17

FROM BLOODLESS REVOLUTION

TO AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Although there are two historical points of view

Bloodless Revolution of 1688 (Whig Revolution or
nevertheless England witnessed an age of limited and
RoyalregardiConquest
theng
),
monarchy. It was evident that William was not very much constitutional
interested
in the constitutional change in England that his rulejhad brought
but for political aspects. He had accepted the throne because heabout
Dutch King, was facing a threat from France and England was her
ally. After his accession to the English throne he detached England
from her alliance with France. It was in his interest to see that
England and Holland stand united against France. Thus he wrought
a change in the foreign policy of England. The long Angio-Dutch
rivalry ended with his accession and Holland became an ally of
England. As they had common interests the bonds of friendship
knit them together ánd form a coalition against the French supre
macy in Europe.
William's home and foreign policies
William pursued a progressive and liberal policy at home.
Parliament's Toleration Act allowed the dissenters the freedom 0
worship. Simílarly, the press freedom Was restored. People could
talk freely on sensitive matters. The Bank of England was set up and
a
English coinage improved. Annual sessions of Parliament werebecame
for the
recurring feature because Parliament's money"£grants
duration of one year only. Was

The most novel feature in the Briti_h constitutional systeminthe

Tories
the beginning cabinet
of government. William found
selected mem
Parliament he
opposing his wars in Europe thereforeParliament, to be
bers of the Whig Party, which was in majority in SOme
mem-
his ministers. Thereafter it choose become
bers of the became a convention toCommons to

ministers. majority party

in the House of
 gooDLESSREVOLUTION TO AMERICAN REVOUTION 231

GRAA

s6ur

EURDPEAN EMPIRES
IN THE AMERICAS
1700

Wlliam achieved great success in his foreign policy due to ns

diplomatic check
talents. He was able to form coalition of powers to
the grand design of King Louis XIV in Europe. He saved Europe
from French domination by forming the League of Augsburg and
the Grand Alliance. It was during the time of Williamn that English
people perceived that they should not be merely satisfied by maintain-
ing the balance of power in Europe. It was equally important to see
that their country play aleading role to achieve colonial and com-
Mercial Supremacy. Although William did not live to see the fruition
232 HISTORY OF
his policy, nevertheless, England achieved her
of
the treaty of Utrecht and Peace of Paris (1713, 1763). objectives throng
QBees ADne (1702-14)
The Act of Settlement provided for the succession thhe
to
William
throne in
Anne
1701.
(sister-in-law
When
of William)
died in 1702, he was
since Mary had died Engish
succeeded by
wAS during her time that the famous War of
Spanish much ealier. h
in progress and England actively participated in it. In
it was known as Queen Anne's War. It was in
Succes
Northsion
this America
was
Duke of Marlborough won a grand Victory at Blenheimwar ethat the
French and Bavarians in 1704. This was followed by other
cular victories at Ramillies, Oudenarde and specta
Malplaquet.
All thee
victories added great prestige to England. But the Tories disliket
these developments because the poor were
taxes. When they came to power, they concludedgroaning under hea
peace hastily and
disgraced Marlborough.
The Act of Union (1707)
One of the most important
by English Parliament was the constitutional acts which was pased
Act of the Union in 1707. By ths
Act the kingdoms of Scotland and England were
Great Britain came into vogue after this union._ united. The nams
Sented by forty-five representatives in the House Scotland
was repre
of
Sixteen in the House of Lords. The Act recognised Commons
as the established religion of Scotland. Thus thisPresbyteran
Act putanenN
to the uncertainty which
prevailed
of Scotland at the time when William and about
carlier Mary the separate
ascended the throne
After Anne's death the English crown passed on to her cous
George I, the German Elector of Hanover. Thus the Houseo
Hanover replaced the House Thiswa
of Orange in British History. Anned
accordingtothe Act of
not leave behind Settlement which decreed that if the ac
any heir, the throne should pass On to
Protestant
daughter of
heir, that was Electress Sophia of Hanover,
Jam:s I, and her
descendants.
Gexge I(1714-27) Briid
the
George I was fifty-four years of age when he ascended
English,or
sa
throne. He was German by did not kaow his
hos

thing about English birth andalways thiaking

about

politics. He was
 OODLESS REVOLUTION TO AMERICAN REVOLUTION 213

Europe,that was Hanover. To the British he was a foreigner.

