13 Two Dimensional Laplace Equation L3

Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module II (Two Dimensional Laplace Equation)
LECTURE NOTES ON
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV (KAS 302)
B.TECH. (CS)
SECOND YEAR (THIRD SEMESTER)
Module II
(Two Dimensional Laplace Equation L3)
Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh

Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities
United Institute of Technology, Naini, Prayagraj
Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 1
TWO DIMENSIONAL LAPLACE EQUATIONS: (Polar coordinates)

(Temperature distribution in semicircular plate in steady state i.e. when 𝑢𝑡 = 0)
Governing partial differential equation:

𝑟 2 𝑢𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝜃𝜃 = 0 ⋯ (1) where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 .
Boundary conditions:
lim 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = finite ⋯ (2)
𝑟→0
𝑢(𝑟, 0) = 0 ⋯ (3)
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜋) = 0 ⋯ (4)
Initial condition:
𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑓(𝜃) ⋯ (5) (Initial temperature)
To solve PDE(1), we use the method of separation of variables. Let

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑅(𝑟)𝐻(𝜃) ⋯ (6)
be the solution of PDE (1).
And so that, we have
𝑟 2 𝑅′′ 𝐻 + 𝑟𝑅′ 𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
⟹ (𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ )𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ ) 𝐻′′
⟹ =− = 𝑝2
𝑅 𝐻
where 𝑝2 is a separation constant.
Now, consider
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ )
= 𝑝2
𝑅
⟹ 𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ − 𝑝2 𝑅 = 0
⟹ (𝑟 2 𝐷2 + 𝑟𝐷 − 𝑝2 )𝑅 = 0 ⋯ (7)
𝑑
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝑑𝑟
The ODE (7) is Cauchy – Euler homogeneous linear differential equation.

To solve ODE (7), we put 𝑟 = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑧 = log 𝑟
𝑑
⟹{ 𝑟𝐷 = 𝐷′ where 𝐷′ ≡ 𝑑𝑧
𝑟 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1)
Putting these values in ODE (7), we get
(𝐷 ′ (𝐷 ′ − 1) + 𝐷 ′ − 𝑝 2 )𝑅 = 0
⟹ (𝐷′2 − 𝑝2 )𝑅 = 0 ⋯ (8)
Auxiliary equation (AE) for ODE (8) is given by
𝑚2 − 𝑝2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 𝑝, −𝑝
Hence, complementary function
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑧
Since, we know that if the roots of the auxiliary equation are α,- α then the
complementary function is given by 𝐶𝐹 = (𝑐1 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 )
And, Particular integral 𝑃𝐼 = 0

The general solution of ODE (8) is given by
𝑅 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝑅 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝𝑧
where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.
And, the general solution of ODE (7) is given by
𝑅 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑝 log 𝑟 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑝 log 𝑟
𝑝 −𝑝
= 𝑐1 𝑒 log 𝑟 + 𝑐2 𝑒 log 𝑟
𝑐2
⟹ 𝑅 = 𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑝 (∵ 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥)
𝑟
Further, consider
𝐻′′
= −𝑝2
𝐻
⟹ 𝐻′′ + 𝑝2 𝐻 = 0
⟹ (𝐷2 + 𝑝2 )𝐻 = 0 ⋯ (9)
𝑑
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝑑𝜃
Auxiliary equation (AE) for ODE (9) is given by

𝑚2 + 𝑝2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 0 ± 𝑝𝑖
Hence, complementary function
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 0𝜃 (𝑐1 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑝𝜃 )
= (𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃 )
Since, we know that if the roots of the auxiliary equation are of the form 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽 then the
complementary function is given by
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝛽𝑥 )
And, Particular integral 𝑃𝐼 = 0

