Assessing the Feasibility of Using Animal Manure as an Alternative Feedstock

for Charcoal Production

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A Research Presenting to the

Technical Working Committee
SALCEDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Salcedo, Eastern Samar

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In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement of the Academic Strand of Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics

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RESEARCHERS:

Lumen, Melissa Jade A.

Aguillo, Francis R.

Cabarles, Julito P.

Lace, Marisa B.

Lace, Patricia P.

Ranille, Vincent G.

Siguan, Josephine N.

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 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Charcoal production plays a significant role in providing fuel for various industries

and households across the world. However, traditional charcoal production practices

predominantly rely on wood as the primary feedstock. This reliance on wood has significant

environmental consequences, such as deforestation and increased carbon emissions (Inzon

et al. 2016).

In light of these concerns, researchers and practitioners have been exploring

alternative feedstocks for charcoal production. One potential alternative is the utilization of

agricultural waste products, such as crop residues or agricultural byproducts, as a substitute

for wood (Aynharan et al. 2020). This approach not only offers a sustainable solution to

reduce deforestation but also provides an opportunity to repurpose agricultural waste

materials, leading to potential economic and environmental benefits.

According to Olorunnishola, Akim & Anjorin, Sandra (2023) in their study

“Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of Some Selected Northern and Southwestern

Nigeria Charcoals for Metallurgical Purpose” states that, as traditional feedstocks such as

wood are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive, exploring alternative sources

becomes crucial. Charcoal, a widely used fuel source, has the potential to provide a

sustainable and cost-effective solution, given its abundance in agricultural and industrial

waste.

Dried animal dung has not been used and examined widely as a source of charcoal

production. Since it is abundant with ammonia, this has the potential to become one.

According to Balkan et. al. 2016, in Turkey there are people who use dry animal dung

(manure), rather than wood or charcoal, is used as the fuel source.

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 A fifth-class municipality, Salcedo is located in Eastern Samar's southern region. Its

borders are as follows: the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Quinapondan municipality on the

west, the Matarinao Bay on the north, the Leyte Gulf, and the municipality of Mercedes on

the south (Alburo et. al. 2016). Salcedo is a predominantly agricultural municipality with a

significant livestock industry like goats, chickens, cows, and others that generates a

substantial amount of animal manure. However, the feasibility of using animal manure as a

feedstock for charcoal production has not been explored in various regions.

This research will employ a combination of experimental techniques and statistical

analysis to evaluate the yield, energy content, and quality of charcoal produced from animal

manure. The findings of this study may have significant implications in terms of sustainable

charcoal production practices, Assessing the environmental impact of using animal manure

charcoal l compared to wood-based charcoal production and investigating the economic

viability and potential market demand for animal manure charcoal.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the process of assessing the feasibility of animal manure as an

alternative feedstock for charcoal production. Specifically, it suits the following questions:

1. Is animal manure feasible as an alternative feedstock in charcoal production?

2. What level of concentration of animal waste is suitable to make an animal manure?

A. 25% of bos taurus manure charcoal

B. 50% bos taurus manure charcoal

C. 75% bos taurus manure charcoal

D. 100% bos taurus manure charcoal

3. What is the feasibility level of animal manure as an alternative feedstock for charcoal

production?

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Scope and Delimitations

The general intent of this study is to determine an alternative feedstock of using

animal manure for charcoal production. The study also includes a sustainable solution to

reduce deforestation and provide an opportunity to repurpose animal manure material. The

manure that this research will use is the bos taurus manure. The data collection took place

during the whole school year 2023-2024 in Salcedo, Eastern Samar. Focusing on technical

and economic aspects, this research will employ a combination of experimental techniques

and statistical analysis.

Definition of Terms

Charcoal - a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other

animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.

Manure- material that fertilizes land. especially:\\refuse of stables and barnyards consisting

of livestock excreta with or without litter (Webster Dictionary,2022)

Pyrolysis- chemical decomposition of a substance by heat (Collins Dictionary,2010)

Carbonization- formation of carbon from organic matter (Collins Dictionary,2010)

Significance of the Study

Farmers. This research is significant for farmers as it helps them understand how

sustainable charcoal production practices can impact their agricultural activities.

Charcoal Makers. Charcoal makers often have limited alternative livelihood opportunities,

and charcoal production is a crucial income source for many. Charcoal makers are often

exposed to health and safety risks. Understanding and promoting sustainable production can

contribute to reducing these risks and enhancing the well-being of these workers.