sI8te ikedhim but not
in the Tories. The accession of George I to
British throne
#hies helped in the development of parliamentary
the andcabinet government. This was because the King did
democracy
know English
and the Whig ministers did not know German.
the King did not
attend the cabinet meetings but helped
not
Therefore
their struggle against the Tories. He also gave consent
Whigs in
the
parliamentary acts without hesitation. The exercise of royal
I
toall disuse.
fellto
veto policy, Britain was anxious about the safety of
foreign
In Hanover (King George I
state of was its ruler). It was
German Britain became friendly with Holland
because of this anxiety that
Austria, At the same
time Britain maintaind friendly relations
and
France to see that
France does not support the Jacobite plan
with
supporters of the Pretender, son of Jannes
II) of restoring Stuart
(the Britain. In the meantime, Spain was trying to disturb the
rule in minister
deijicate balance of power in Europe under her able
Alberoni. Alberoni desired to'
revive the past glory of Spain, and
of the treaty of Utrecht were set at nought his
uniess the clauses
of Alberoni drew
slan had no chance of succeeding. The policyformed the Triple
Rritain, France and Holland together and they attempt of Spain to
Alliance. It was formed to check a possible
the Triple Alliance
disturb the peace of Europe. The members of
were successful in achieving this.
King George II (1727-60)
Although disliked by his father (George 1), George II carried on
Like his
the administration of Britajn with the help of his Cabinet.
1ather he was worried about the safety of the.state of Hanover. Also
Ike his father he was satisfied with his status as the constitutional
monarch. It was during. his time that the cabinet government in
DIiain assumed its present form. The office of the Prime Minister,
Who happened to be the head of the cabinet, became important. The
Prime Minister served as a link between the king and parliament.

