Book

Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings (Munger) (1)

Topic
Essential Coating Characteristics
From page 47 to 62
1. What is the primary function of protective coatings in corrosion control?
a. To provide structural strength
b. To enhance the aesthetic appeal of structures
c. To act as a barrier between corrosive materials and substrates
d. To increase the conductivity of materials

2. Which analogy best describes the role of protective coatings?

a. A shield protecting a warrior
b. A layer of paint on a canvas
c. A bandage covering a wound
d. A crown adorning a king

3. What is the significance of maintaining a continuous film in protective coatings?

a. It enhances the structural integrity of the coating.
b. It prevents the formation of imperfections.
c. It ensures effective corrosion protection.
d. It reduces the need for frequent maintenance.

4. Which property is considered the most important for a corrosion-resistant coating?

a. Resistance to water
b. Resistance to heat
c. Resistance to pressure
d. Resistance to chemicals

5. Why is resistance to water challenging to achieve in protective coatings?

a. Water is a universal solvent.
b. Water molecules are large.
c. Water evaporates quickly.
d. Water does not interact with organic materials.

6. Which type of water can cause rapid pitting corrosion on steel?

a. Acidic water
b. Pure water
c. Seawater
d. Deionized water

7. How does water penetrate through organic compounds?

a. By breaking chemical bonds
 b. By diffusion through intermolecular spaces
c. By creating an exothermic reaction
d. By generating electromagnetic waves

8. What does the equilibrium of moisture content depend on in organic materials?

a. Ambient temperature
b. Humidity levels
c. Moisture vapor pressure
d. Surface tension

9. Which situation requires different solutions in terms of protective coatings?

a. Protection of iron and steel pipe
b. Protection of concrete flumes
c. Protection of dam gates
d. All of the above

10. Which term describes the ability of water to pass through intermolecular spaces of
organic materials?
a. Hydrophobicity
b. Capillarity
c. Penetration
d. Absorption

11. Which of the following molecules is described as extremely penetrating and alkaline
when combined with moisture?
a. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
b. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
c. Ammonia (NH3)
d. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

12. According to the text, which molecule was considered ideal for inflating tires in the
early days of the automobile industry but caused flat tires due to its small molecular
size?
a. Ammonia (NH3)
b. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
c. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
d. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
13. What is described as the characteristic of larger molecules like sugar, sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) regarding their interaction with organic
coatings?
a. They penetrate organic molecules easily.
b. They have a strong affinity for water.
c. They draw water out of the organic coating.
d. They cause blistering in coatings.

14. What is the primary requirement for a high-performance corrosion-resistant coating

in terms of water resistance?
a. It should withstand continuous immersion in water without any change.
b. It should resist water absorption and remain inert.
c. It should desorb water under dry conditions.
d. It should have a high moisture vapor transfer rate.

15. What does the moisture vapor transfer rate refer to?
a. The rate at which moisture vapor will transfer through a protective coating
b. The amount of water picked up and retained within the molecular spaces of
the coating
c. The equilibrium of water content within the coating and the atmosphere
d. The rate at which coatings absorb water in high humidity conditions

16. What is the primary factor determining the transfer of moisture through a corrosion-
resistant coating?
a. Size of open pores in the coating
b. Adhesion of the coating
c. Thickness of the coating
d. Chemical composition of the coating

17. How does moisture primarily penetrate through a resin film in a coating?
a. Through open pores
b. Through intermolecular spaces between resin molecules
c. Through physical imperfections like pinholes
d. Through chemical reactions with the substrate

18. What happens when a coating has excellent adhesion?

a. Moisture vaporizes on the surface of the coating
b. Moisture condenses within the coating
c. Moisture absorption remains constant
 d. Moisture penetration increases

19. In the case of poor adhesion, what contributes to the formation of blisters in a
coating?
a. Condensation of moisture within the coating
b. Pressure from moisture vapor within voids
c. Chemical reactions with the steel substrate
d. Physical abrasions on the coating surface

20. What condition can lead to the formation of large blisters containing significant
amounts of water on the exterior of tanks?
a. Low humidity in the environment
b. High adhesion of the coating
c. Driving rain and high humidity
d. Absence of intermolecular spaces in the coating

21. What is the primary determinant of moisture vapor pressure within a coating or in
voids beneath the coating?
a. Temperature
b. Humidity
c. Coating thickness
d. Chemical composition of the substrate

22. Which type of water has the maximum penetrating power according to the passage?
a. Water vapor
b. Condensed vapor
c. Pure water
d. Water with dissolved salts