The general solution of ODE (9) is given by
𝐻 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝐻 = 𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃
where 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.
Putting the values of 𝑅 and 𝐻 in (6), we get
𝑐
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = (𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑟2𝑝) (𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃) ⋯ (10)
Applying the boundary condition (2) i.e. lim 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = finite on (10), we get
𝑟→0
𝑐2 = 0
Putting 𝑐2 = 0 in (10), we get
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 (𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃 )
= 𝑟 𝑝 (𝑐1 𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐1 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃 )
⟹ 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑝 (𝐴 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝐵 sin 𝑝𝜃) ⋯ (11)
where 𝐴 = 𝑐1 𝑐3 and 𝐵 = 𝑐1 𝑐4 .
Applying the boundary condition (3) i.e. 𝑢(𝑟, 0) = 0 on (11), we get
0 = 𝑟𝑝 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 0
Putting 𝐴 = 0 in (11), we get
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜃 ⋯ (12)
Applying the boundary condition (4) i.e. 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜋) = 0 on (12), we get
0 = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜋 (∵ 𝐵 ≠ 0)
⟹ sin 𝑝𝜋 = 0 = sin 𝑛𝜋
⟹𝑝=𝑛
where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ (set of natural numbers).
Putting the value of 𝑝 in (12), we get
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (13)
According to the principle of superposition, the solution (13) can be written as
∞
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (14)

𝑛=1
Now, applying the initial condition (5) i.e. 𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑓(𝜃) on (14), we obtain
∞
𝑓(𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛=1
which is a half range Fourier sine series and hence

𝜋
2𝑛
𝐵𝑛 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝜃) sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
⟹ 𝐵𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝜃) sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ⋯ (15)
𝜋𝑎𝑛
0
Thus, the most general solution of two dimensional Laplace equation(1), satisfying the
boundary conditions (2), (3) & (4) and initial condition (5) is given by (14) where 𝐵𝑛 is given
by(15).
Question (1): The diameter of a semicircular plate of radius 𝒂 is kept at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪 and the
temperature at the semicircular boundary is 𝑻𝟎 𝑪. Find the steady state temperature
distribution in the plate.
Solution: The given problem can be formulated as follows:
𝑟→0
𝑢(𝑟, 0) = 0 ⋯ (3)
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜋) = 0 ⋯ (4)
Initial condition:
𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑇 0 ⋯ (5) (Initial temperature)

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑅(𝑟)𝐻(𝜃) ⋯ (6)
𝑟 2 𝑅′′ 𝐻 + 𝑟𝑅′ 𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
⟹ (𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ )𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ ) 𝐻′′
⟹ =− = 𝑝2
𝑅 𝐻
Now,
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ ) 𝑐2
= 𝑝2 ⟹ 𝑅 = 𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑝
𝑅 𝑟
𝐻′′
= −𝑝2 ⟹ 𝐻 = 𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃
𝐻
where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.

𝑐
𝑟→0
𝑐2 = 0
0 = 𝑟𝑝 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 0
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜃 ⋯ (9)
0 = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜋 (∵ 𝐵 ≠ 0)
⟹𝑝=𝑛
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (10)
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (11)

𝑛=1
Now, applying the initial condition (5) i.e. 𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑇 0 on (14), we obtain
∞
𝑇 0 = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛=1

𝜋
2
𝐵𝑛 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑇 0 sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑛
𝜋
0
𝜋
2𝑇 0
⟹ 𝐵𝑛 = 𝑛 ∫ sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑎
0
2𝑇 0 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑛 [− ]
𝜋𝑎 𝑛 0
2𝑇 0
=− {cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1}
𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑛
2𝑇 0
= 𝑛
{1 − (−1)𝑛 }
𝑛𝜋𝑎
Putting the value of 𝐵𝑛 in (11), we get
∞
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛=1
∞
2𝑇 0 {1 − (−1)𝑛 } 𝑟 𝑛
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑( ) ( ) sin 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝑛 𝑎
𝑛=1
which is the required solution of the given problem.