Walpole's policies
Sir Robert Walpole, First Earl of Orford, was appointedthe Prime
Minister (in fact the first British Prime Minister) by King George
II to look after the admínistration of the country. Walpole guided
the policies of the British government. As Whig Prime Minister, his
 the minister. prime asunable come extent of began
benefited desiredboarded Captain)imposed And 1739 removed.
ofSupported for 234
ix-la-Chapelle *Youngput the but join and Hanover tWalpole
he Jenkin's policy. His pursued thoughtprimary
Britain
mutual Charlie) War Fontenoy. "Salutary
WaBpole's his
this on Great ning glory However, ffnancial the
forward
of Prussia because and in
he shrewd
the to of reluctantly new
restitution victory England his results. Ear his severe His tothey concern
Austrian was had when of by Walpole complained this He policies
The side George achieve motto: pacifism merchantilist Hanoverian
prosper
from
attacked Britain neglect". vessel.
War' policies
regulations
he caused
defeated his th e it. both policy restrictions
process, reduced
British was of Walpole's In became was
succession against agreed intended
of in claim Austria.
offset gaining
II, victories had "Let
War dimmed the
towards had the
Therefore the through
each 1748 that was that
atdefeat Silesia as a colonies His policies. the to
of sleeping
few meantime,to Captain unpopular
disliked enlargement dynasty. keep
Culloden to by usual, resign. Spain. on to Britain were
other's by
Britain Austrian
an for merchantilist
policy the he to
endedencouraged the the belonging until declare
British prosperity
Pretender"w mediocre based bring trade Britain
which upper Britain andcolonies Britain lost
British French was the dogs of But Robert both thrived. Duties
conquests. byMoor defeated succession the on
"Salutary the on and Walpole
his trade war
account of out
France the hand to anxious advent in lie'". mother War this
declared
by sound prosperity on of
and victory tprime
he policy is ear merchant-marine
on the of
throne. Austria.
in Jenkins importscommerceopposed the
conclusion After described Spain
with war
ofwar when Whigs lines.
he the the
and continental of neglect"succeeded
of nation. BUROPm
HISTORY OF
fled over brokeout.about ministers ountry Austrian and
BesidFresance ay French William th e did what Spanish his and
to
War To (an because It the
Britain of to But the and andsympathy
wars win
the resignatiou as not weak was exports
was isEnglish nation.
in He
because
Piwars.
t Wn were tothe succession yieldtermed Tories.
Spaniards colonis the thetefore
he foreign because.
Britain. desired
the France. heBrithiesh stBratitprainovent
in a
large') great policy late.
u the as sea In
were He he
treaty (TPhe rint Dettingn had FrtoFraneedericksalety
agrtagre d lu f of 1737
 Minister especially
nthe of Pitt's splendid
Bengal) Lakes
y inarmy Die India. protect Pt Hanover.that for MinisterGeorge
subsidy The next she
America
was Minw2iss tofer'ftihscate
oOm Iromthe capturedresults. turned England a involved-which The Minister Jeadperolit cal Wiliam Maria was ChaAipr-clal e for mOM
BritishStrategies, more hi s of King Wi l iamPith,
e wa
establishd Pitt's the to in Seven
parliamentarian,
at at Victories. of Canada.The strategies his It was
II conduct
( 1 757) . the career Pit was
German maki n
Therg esafobeughting in
wasFrederick 1757, was nava/ support PLtheO DLES
Wandiwash-to
the and in France.French Thanksattention
would effective House and
Louisburg, forced Years around and
timeIndia. the the agreed the was not the was indecisive
proved to
of It orator serious REVOLUTION
third British The Pitt's1759.in state war war--the of Earl Seven the colonial claim
British British toboth in ally
Hanoverian the byWarbrought th e of checked.
wasparticularly colonies
not the
when
Though next Comnons attempts
and the ofwith by turnedpublic and of corner. prepared to
Carnatic Supremacyvictory direction Hanover the Great after f
Years' supremacy
between
the navy The
fallof to started political Chatham,
regarding beof TO
the
Treaty gencral,
James energetic the
several Prussia
theConvention
BritainSeven a
Pitt resulted opinionin thHowever,
e protagonist to AMERICAN
French
which achieved countriesbegan (ally
Britain's and happy War Young
war. in of defeat became
future
Britain
no ruled army disastrously glory.Years assumption recover lose and
of over the other on subsequently became
longerFrance struck India Qucbec direction
of to
Paris of therefore
1756, about
in it, Silesia onPretender. REVOLUIION
northernIndia. bywar bythe Britain) tofavour. appoint War it
wolfe, forts France of imperialism. British
famous of the
Clive in condition
the protect from
remained
was lost Canada in of Westminister for toFrance the
toEnglish and Pitt Pitt in of
her
Indiacaptured
became he therefore
Prussia high But
signed heavy at
ncar yield in
Pitt, Britain. which Pi t
became as Frederick. struggle
America the also gave as seas. and the
empire thein Plassey resulted that a
the the the his to treaty
in
Thanks signalled state Britain politician, Britain.
blowS Quebec favoura monarch.Prussia arranged
(1756) a
victory GreatBritish largePrime When bright. PrimePrime
Pitt's 235
1763,prime both and th e The Again going
to(in in of of
-
 Dúmber-were
approved everywhere.
colonies and decade George registered during protracted
"war navigator Williamn
in thirteenparliament. ted tried(1760-1820) world.the 236
(Canada)
British Britishestablished
The FrenchEngland,
European
France, Youngerone ministers parliamentlordship
words,
partymonarchy ministers birth GeorgeIII Britain
a The such
Sweden broke gigantic and King
After gap). system his to
settlements of the long Pitt a he emerged
in III English should trustworthy in direct George
by and his who great explored war way was and
upbringing.
powers the were .reign
out reign King not as.
the AMERICAN King struggle was 1761
Northern her had ife.became
of that andrestored dispenscd
Louisiana on disçovery progress. in only bis policies III, as
the sprung
colony independenceof colonies replaced of
George obey and
British súch George largely the
were Ireland.Georgeagainst the King his cabinet ministers. in
eastern Prime desired tofriends sent On greatest
colonies-thirteea
(U.S.A.).America in as policies him. wi th of
contrast
promoted
Crown. up of III Britain's pacific George its to the his
Spain,
Netherlandsthe WAR due in byII form
the became Napoleon
The III accession
thetheir
Florida.
settlers
est a blisha Minister America
Bute Through original
liked to Thefrom government.
sea-coast new OF 10 thatregion. in to colonial
which industrial 1783. were of
reign House
services.
achicvements the III as King his
Jamestown by INDEPENDENCE insane a Prime to
government. among
continent, (allowing
from1783 witnessed approved his status to
efforts revolution from became call but predecessors, t he and
chartered of AgainJames was of
the Were patronage
himself rule. He
For and .revolution 1798 Minister. interested theLords.
William British
in and did
commercial
present calledexample, colonies of Britain Cook, EURNm
HISTORY OF
blind during independent great He Tory The throne not
Virginia
companies William to followed to Partriot by He power. Pitt
as a he did in King ike was
during 1806 the inthecelebrated 1815. was members
of events. majority manipulateddesired not seeing was the British in power
U.SA. New reigu by In 1760
and the t Pit Enganu involvet
It after King" like appoin-
became Spain diferent a given Whig
wer Thse Fr ae last cvl w2zs The in that the other that of he by
the bad a
 REVOLUTJON TO AMERICAN REVOLUTION 237