23. What mechanism involves a thermal gradient across a coating in relation to

moisture?
a. Adhesion pressure
b. Solubility gradient
c. Temperature differential
d. Humidity equilibrium

24. What is the basis of the Cleveland Coating Tester?

a. Forcing warm air onto the coating
 b. Creating a temperature gradient between the substrate and exterior
environment
c. Applying pressure on the coating surface
d. Submerging the coating in water

25. What phenomenon does osmosis involve?

a. Passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of
greater concentration to one of lesser concentration
b. Passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of
lesser concentration to one of greater concentration
c. Passage of water through a non-permeable membrane
d. Absorption of water by a coating surface

26. In electroendosmosis, water is forced through a semipermeable membrane:

a. By pressure from outside the membrane
b. By an electrical potential in the direction of the pole with opposite electrical
charge as the membrane
c. By gravity
d. None of the above

27. What is the role of a clean surface in preventing osmosis?

a. It increases the concentration differential across the membrane
b. It decreases the concentration differential across the membrane
c. It prevents the formation of a semipermeable membrane
d. It prevents the mechanism of osmosis from occurring

28. The mechanism of electroendosmosis becomes possible:

a. Only in the presence of positively charged coatings
b. Only in the absence of electrical potential
c. Wherever a break in a coating occurs
d. Only in the absence of moisture vapor

29. Which phenomenon is primarily responsible for coating failure in situations involving
cathodic protection (CP)?
a. Electroosmosis
b. Electroendosmosis
c. Anodic protection
d. Galvanic corrosion
30. What characteristic of coatings is crucial to prevent the passage of electrons during a
corrosion reaction?
a. Adhesion strength
b. Moisture absorption rate
c. Dielectric strength
d. Chemical resistance

31. Which coating property is particularly important when coatings are used in
conjunction with cathodic protection (CP)?
a. Moisture vapor transmission rate
b. Water permeability
c. Resistance to ionic passage
d. Chemical reactivity

32. Which type of coating is mentioned as having excellent resistance to both ions and
electrons due to its high molecular weight and dense molecular structure?
a. Vinyl coatings
b. Epoxy coatings
c. Phenolic coatings
d. Alkyd coatings

33. What coating resin is noted for its broad range of chemical resistance, including
resistance to acids, alkalies, and salts?
a. Epoxy
b. Phenolic
c. Alkyd
d. Vinyl

34. Which type of coating tends to become more permeable over time due to weather
reactions?
a. Vinyl
b. Epoxy
c. Phenolic
d. Alkyd

35. In situations where electrons pass through a coating from the substrate to the
surface, what phenomenon is likely to occur?
a. Electrodeposition
b. Galvanization
 c. Precipitation of salts
d. Electrolysis

36. What property of coatings prevents the transfer of ions from the exterior of the
coating to the substrate?
a. Moisture absorption rate
b. Dielectric strength
c. Resistance to ionic passage
d. Chemical reactivity

37. Which type of coating is mentioned as being used for tank linings and oil well tubing
due to its strong cross-linked structure and resistance to aggressive solutions?
a. Epoxy
b. Phenolic
c. Alkyd
d. Vinyl

38. What is the main factor contributing to coating failure in underground pipe coatings
and ship bottoms under cathodic protection?
a. Poor adhesion strength
b. Excessive moisture absorption
c. Uncontrolled cathodic potentials
d. Inadequate chemical resistance

39. Which material is rapidly attacked by oxidizing materials but has broad chemical
resistance to acids, alkalies, and salts?
a. Furan materials
b. Epoxies
c. Vinyls
d. Inorganic zinc

40. What property is considered the key requirement in a corrosion-resistant coating

according to the text?
a. Hardness
b. Abrasion resistance
c. Adhesion
d. Weather resistance
41. Which type of coating has a chemical bond in addition to a physical bond between
the coating and the steel, making it resistant to undercutting?
a. Vinyl coatings
b. Organic coatings
c. Inorganic zinc coatings
d. Ceramic coatings

42. What type of coatings are often chosen for priming over inorganic zinc due to their
excellent adhesion and undercutting resistant properties?
a. Vinyl coatings
b. Organic coatings
c. Epoxy coatings
d. Ceramic coatings

43. Which type of coatings are particularly effective in withstanding abrasion caused by
sand abrasion?
a. Thermoplastic coatings
b. Epoxy coatings
c. Organic polyurethane coatings
d. Inorganic zinc coatings

44. Which property of a corrosion-resistant coating allows it to withstand temperature

cycling without loss of adhesion or cracking?
a. Abrasion resistance
b. Ability to expand and contract
c. Weather resistance
d. Chemical resistance