The value of 𝐵𝑛 can also be written as
2𝑇 0
𝐵𝑛 = {1 − (−1)𝑛 }
𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑛
4𝑇 0
= { 𝑛𝜋𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑛 is odd
0 ; 𝑛 is even
Hence, the required solution takes the form
𝑛=1
= 𝐵1 𝑟1 sin 1𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝐵3 𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝐵4 𝑟 4 sin 4𝜃 + 𝐵5 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯

4𝑇 0 1 4𝑇 0 3 4𝑇 0 5
= 𝑟 sin 1𝜃 + 0 + 𝑟 sin 3𝜃 + 0 + 𝑟 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯
1𝜋𝑎1 3𝜋𝑎3 5𝜋𝑎5
𝑟 𝑟 3 𝑟 5
4𝑇 0 (𝑎 ) (𝑎 ) (𝑎 )
⟹ 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = { sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + sin 5𝜃 + ⋯ }
𝜋 1 3 5
Question (2): A semicircular plate of radius 𝒂 has its circumference kept at temperature
𝒖(𝒂, 𝜽) = 𝒌𝜽(𝝅 − 𝜽) while the boundary diameter is kept at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪. Find the steady state
temperature distribution 𝒖(𝒓, 𝜽) of the plate assuming the lateral surfaces of the plate to be
insulated.
Solution: The given problem can be formulated as follows:
𝑟→0
𝑢(𝑟, 0) = 0 ⋯ (3)
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜋) = 0 ⋯ (4)
Initial condition:
𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑓(𝜃) ⋯ (5) (Initial temperature)
Here, 𝒇(𝜽) = 𝒌𝜽(𝝅 − 𝜽)

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑅(𝑟)𝐻(𝜃) ⋯ (6)
𝑟 2 𝑅′′ 𝐻 + 𝑟𝑅′ 𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
⟹ (𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ )𝐻 + 𝑅𝐻′′ = 0
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ ) 𝐻′′
⟹ =− = 𝑝2
𝑅 𝐻

Now,
(𝑟 2 𝑅′′ + 𝑟𝑅′ ) 𝑐2
= 𝑝2 ⟹ 𝑅 = 𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑝
𝑅 𝑟
𝐻′′
= −𝑝2 ⟹ 𝐻 = 𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃
𝐻
where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.

𝑐
𝑟→0
𝑐2 = 0

0 = 𝑟𝑝 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 0
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜃 ⋯ (9)
0 = 𝐵𝑟 𝑝 sin 𝑝𝜋 (∵ 𝐵 ≠ 0)
⟹𝑝=𝑛
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝐵𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (10)
∞
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (11)

𝑛=1
Now, applying the initial condition (5) i.e. 𝑢(𝑎, 𝜃) = 𝑓(𝜃) on (11), we obtain
∞
𝑓(𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃
𝑛=1

𝜋
𝑛
2
𝐵𝑛 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝜃) sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
0
𝜋
2
⟹ 𝐵𝑛 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑘𝜃(𝜋 − 𝜃) sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑎
0
𝜋
2𝑘
= 𝑛 ∫(𝜋𝜃 − 𝜃 2 ) sin 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑎
0
2𝑘 2
− cos 𝑛𝜃 − sin 𝑛𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑛 [(𝜋𝜃 − 𝜃 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝜃) ( ) + (−2) ( 3 )]
𝜋𝑎 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛 0
2𝑘 cos 𝑛𝜋 1
= 𝑛
[(0 − 0 + (−2) 3
) − (0 − 0 + (−2) 3 )]
𝜋𝑎 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑘 2
= 𝑛 3 {1 − cos 𝑛𝜋}
𝜋𝑎 𝑛
4𝑘 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }
= 𝑛
𝜋𝑎 𝑛3
Putting the value of 𝐵𝑛 in (11), we get
∞
𝑛=1
∞
4𝑘 {1 − (−1)𝑛 } 𝑟 𝑛
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑( ) ( ) sin 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑎
𝑛=1
which is the required solution of the given problem.