Britishsettlement
in 1607. The main rcasons for the peoples
first
Turope
and Brilain to enigrate were trade and religion. For
the JamcstoWn settlemcnt was startcd as a commercial
cample,
venturc
by the Virginia Company. Religious enthusiasm of the
Fathers who fled persccution in England was also responsible
Pilgrim of a nuber of settlenments. Fifty years after the
thc spread
foundation of Jamestown, the English established a number of
colonics.
colonies
Development of thirteen English
ThePilgrim Fathers came to America and established colonies
(inthe New England area). They sought civil and religious
autonomy from their mother-country and made the Mayflower
compact as
the basis of their new government. The southern
colonies such as Virginia and Georgia developed due to the rapid
cotton cultivation. The landlords there were
sprcadoftobacco and
nica! English squires who employed slaves. The Quakers and
Catholics developed Pennsylvania and Maryland colonies
respectively. Pennsylvania was founded by William Pcnn (a quaker)
where the residents were "free to worship as they pleased". Lord
Baltimore who sct up thc colony of Marylard cxclusively for
Catholics also allowed Protestants to settle there. The Dutch set up
Nev Amsterdam as a trading post. When the English defeated the
Dutch in I664 and captured New Amsterdam they renamcd it as
Now York. Part of thc colony of Ncw York bccamc New Jersey.
The colony of Delaware was founded by the Swedish company and
ultimately fell into the hands of the English. The colony of
Connecticut was foundcd by somc pcople of Massachusetts who
desired morereligious freedom and political voice 1han they were
geiting in their own colony. Men from Boston founded the colony
O New Hampshire. With thc exception of Connect icut and
Rhode Iskand all other colonies had governors who were appointed
by the King or proprietors. Each govcrnor was assisted by a council.
Lach colony had an assembly consisting of clected represcntatives
who voted •or local taxcs and local laws.
|All the colcnics required protection as the French across the
northern border, and the Red Indians from the West,to constantly that
poscd a threat. The British governors could afford give
the niddle of
prot
the cction to the natives of the thireen colonics. By population of
eightecnth century the thirteen colonics had a
about one and half million. The natives of thc thirteen coBonies
238