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Local Government Units (LGU). LGUs can use the research findings to develop and

implement policies that promote sustainable charcoal production. These policies can align

with environmental conservation goals and support the socio-economic development of the

region. Sustainable charcoal production can contribute to LGUs' revenue through taxation

and permit fees.

Citizens. Sustainable charcoal production has direct implications for air quality, biodiversity,

and overall environmental health. Citizens can benefit from cleaner air and a healthier

ecosystem, leading to improved well-being. If the research finds that sustainable charcoal

practices lead to more stable communities and enhanced local economies, citizens will

experience improved living conditions and increased access to essential services.

Future researchers. The importance of the research to future researchers is, students can

use this and serve as their background and basis if they will make a research about this kind

of alternatives.

Overall, it offers a holistic perspective on the impacts of sustainable charcoal production

practices on various stakeholders, thereby contributing to a more balanced and informed

decision-making process.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As the global demand for sustainable energy sources continues to grow, finding

alternative and renewable feedstocks for charcoal production has become a pressing issue.

This review aims to explore the feasibility of using animal manure as an alternative feedstock

for charcoal production, focusing on its potential benefits, challenges, and implications.

Increasing Global Demand for Charcoal

Biomass fuels are used for cooking by half of the world's population. Around the

world, 24 million tons of charcoal were consumed in 1992. Africa alone uses over half of the

world's produce, with developing nations making up most consumers. Since the population

of the developing world is predicted to rise at a high rate, there has been a third growth in

the production of charcoal between 1981 and 1992.

In many nations, the demand for charcoal is concentrated in urban regions, whereas

rural residents and even charcoal producers are too impoverished to utilize charcoal. This

frequently implies that the charcoal must be carried to the user, usually by truck, as it is

produced distant from the point of demand. Transport distances may become close to 1000

km as the supply of fuelwood and possible agricultural land decreases. Then, easily

obtained fuelwood is appropriated for urban residents, depriving rural areas of readily

available biomass sources (Kammen and Lew, 2005).

Charcoal Production Methods and Feedstock

Products made of biomass can be used to make charcoal, including woody

agricultural products, the biogenic portion of municipal garbage, nut shells, and charcoal

from wood. The biomass's liquid and gaseous fractions can be used as a valuable fuel

source, but the solid fraction, or charcoal, can be recovered and used as carbon black or as

an adsorbent after an activation step is applied. The process of producing charcoal involves

slowly heating wood (carbonization) in airtight ovens or retorts, in chambers filled with

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different gasses, or in kilns with precisely controlled and limited airflow. Carbon

sequestration in soil, crop yield, and soil characteristics can all be enhanced by charcoal

(Demirbas et. al., 2016)

Advantages And Disadvantages of Animal Manure as a Potential Feedstock

A. Disadvantages

One of the disadvantages of using animal manure as a potential feedstock for

charcoal making is the variability in nutrient content. Animal manure can vary greatly

in its nutrient composition depending on factors such as the type of animal, diet, and

handling practices. This variability can make it difficult to consistently produce high-

quality charcoal as the nutrient content affects the combustion process and the

resulting charcoal properties (Lam, et. al. 2023).

Another disadvantage is the potential for environmental contamination.

Animal manure can contain high levels of pathogens, including harmful bacteria and

parasites, which can pose a risk to human health and the environment if not properly

managed. The carbonization process used in charcoal making may not effectively

eliminate these pathogens, leading to potential contamination of the charcoal and its

byproducts.

B. Advantages

According to Joseph Sanford in their study Biochar Production through Slow

Pyrolysis of Animal Manure, there are several advantages of using animal manure as

a potential feedstock for charcoal making. Firstly, animal manure is a readily

available and abundant resource. It is produced in large quantities by livestock farms

and can be collected easily. Secondly, animal manure has a high carbon content,

making it suitable for carbonization and charcoal production. This carbon-rich

material can be converted into charcoal through the process of pyrolysis, which

involves heating the manure in the absence of oxygen. Additionally, utilizing animal

manure for charcoal production can be a sustainable and environmentally friendly

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 approach. It helps in the management of waste and reduces the release of methane,

a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Moreover, the resulting charcoal can

be used as a renewable energy source for cooking, heating, or as a soil amendment,

providing multiple benefits for both the environment and the community.

Processing techniques for converting animal manure into charcoal

a. Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the process of thermally converting carbonaceous feedstock at

temperatures typically far over 400°C without the presence of molecular oxygen,

producing solid, liquid, and gaseous products. (Hagemann et al., 2018). Biochar is a

solid byproduct of biomass pyrolysis that is employed in industry and agriculture as a

long-term carbon sink in a non-oxidative way when the H/C and O/C molar ratios are

less than 0.7 and 0.4, respectively (EBC,2020).

b. Carbonization

The carbonization process removes volatile organics either in the form of

gases like CO2, CO, or condensed liquids like water (Yue & Economy, 2017).