The value of 𝐵𝑛 can also be written as
4𝑘 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }
𝐵𝑛 =
𝜋𝑎𝑛 𝑛3
8𝑘
= { 𝑛3 𝜋𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑛 is odd
0 ; 𝑛 is even
Hence, the required solution takes the form
∞
𝑛=1
= 𝐵1 𝑟1 sin 1𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝐵3 𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝐵4 𝑟 4 sin 4𝜃 + 𝐵5 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯

8𝑘 8𝑘 8𝑘
= 𝑟1 sin 1𝜃 + 0 + 𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 0 + 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯
13 𝜋𝑎1 33 𝜋𝑎3 53 𝜋𝑎5
𝑟 𝑟 3 𝑟 5
8𝑘 (𝑎) ( ) ( )
⟹ 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = { sin 𝜃 + 𝑎3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝑎3 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯ }
𝜋 1 3 5
Question (3): Solve the partial differential equation

𝜕 2 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 2 𝑉
+ + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2
with the following boundary conditions:
I. 𝑉 is finite when 𝑟 → 0.
II. 𝑉 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 cos 𝑛 𝜃 on 𝑟 = 𝑎.
Question (4): Show that the steady state temperature distribution in a semicircular plate of
radius 𝒂 whose bounding diameter is kept at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪, while the circumference is kept at 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑪 is
given by
∞
𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟏 𝒓 𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝒖(𝒓, 𝜽) = ∑ ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝜽
𝝅 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒂
𝒏=𝟏
Question (5): The bounding diameter of a semicircular plate of radius 𝒂 whose is kept at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪,
and the temperature along the semicircular boundary is given by
𝝅
𝟓𝟎𝜽 ; 𝟎<𝜃<
𝒖(𝒂, 𝜽) = { 𝟐
𝝅
𝟓𝟎(𝝅 − 𝜽) ; <𝜃<𝜋
𝟐
Show that the steady state temperature distribution is given by
∞
𝟐𝟎𝟎 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒓 𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝒖(𝒓, 𝜽) = ∑ ( ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝜽
𝝅 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒂
𝒏=𝟏

13 Two Dimensional Laplace Equation L3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

13 Two Dimensional Laplace Equation L3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module II (Two Dimensional Laplace Equation)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh

TWO DIMENSIONAL LAPLACE EQUATIONS: (Polar coordinates)

Governing partial differential equation:

To solve PDE(1), we use the method of separation of variables. Let

where 𝑝2 is a separation constant.

The ODE (7) is Cauchy – Euler homogeneous linear differential equation.

And, Particular integral 𝑃𝐼 = 0

Auxiliary equation (AE) for ODE (9) is given by

And, Particular integral 𝑃𝐼 = 0

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (14)

which is a half range Fourier sine series and hence

To solve PDE(1), we use the method of separation of variables. Let

where 𝑝2 is a separation constant.

where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (11)

which is a half range Fourier sine series and hence

which is the required solution of the given problem.

= 𝐵1 𝑟1 sin 1𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝐵3 𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝐵4 𝑟 4 sin 4𝜃 + 𝐵5 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯

Here, 𝒇(𝜽) = 𝒌𝜽(𝝅 − 𝜽)

To solve PDE(1), we use the method of separation of variables. Let

where 𝑝2 is a separation constant.

where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants.

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑐1 𝑟 𝑝 (𝑐3 cos 𝑝𝜃 + 𝑐4 sin 𝑝𝜃 )

𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = ∑ 𝐵𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃 ⋯ (11)

which is a half range Fourier sine series and hence

which is the required solution of the given problem.

= 𝐵1 𝑟1 sin 1𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝐵3 𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝐵4 𝑟 4 sin 4𝜃 + 𝐵5 𝑟 5 sin 5𝜃 + ⋯

Question (3): Solve the partial differential equation

You might also like