had no reason to
levy taxes withoutcomplain because HISTORY OF EURm
outside interference.theit
British mercantilist policy representatives voted to
When the colonies grew in
government size and
the British kingbecame keen to
appointed importance,
establish control Over the British
to be borne by rule overthem.
salary of the Governor wasgovernors to
Secondly, the British merchants were the colonialthem.FirsThe tiy,
from a policy which Britain was
it in her colonies in
America.
interested in
to adopt arbitrarily
This policy was
\exchequer
deriandving beneits
policy. A series of called implement
British Parliament whichmercantilist regulations werethepassed
restricted the scope
mercantbyiltheis.
imports. For example, the colonists of
only to the English were made colonial exports 2n:
to sell their gocs
duty at an Englishmerchants and to buy foreign goods
port. Furthermore, the after pavin
compete with the English colonists were not to
manufacturers.
mercantilist regulations was widespread and
Opposition to thes:
the
smuggling of goods.Taxes were also colonists resorted to
of the merchants in the colonies evaded by the colonists. Some
the enemies of Britain. maintained their trade contacts with
It was this measure of
political and
of the colonists which
Britain sought to economic
curb not
independens:
for sest
reasons but out of dire economic
English colonial policy took place compulsion. The chang*
in 1763, that was atter t
Seven Years War (1756-63) in Europe. Britain finally achiva
Victory over France and her allies. and from the
former
received Canada after signing the treaty of Paris. However,
long war strained her slender resources to such an Cxtentthal
her government started imposing heavy duties on her manufacturd
goods. It was this domestic constraint that compelled her
colonis
change fronm the lenient policy she was pursuing towards r
her
10 a somewhat stricter one.
Yeans
When the French lost Canada to Britain after theSeveafèara
War, the colonists heaved a sigh of relief. They no longer
a French attack on their colonies. It was this chang
situation which gave them courage and self-confidence. the
Bris

