝑑𝑠 < 1 (37)
󵄩 󵄩 𝑡∈R 𝑡−𝜏 󵄨󵄨 𝜕𝑥 󵄨󵄨

by assumption. This implies that 𝐺󸀠 (𝑢) is an automorphism.

And since 𝐺(𝑢) = 0, we conclude that 𝑢 is an isolated zero of
𝐺; that is, 𝑢 is an isolated solution of (1).
(3) follows immediately from (2).
Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Decision Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Algebra
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Probability and Statistics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

The Scientific International Journal of

World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Differential Equations
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of Advances in

Combinatorics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of Journal of Mathematical Problems Abstract and Discrete Dynamics in

Complex Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

International
Journal of Journal of
Mathematics and
Mathematical
Discrete Mathematics
Sciences

Journal of International Journal of Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2014

http://www.hindawi.com
Function Spaces
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com http://www.hindawi.com
Stochastic Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optimization
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014