Carbonization involves thermal decomposition of precursor fibers, resulting into char

with a pure carbon structure.

c. Solid–liquid separation

Usually, the separated solid phases have enough dry matter content for

commercial pyrolysis, either directly or via a less energy-intensive drying process.

The manure biochar and the nutrient-rich liquid phase can be mixed to create a

biochar-based fertilizer known as "charging" biochar with dissolved nutrients (Sarkhot

et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2017). Extra liquid can be utilized in irrigation, as a

separate fertilizer, exposed to struvite precipitation, or in other ways comparable to

these methods (Federolf et al., 2016; Katanda et al., 2016).

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 d. Drying

In practical terms, the surplus heat from burning biofuel and this can be

accomplished with non-condensable gases. To maintain drying and pyrolysis, more

energy input may still be required, depending on the water content and heating value

of the manure (Ro et al., 2010). The process of drying causes the nutrients to

concentrate in the solid phase, which could lead to biochar that is higher in nutrients

than biochar that is created through solid-liquid separation.

Why Cow Manure?

Cow manure is an excreta of livestock animal waste is cheap and easily available

bioresource on our planet. Cow manure or commonly termed as cow dung has given a

decent amount in attention the recent times due to various application that may be utilized

for the society. (Hamid et., al, 2020). This manure can be serve as a promising alternative

feedstock for charcoal production due to its abundant availability and sustainable nature and

accessible waste product from livestock farming. Cow manure for charcoal production not

only addresses environmental concerns but also provide a practical solution for managing

the substantial amounts of agricultural waste. By converting cow manure into charcoal a

valuable energy is created, promoting a circular economy that transforms waste into a useful

product.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

This study is supported by the theory of universal of charcoal making (2019).

Charcoal is a substance that we use a lot of on our channel, and we are not alone.

Chemically speaking, charcoal is almost pure carbon. It is made from wood by driving off

everything in the wood that isn't carbon, e.g., water, tar, and volatile gases. This process,

induced by heat between 600-1100 degrees Fahrenheit, is called pyrolysis. The product is

charcoal. It is worth noting that the pillow-shaped briquettes you buy in a grocery store are

not pure carbon; they have a binder and other additives (hence why they leave so much ash

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 behind after burning; good quality charcoal should barely leave any ash at all when burnt).

This theory supports the topic as we assess the feasibility of using animal manure as

charcoal. By this we knew how chemical components are and attest the potential procedures

on this experiment.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Input Process Output

Knowledge Requirement Project Design

 Experimental
a. Basic knowledge
Project Development
about Biology.
1. Look for cow
b. Basic Knowledge manure samples.
2. Prepare the
about Chemistry. materials and
equipment.
Materials 3. Measure the cow
manure to its
appropriate yields
 Cow manure
using the triple
beam balance. ANIMAL MANURE
 Water
CHARCOAL
 flour a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
Equipment d. 100%

 Gloves 4. Dry it for 3 days.

5. Observe
 Tripple Beam 6. Assess if it is
feasible for its
Balance
quality by putting
each sample on
 Face Mask
fire.
 Lab Gown

 Container

 Briquette Machine
Figure 1. The Conceptual Paradigm showing the Input-Process-Output flow of the System

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 The waste produced by cows, chickens, and goats is a major contributor to the

creation of charcoal. During their digestion, these animals create a considerable quantity of

excrement. The dung can be used as a valuable resource for making charcoal because it is

rich in organic materials. A technique known as pyrolysis is used to turn the manure into

charcoal. The process of pyrolysis entails heating manure without oxygen, which breaks

down the organic stuff and turns it into charcoal. It is therefore possible to use this charcoal

as a sustainable and renewable fuel source for a variety of applications.

There are various advantages to producing charcoal from cow, chicken, and goat

dung. Firstly, it makes it possible to manage waste products more effectively and reuse

them, which prevents them from adding to pollution in the environment. Methane, a powerful

greenhouse gas, is released less into the atmosphere when the manure is converted to

charcoal. Furthermore, the generated charcoal can be used as a healthy and effective fuel

source for heating, cooking, and other energy-related tasks. This leads to a reduction in

reliance on conventional fossil fuels, thereby advancing a more sustainable energy system.

Overall, producing charcoal with the manure of cows, chickens, and goats is a useful and

environmentally beneficial method.

Assessing the qualities of the animal manure is important because this will attest

whether the manure is important because this will attest whether the manures can be

feasible as a potential feedstock for charcoal production.