began to boldly articulate their view. However, Preparedto

gi
government under King George III, was not otherhand,tb
them a large mneasure of On the
independence.
 Congress Were Measure,; the O dcvities byAct
make buy Indjans.
the tional suspicauthorised
ion. British irde
slamips 1Sts British
theThe ng
documents, the George British
0 the nied RLOODIROEMSS
amount Tegister Was colonies
inwestern
riots reacted revenue Dtanp borderBritain regulations. to
parliaromentyalThe ary began tO argued mocthoenr tinefntancial War,she ftshiianntacnecial
and
colonists. Sugar 1764 government
ankrurtcy.
Grenville the were
mposed This to had felt defConicfilitcting
at. ry burden.
Enfoassertrcement thcOUnt
which in various
Of byAct landsangry. onalso officials Briittain exploit
the stamps.
sharply.
revenue to
Act troops
colanists curbed. check sanction colonial been
Stamp order the should justified by
Views
New
effigies
which(1764):
The at ordered his REVOLUTION the
Was legal (the(1765)
stationed by Businessmen a western smuggling sent For were assembl ofies fought But protectresort
ed ing
England thcolonists
eThere cheap made proper position
for arose colonies
They Act, contribute duty The Mercantilist not the that
omposcd British and troops ordered an d to
of wasnotbe by th e settlers
side imposing colonists the TO
in taxing
British was was price.
raised Its British were enforcement and alone impose
financed the when AMERTCAN
andStampraised the tried f ur lest and to to colonies to
which PriRepeal: considerable
towards
me government.
colonies. imposed not colonies
of to al so search
America. strictlyRegulations: forced had he
tBritain save
collectors
York.
New Parliament a Parliament traders it new replied
taxes. byshould
the storm wil s, the smuggle should to the colonies. REVOLUTION
Minister),During unhappy of taxes the them
colonists meeting on move private enforce right during tried herself
sentatives and and trade thatshare
were ofbig, resentment molasses
It molasses provoke British cabinetFurthermore, and to
StampTheAcprotest.
t gave was passed as
small beyond on King them.taxto
introduced the the the It from
make
but licences a
burnt, regulations the the
its the also th ey residences therefore
were agents to Seven was
the next but the farmers the mercantilist George war part
by expensesimposcd s1nce
imported hoped the colonists. secure
good fnancial
of Heaps
and consentrequired
Sugar tradi theon of
Yearsargued
çolon- a
year, their Red 239
pine there attix- new the to in
were the
on I I
they the the her
of as
 followers
MohawkBoston, colonies there
representation,"
reprcsentation
them
Secondly, of -despite
from retaincd toCommissionersresulted in alhome-made for repcal liberty,
agreement British gave for same
the to merchants onTownshend
mob the l
North. Chancellor (1767)Actcolonics
Secondly, ofnot However,
overjoyed been
that Parliament The colonies 240
colonies
its retain Townshend duties
Customsimports. consent not colonia!
was them 1773):
Boston16, whichBoston time, stamps much as the
British
Indians large for had goods. enforcing The
Samueltried popular Lord its To
twO Samuel compelled of of heGrenville apparcnt agitation asthe
and Stamp it had met
to stock manifested right manufacturcs
break Stampcolonial to imports of but insisted
Tea mob. Townshend Boston, ordered against government
and prevent
Adams-
North and reasons.wanted It both Exchequer, on ceased no at
opposition of the the Act right New
to PartyAdams
Boston
Their Act may these th e the
teatried merchants, the of fromthe on
stealthily taxation ta x
CXcept unity Mutiny the ministry mecting their had rightits to
unloading in
(December earlier. Philadelphia be right
revenue toYork
and by English glass, brought
termed
activities died of acts.
suspension agitation. made tax
selling to the Firstly, the "Boston Charles
his to help enraged on of all remembered
the Act of the and
colonies
slogansconstant
Opposi tion tea. Some and Besides lead, yielded to
the repealed,
made this withouttyranny"is and merchants
of a
of East th eMassacre". as colonists, kinds about hasty passed
and, be tax
tea Samuel The enthusiasts hiscolonial
advocated the 1765. Townshend,
paint,
of British
India British the of raised But
en in move to like so the place th e the the
try the presence place asactivities that New government
the mobs retreat a
th e to storm The Newpaper through colonies. without
resolution
disguised
into d
anCompany "No in Lord not ask to Stamp unity agitation
Adams, the in HISTORY
EUROm OF
colonial The the was York British Pitt's the and
colonists. to their of Yorkproposed and