45. What characteristic makes thermoplastic coatings suitable for withstanding normal
expansion and contraction of the underlying surface?
a. Hardness
b. Brittleness
c. Temperature sensitivity
d. Chemical radicals

46. Which type of coatings have exceptional resistance to temperature changes and are
suitable for surfaces subject to direct sunlight?
a. Vinyl coatings
b. Epoxy coatings
 c. Thermoplastic coatings
d. Inorganic zinc coatings

47. What combination of properties is required for a coating to be considered weather-

resistant?
a. Hardness and brittleness
b. Chalking and cracking
c. Adhesion and chemical resistance
d. Resistance to various environmental conditions without significant
deterioration

48. Which type of coatings are often used in unprotected, weather-exposed areas due to
their weather resistance?
a. Thermoplastic coatings
b. Organic coatings
c. Epoxy coatings
d. Inorganic zinc coatings

49. Which type of coating is described as remaining in good condition after 14 years of
exposure in a severe marine atmosphere?
a. IOZ primer
b. Epoxy polyamide topcoat
c. High-visibility topcoat
d. Semi-gloss coating

50. What is the undesirable consequence of dirt pickup on coatings in terms of

corrosion?
a. Increased adhesion
b. Decreased visibility
c. Formation of electrolytes
d. Reduction in surface gloss

51. Which type of coatings generally resist dirt pickup better until weathering or chalking
occurs?
a. High-gloss coatings
b. Semi-gloss coatings
c. Flat coatings
d. Textured coatings
52. What is one way bacteria and fungus affect coatings?
a. Enhancing adhesion
b. Increasing brightness
c. Forming protective layers
d. Contributing to coating breakdown

53. Which type of coatings is generally more resistant to bacteria and fungus growth?
a. Polyamide coatings
b. Waterborne latex/acrylics
c. Chlorinated rubber coatings
d. Vinyl chloride coatings

54. What characteristic contributes to a coating's pleasing appearance?

a. Age resistance
b. Resistance to dirt pickup
c. Ease of application
d. Weather resistance

55. Which property ensures that a coating provides protection for a reasonable period of
time?
a. Age resistance
b. Pleasing appearance
c. Easy application
d. Resistance to extreme temperatures

56. What additional property should coatings for excessively cold temperatures possess?
a. Low adhesion
b. High shrinkage
c. Resilience and plasticity
d. Poor brittleness

57. Which type of polymer aids in the retention of cold weather adhesion?
a. Polyurethane
b. Butyl rubber
c. Polyethylene
d. Polyester
58. What happens to the corrosion rate as soil resistance increases due to temperature
drops?
a. The corrosion rate remains constant.
b. The corrosion rate increases.
c. The corrosion rate decreases.
d. The corrosion rate fluctuates randomly.

59. Which of the following polymers may release HCl when exposed to high
temperatures?
a. Styrene polymers
b. Epoxies
c. Silicone polymers
d. Vinyl copolymers

60. What is a characteristic of cross-linking polymers like epoxies when overcured at high
temperatures?
a. Increased adhesion
b. Reduced brittleness
c. Enhanced flexibility
d. Loss of adhesion and brittleness

61. IOZ compounds and silicone polymers are known for their excellent resistance to
which of the following temperature ranges?
a. 100-200°C
b. 300-400°C
c. 500-600°C
d. 700-800°C

62. Which type of coating has been exposed to temperatures as high as 520°C (968°F) for
relatively short periods effectively?
a. Vinyl copolymer
b. Chlorinated rubber
c. Inorganic coatings with silicone aluminum topcoats
d. Coal tar epoxy

63. What coating type exhibits the highest radiation tolerance on steel substrates?
a. Chlorinated rubber
b. Inorganic zinc
c. Silicone (Baked)
 d. Epoxy polyamide

64. Soil stress is particularly significant in which application?

a. Maritime coatings
b. Automotive coatings
c. Underground pipeline coatings
d. Aerospace coatings

65. Which coating characteristic is essential for resisting soil stress?

a. High conductivity
b. Low adhesion
c. High impact resistance
d. High water absorption

66. Cathodic disbonding is most related to which protective mechanism?

a. Corrosion inhibition
b. Electroendosmosis
c. Oxidation-reduction
d. Polymerization

67. What coating type exhibits good resistance to cathodic disbonding?

a. Vinyl
b. Coal tar
c. Butyl rubber
d. 100% solids epoxy

68. Inorganic coatings are particularly suitable for which application due to their
resistance to friction?
a. Atmospheric exposure
b. Immersion
c. Underground exposure
d. Friction joints