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 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study will use an experimental research approach. To assess the feasibility of

animal manure in charcoal production, a randomized controlled trial research design will be

employed. The study will involve selecting a sample of charcoals and dividing them into two

groups: the control group and the experimental group. The control group will continue the

usual charcoal feedstocks which is the coconut charcoal briquettes, while the experimental

group will be trained in the proper techniques for converting animal manure into charcoal.

The main outcome variables to be measured include the quality of the produced charcoal,

and the economic feasibility of adopting this method. Data will be collected through direct

observation, and laboratory analysis. Statistical analysis will then be conducted to compare

the outcomes between the two groups and determine the potential benefits and drawbacks

of incorporating animal manure in charcoal production.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted by the researchers in Barangay Casili-on, Salcedo,

Eastern Samar.

Research Procedure

1. Collection of equipment and materials

In this process, the researchers will gather the materials and equipment needed in

this research including the collection of bos taurus manure samples. The aim is to

assess first the capability of the researchers in terms of making this research

problem.

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 Figure 1. Breaking the manure into small pieces

2. Breaking the manure into small pieces

The researchers need to scatter the manure samples into small pieces as it is

needed for the compression to have an efficient and effective sample. It is also

needed so that the briquette will be easily made.

Figure 2. Making of cassava starch paste to form briquettes

3. Making of charcoal glue

Using the constructed briquette machine, the animal manures were combined with

cassava starch paste to form briquettes. In their integrated composites, cassava

starch shown strong ductility, strong binding ability, self-curing qualities, and

resistance to hygroscopicity.

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 Figure 3. Briquette machine used in study.

4. Briquetting

Using the briquetting machine, put all the samples on the briquette shaper and then

compress it until it is formed.

Figure 4. Measuring the charcoals using triple beam balance

5. Measurement

Take the manure briquettes and measure the samples according to its desired

concentration using the triple beam balance. The composition of the four briquettes

has the same density (100g).

Figure 5. Drying process

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 6. Drying

Sun dry the samples for three days, together with the control group and observe

each day.

7. Observation.

After three days, the researchers will now observe the difference between

their qualities according to its size, shape, color, texture, moisture, and density. The

researchers will also assess its longest possible time on fire.

To measure the density of the coal, the researchers used the Apparent

Relative Density (ARD): This analysis is performed by measuring the mass of coal in

air and in water. Wherein.

ARD = Ma / ( Ma – Mw)

Where:

Ma = coal mass in air (g)

Mw = coal mass water (g)

Moisture content

The percent moisture was calculated using the equation for percent moisture content.

% Moisture= (loss of weight of sample/weight of sample) *100

Data Analysis

An experimental phase will quantitatively be analyzed as part of the data analysis

process in this study. Data will be collected through direct observation, and laboratory

analysis. These experimental techniques were used to evaluate the quality of charcoal

production using senses from animal manure. The data collected from the experimental and

observation phases that will be analyzed comprehensively. The findings will be presented

using tables, graphs, and other visual aids to facilitate a clear understanding of the results.

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 Moreover, the researchers will provide the data observation sheet to assess its

quality in charcoal production.

Research Instrument

To get the appropriate data needed, the researchers will employ direct observation

testing. The variables will be analyzed frequently and after that, the researchers will test if

the animal manure is feasible of not.

Data Gathering Procedure

The tool will be utilized with an experimental procedure. Firstly, is the collection of

animal manure sample then will move to the drying process for three days. After that it will

proceed to the quality assessment. Data from this study instrument were totaled and

tabulated for interpretation based on the frequency of items checked by the participants,

once all the data from the researchers had been gathered.

Research Intervention

This research intervention addresses the pressing need for sustainable alternatives

in the realm of charcoal production by focusing on the potential utilization of animal manure

as a feedstock. Charcoal, a widely used energy source, traditionally relies on wood-based

feedstocks, contributing to deforestation and environmental degradation. By assessing the

feasibility of transitioning to animal manure, a readily available and often underutilized

resource, this study aims to redefine the landscape of charcoal production with a focus on

economic viability, environmental sustainability, and innovative practices.

Through a comprehensive methodology encompassing compositional analyses of

diverse animal manure samples and advanced charcoal production techniques such as

pyrolysis and carbonization, this intervention will evaluate key parameters including yield,

energy content, and quality. The dual objectives of determining economic feasibility and

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assessing environmental impact will provide a nuanced understanding of the potential

advantages and challenges associated with adopting animal manure as a primary feedstock.