the leaders of taken rely non-importation of Act of
taxatgover
ion nment tax firing the Nor th þoycotted tea.ministry. thecolonies tepealed their
the goverpnent the protest,
Parliament congress. all to was On that
to On on Assembly tax
the purchase consent.
themEsaestlves rorts. ual
inusAs tea leader
at repeale oy bril sons Atthe duties directed hearing Britih
dispose without nine them, wete
Ind as Iathe Was the of of the the Its
 tioD
SprcadwcreIheytowardsminutemen
troops
British
Lexingten, the instorcdby
amnunition
trained
British Skirmishes he
blr7eQurinpurpose
ggrievances.
Congress. y philadelphia.
Georgia. governnient
eârlAdafns, ingly,
acontinental coicnial The be steps. otporher ts. ncus
prepare government
remaincd
adamant.
British First RON
dump. Ihe appealçd the history the King of
Company BI
and
roereinstc. rcstcdapainst Matriesdhaancehduset s
Gencral, of and assemblv the politinic al By
SOonuponfircd On conflict for First at stopping
next They They John Some Firstwrich' Continental More in
of England.
Protcstants Georage the shipsO DLES
advanced
ammuni-the andthe Lexington It congressretaliation westèrn 'Boston
its war. to
spring. sent t he of
Contihental British colony, seri c s
the Thomas Continental of and
REVOLUTION
their formed United Jay tincluded
hemmendangercd mect i n gs l I
war way ensued The all a Virginia of threw
petition who to Congress troops lands inThe put and
the by Concord. When at people andgovernment In trade like deal roused acts Tea
broke back a States felt the
Quebecth erec. all
Gage, Congress
Concord delegates
George
were t o ok Boston his Party' REVOLUTION AMERICAN
rcsulting minutemen" Britain,
Contincntal with Congress the wi th werC it
colonics. they chests the of TO
colonists. the to (1774) adviser,
out. sent of Ki n g of te liberties the as Colonists Act
Concordand
troops to
Britain, the the sent a harbour spread
Masschusetts
ammunition
troopsto had lead America play was
withdrew
Lord firstanger serioUs Lord
repcal George Wa_hington, from intolerablc met to These
approved
fight.to to and another
Tales
suffered an .all of step' ccused and tea
war Chatham
Association", in
every of
Massachúsctts. under thNorth,
destroyeddeath the the agrecd were
important obstacle e was intothe
capture I I th
Septembere in th e colonists
of troops gathered steps coercive taking John colony. issuing act coercive ofgranted charterto repeated
Bitish 250 ln to colonies colonists. quarantine,
crimes took
of of
and toredress
and to water.
casualties Boston, to meet part rol e th e who act retaliatory
minutemen.arrived arms be acts, a wcstward in
atroçities Edmund with Samuel 1774AccordBritish call were
taken except aimcd
and But
again their in in The were many The 241
the the the in for toand
as at
 join necessary ton warThe ought among
publishgovernment 242
overburdened
defeated was because
Generel command
intended. Hudson
notValleywho isolate
George recrossed
a Snowstorm
with andcaptured
not
William
Long at and
manded
the among of country The thBritish
American e Common petition representing
of Declaration
force Georgia, Second
captured as endIndependence Prohibitory Taking
Second
to was another wa s the The to
take General of and the these monarchy.
by and few A
of Germain jll-equipped resources be other Continental
decided
Howe Firstly,
the to
8,000 the NewHowe.pitted commander Second Sense up
Washington declare,
Free solemn arindependence.
e of appointing
Continental also
s come Trentonat iYork. cy Kingthings, the weeks of
hidifficult
left Howe. soldiers Life, advocated
Act Arms. Independence
Princeton. river against
accepted and which adopted to
forces Burgoyne Howe Continental
for declaration delegates after
down and Independent that George whichBritain support
In Congress
New from ofBut Liberty,
again terrain This the of a a the
to under defeated32,000poorly S
by
ir the these was Congress
list committee independence
answered January a
Yorkfor from Washington continuation
aDelaware Thomas closed
plan ThewhenLordthe Continental III, declaration coming the battles(July
inmeet found plan
soldiers.
Secondly,
and Congress mentioned, of
issued
Hessians victhtoisry United omissions
and and th e met
Brandywine the the to War trained
trained decided 1776, war.
Burgoyne. the did Washington on Islandand States.... "certain Jefferson to th e
in of 4,
it entered the on colonies from 1776)
Christmas
ns. nightadid appointed Colonies draft for Philadelphia.
They Lexington
of 99 pursuit July oliveThomasS the of
Souti dificult He soldiers Army "we and to
New British war.
a colonies all