69. What is the primary consideration for coatings designed for atmospheric exposure?
a. Resistance to water penetration
b. Immersion capability
c. Weather resistance
d. Adhesion strength
70. Which of the following is NOT a factor that atmospheric coatings must withstand?
a. Ultraviolet attack
b. Heating and cooling
c. Osmosis
d. Alternate wetting and drying

71. Which type of coatings are usually subjected to water solutions ranging from very
pure water to ones containing high concentrations of various chemicals?
a. Atmospheric coatings
b. Immersion coatings
c. Underground coatings
d. Marine coatings

72. What is the primary factor to be protected against in underground conditions?

a. Ultraviolet radiation
b. Soil stresses
c. Atmospheric exposure
d. Moisture vapor transfer

73. Which type of water is generally considered to be the most aggressive for coating
materials?
a. Distilled water
b. Seawater
c. Snow water
d. Deionized water

74. Which coating type is best suited for continuous exposure to refined oil and various
solvents?
a. Coal tar epoxy coatings
b. IOZ coatings
c. Polyamide epoxies
d. Certain epoxy coatings

75. What is a major consideration when selecting coatings for underground conditions?
a. Weather resistance
b. Adhesion strength
c. Resistance to ionic passage
d. Resistance to osmosis
76. Which condition is NOT typically encountered by coatings used in atmospheric
exposure?
a. Continuous contact with water
b. Ultraviolet attack
c. Heating and cooling cycles
d. Airborne chemical fallout

77. Which coating type requires careful consideration of specific immersion conditions
before selection?
a. Atmospheric coatings
b. Immersion coatings
c. Underground coatings
d. Marine coatings

78. What is a significant factor contributing to coating failures under immersion

conditions?
a. Ultraviolet radiation
b. Biologic damage
c. Moisture vapor transfer
d. Minor contaminants in the solution

79. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to underground

coating failure?
a. Varying backfill conditions
b. Soil forces pulling the coating from the surface
c. Presence of cathodic disbonding and electroendosmosis
d. Consistent moisture levels in the soil

80. What is the purpose of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings for underground pipelines?
a. To provide weather resistance
b. To ensure high dielectric strength
c. To resist abrasion and wear
d. To offer durability against varying soil conditions

81. According to the excerpt, what characteristic is particularly important for

underground coatings?
a. Adherence
b. Osmosis resistance
c. Weather resistance
 d. Dirt pick-up

82. Which of the following is NOT listed as a factor to consider when selecting a coating
for underground exposure?
a. Texture of the environment
b. Operating temperature ranges
c. Resistance to abrasion
d. Experience with similar materials in the environment

83. What is a key purpose of determining the specific gravity of a coating?

a. To assess its temperature resistance
b. To identify the pigment dispersion
c. To estimate the amount of solids in the coating
d. To measure its resistance to soil stress

84. What does the term "thixotropic" describe in the context of coatings?
a. Coatings that are resistant to radiation
b. Coatings that maintain viscosity regardless of agitation
c. Coatings that change viscosity depending on agitation
d. Coatings that have high dielectric strength

85. What is the importance of ensuring consistency in color when coating large
structures?
a. To maintain aesthetic appeal
b. To prevent cathodic disbondment
c. To ensure even coverage
d. To resist underground soil stress

86. Which of the following is NOT a measurable characteristic of a coating after

application?
a. Gloss
b. Viscosity
c. Hardness
d. Drying time

87. Why is it crucial to analyze specific coating requirements before selection?

a. To ensure the coating matches the soil's pH level
b. To avoid costly failures due to improper materials
 c. To determine the coating's resistance to weathering
d. To assess the coating's appearance after application

88. Which characteristic is particularly important for coating materials concerning

underground exposure, according to the excerpt?
a. Dielectric strength
b. Appearance
c. Age resistance
d. Water resistance
 ANSWERS
1. c 29. b 57. b
2. a 30. c 58. c
3. c 31. c 59. a
4. a 32. c 60. d
5. a 33. d 61. d
6. c 34. d 62. c
7. b 35. c 63. b
8. c 36. c 64. c
9. d 37. b 65. c
10. b 38. c 66. b
11. c 39. a 67. d
12. b 40. c 68. d
13. c 41. c 69. c
14. b 42. c 70. c
15. a 43. c 71. b
16. b 44. b 72. d
17. b 45. c 73. b
18. c 46. d 74. b
19. b 47. d 75. d
20. c 48. b 76. a
21. a 49. b 77. b
22. c 50. c 78. d
23. c 51. d 79. d
24. b 52. a 80. d
25. b 53. b 81. b
26. b 54. b 82. c
27. d 55. a 83. c
28. c 56. c 84. c
85. c
86. b
87. b
88. a