This research intervention not only contributes to the academic discourse on sustainable

energy but also holds promise for practical implications, offering valuable insights for

policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental advocates seeking to enhance the

sustainability of charcoal production practices.

Research Hypothesis

Animal manure can be a viable and sustainable alternative feedstock for charcoal

production, both economically and environmentally, in comparison to traditional feedstocks

such as wood.

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 CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussions

The raw materials for briquettes need to be dried in order to maintain the feedstock's

quality. This can even occur under longer-term natural storage settings. Utilizing the time

while storage to employ natural drying in order to lower its quality is essential. In order to

produce a finished briquette, the raw materials must be ground or shredded, dried, and

pressed (Lela et al. 2016).

In this research, the researchers obtained 2 kilograms of cow manure suitable to

make six (6) pieces of one hundred percent (100%); four(4) pieces of seventy-five percent

(75%) + 25% cassava starch paste; 8 pieces of fifty percent (50%) + fifty percent

(50% )cassava starch paste; and ten (10) pieces of twenty-five percent 25% + seventy-five

75% cassava starch paste, as well as the coconut charcoal briquettes.

The charcoals were observed by the following data observation sheet:

Table 1. Data observation sheet of the Experimental Group,(Animal Manure Charcoal

briquette) and the Control Group (coconut charcoal briquette).

Sense Experimental Group Control Group

Subject (Animal Manure Charcoal briquette) (Coconut charcoal briquette)

25% 50% 75% 100% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Sight

Size 3cm 7cm 9cm 13cm 3cm 4.3cm 6cm 7cm

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 Shape Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round

Color Brown Brown Brown Brown Black Black Black Black

Touch

Texture Rough Rough Rough Rough Rough Rough Rough Rough

Moisture 9.3% 12.41% 16.3% 15% 10.50 13.71% 15% 17.21%

Density %

-1.05g -0.78g 0.91g -1.12g -5.53g -2.30g -2.70g -2.77g

Physical Characteristics of the AM Charcoal Briquettes Produced

The physical characteristics of the charcoal briquettes are important since they can

impact how useful the fuel is. Due to damage, there will be a lot of waste if the briquettes are

not compact enough and break easily enough to be difficult to manage.

According to Karch Ed, 1982, in making charcoal; the use of the senses is the most

common method for gauging the progression of the charcoal production. Observation skills

through the use of the senses may help the future researchers analyze a good charcoal.

Figure 5. Sensory Analysis Guide for Charcoal Making

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The Moisture Content

Figure 6. Comparison graph of the moisture content of the Animal manure charcoal

briquettes and Coconut briquettes

20.00%

18.00% 17.21%
16.30%
16.00% 15.30%
14.63%
14.00% 13.71%
12.41%
12.00%
10.50%
10.00% 9.30%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
25% 50% 75% 100%

AM charcoal Coconut charcoal

The results show that the moisture content of the following concentrations are about 9.30%-

16.30%– of AM charcoal while the coconut charcoal obtained 17.21%-10.50%. The

conditions of absorption of moisture from the surrounding air could be the cause of the high

moisture content. However, The charcoal briquettes made from cow dung have a moisture

content of within the acceptable range for the moisture content of charcoal (5–15%)

FAO,2010.

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 Chapter V

Summary of Findings

An experiment was conducted in this study by observing the difference between the

different concentrations of animal manure charcoals compared to the regular coconut

charcoal briquettes. From the experiment, the concentration of 50% was the most feasible

as an alternative feedstock, as it produced a precise amount of moisture content and longer

time in burning. Aside from that, it also has the lowest density compared to the other

variables of this research.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Animal dung provides high-quality, carbon-rich organic matter and is a sustainable

and renewable substitute for conventional charcoal production techniques. Carbon is

sequestered, which lowers greenhouse gas emissions as well. However, quality and

efficiency might be impacted by contaminants and moisture content. To guarantee clean,

premium charcoal, appropriate handling and treatment techniques are required. Prior to

evaluating animal dung as a feasible feedstock, it is important to evaluate its local

availability, as it varies based on industrial practices and geographic location.

As a sustainable and eco-friendly substitute, this research recommends producing

charcoal from animal dung. Studies on moisture content and treatment techniques must be

conducted further to guarantee successful deployment. One way to guarantee a consistent

supply of manure is to work with nearby farmers and animal owners. Charcoal output can be

increased by creative carbonization processes( ex. pyrolysis or gasification), drying

20
strategies( ex. sun drying), and energy recovery devices( ex. biogas digesters).

Stakeholders may support sustainable development goals and ease the strain on natural

resources by learning more about the advantages of animal manure.

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