creek work followeda inalienable 4,formal break sent
lose to
branch Causes the
He not to of new and
therefore...solemlycommissions Wrote
are, of 1776. international BUROPM
HISTORYOF
and out England Washington
soldiers
numbering General pampalet, Paine's an and
wetnt Happiness". Declarationthe with from colonies
knowing reach the Gener toal phase up his began and declaration petition and olive Concord, The
Ne w courage. rights, It the the
led Washin$ of incudet. Necessity Congress,
the Way BurYorkgoynd by
it to of mothertrade. corrupt brancheXCept
GermansotUuWthJwards that sending 19,000 cOlr ralise Right that with the
be was to South He In the of
Mississippi").Canadal9
theincuded
to theof he kesults
victory.
committed due
forcestomanders s
Wacourse
eet Washington
loreign Irom the army wonForge. colonies.Whigs tively ments miles in
volunteers
Tecognised credit weary. American several her
asSumed the senther side from
decisive avenging was snd
In of due it of this in Hiscontrolling weakened away îghtNetherlands Ieague in a
Minis(tuerningOctober 7 7. l
1783, the COsoil to the condemned 17
to efficiently. predicamnent,the General hostile ro le friendly odcefeuapied
delimitation
boundary
northernthe of French Britain victories army from
against her bel78ieved ted
OoDLESS
REVOLI
war which war. at andSouth point
to
the the General Yorktown. of during defcat at
starved
theWashington the attitude
her. help inThe
Philadelphia. the
independence British was lost The led the th e
Armed were country. that
intervention.
many Secondly, in the America. the to a them in
thousands French British Lack favourdefeatbattle LUTION
Washington the war by the territories rebellious als o the the
signcd Cornwallis andattitude towards crucial
blunders. war Neutrals
territory continued It GeneralSouth of and So at
of
its army at Scven American
colonists. of
was armies. spent Francc meanwhile,
the ofIn TO
the
of
she
because communication war at Saratoga the
away.
milesof morale of colonists stages same
the AMERICAN
the for Thirdly, the in it Years British the
of treaty had Cornwallis
with which Britain.
(Russia, The
("from In 1780. theKing had with, joined
Floridathirteen tilImost Unable
having the most of
lost her his wasconquered. French
t he War. colonists
of she 1783 had Britain-as finally and
REVOLUTION
the end, But George thousands were
who Thus, time the
and leaders
her important soldiers verybitter Denmark Saratoga
colonies. Paris ably war. France
southern was even towas in the and
satisfaction war The
from Fourthly,one
supremacy navy derivedeserved
(1783) extricate 1781, low. effecof Britain
thled fighting were
though
surrendered surrounded winter IIIproblem on General
must In fresh alliesSoon lent proved
surrendered
French
the event and also the
The the Thetowards Britain
boundary
Atlantic by also her unable at reinforce was Spain
of money assistance Burgoyne
colonial onon Britain himself BritishBritish Sweden) A
treatywhich in Valley France.
played mericanForeign to
give com- alone
the the to the to by the the and and be 24>
of of in
a
 state. 244
5.
Britain remained
benefit ference
was about ted the they teers Independence
who Republic of tance
against
6. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Robertson,Black,
Becker,
in way American
Independence.
Buchan, Morris, Infollowing theKing sowed groaned ledThirdly, in
changed ofthe for royalthe the
eyes by in
Jeremy the adamant George th e the the
John., Ricbard Carl, end, kept Generalunder the history
C.G., of seeds
outbreak place War
The (ed).,
mother-country, her the at American tyranny
Oliver
athe IiI were
B., England policies apolicy tyrannical of of
Declaration mercantilist low (he people. and of La Independence
-The The Britain revolution
ofputmankind.
Fayette
Cro Suggested
Readings level was his of Revolution monarchy ended.
Amerlcan
Peac Under of th e into
mwell.emakers: in towards government
mentally Despite French monarchy.
of the henceforth.restraint returned Ideals The
Indepe the Age came
theory, practice.
on eventWasan
Hanoverians.
Revo the and long
of Revolution
the their had enshrined
Reconshere
lution
The
ndence. Walpole.
other toderanged). to
bethat towardsadvicesto0d nativeFrance When its built Thestruggle
Great impact
very
coloniescolonies HISTORY
EUROP OF
very the Americansa in
the in
soil,from truly great of
the Imper
Powers much So given much 1780 of
on the
considerabiy. exist royal colonies, to thus, thFrench e the Declaration
and democratic
criticised. discredi.
the pavingcolonies volun chosecolonists
fo r inter King French
AmericA the he a