NAME: Alipin, Zariuz James L.

COURSE, YEAR, and SECTION: BSIT 3-B GT

DATE: 11-22-2023

INSTRUCTION: Study and define the following topics below. Don’t forget to cite your
references.

 Constitution - the set of political principles by which

a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of
the people it governs.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/constitution

 Three (3) branches of government: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial

Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power
vested in the Philippine Congress.
Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected
by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet.
Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/constitution

 Commonwealth - The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a transitional

government of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, which was established by the Tydings–
McDuffie Act 1. It was a period of preparation for Philippine independence from the
United States, which was achieved on July 4, 1946.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-commonwealth-of-the-philippines/
 Regalian Doctrine - The Regalian Doctrine is a legal concept that originated from the
Spanish Crown’s right to all lands it discovered and conquered. It was introduced to the
Philippines through the Laws of the Indies and the Royal Cedulas . The doctrine dictates
that all lands of the public domain belong to the State, which is the source of any asserted
right to ownership of land and charged with the conservation of such patrimony .

https://www.projectjurisprudence.com/2017/07/the-regalian-doctrine-philippines.html
THE CONCEPT OF JURE REGALIA -REGALIAN DOCTRINE. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://batasnatin.com/law-library/civil-law/land-titles-and-deeds/1350-the-concept-of-jure-regalia-
regalian-doctrine.html
  Divine Providence - The English term “providence” is derived from two Latin words:
“pro,” which means “before,” and “vide,” which means “see” 2. With respect to divine
providence, a key aspect of its meaning is that it refers to God’s foresight in a temporal
sense. God sees and knows the future, having declared the end from the beginning .

Providence Defined: Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org: Reformed Bible Studies &
Devotionals at Ligonier.org. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/providence-defined

 Constitutional Convention - A Constitutional Convention is one of the three ways

to amend the Constitution of the Philippines. It is a gathering of individuals for the
purpose of creating a new constitution or modifying an existing one . Article XVII,
Section 3 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines states that “The Congress may, by a
vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority
vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a
convention”

Constitutional convention (Philippines). (2023). Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)

 Ratification - Ratification is a formal act by which a state confirms and accepts the
provisions of a treaty concluded by its representatives. The main purpose of ratification is
enabling contracting parties to scrutinize the treaty and assess it carefully and more
importantly to have an opportunity to decline it if by chance they find it inimical to their
interest. In the Philippines, the President has the power to ratify treaties, but the Senate
must concur with a two-thirds vote before the treaty can be considered ratified and take
effect.

Ipl.org. “Importance Of Ratification In The Philippines.” Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers, 29 Mar.
2021, www.ipl.org/essay/Importance-Of-Ratification-In-The-Philippines-FJJGNUZK5U. Accessed 22
Nov. 2023.

 Parliamentary System of Government - In the Philippines, the current system of

government is a Presidential System of Government wherein power is equally divided
among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. One basic corollary in a
presidential system of government is the principle of separation of powers wherein
 legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and interpretation to the
Judiciary.

www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

 Constitutional Commission - The Constitutional Commissions are independent

bodies created by the Philippine Constitution to ensure checks and balances in the
government. The three constitutional commissions are the Civil Service Commission,
the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit .

The Constitutional Commissions are independent bodies created by the Philippine

Constitution to ensure checks and balances in the government. The three constitutional
commissions are the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and
the Commission on Audit

 Agrarian – Agrarian is an adjective that means relating to the land, especially the use of
land for farming. It can also mean relating to farming or farmers
 Reform - to make an improvement, especially by changing a person's behavior or
the structure of something
 Agrarian Reform is a comprehensive program in the Philippines that aims to promote
social justice and industrialization through the equitable distribution of agricultural lands
to farmers and farmworkers1. The program seeks to address the historical injustices and
inequalities in land ownership and tenancy in the country.

dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/reform. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

“Agrarian Reform History.” Department of Agrarian Reform RSS, www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-
reform-history/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

 Rectification - Rectification is the process of correcting or updating inaccurate or

incomplete personal data. In the Philippines, the right to rectify is one of the rights
granted to data subjects under the Data Privacy Act of 20121. As a data subject, you have
the right to dispute the inaccuracy or error in your personal data and have the personal
information controller (PIC) correct the same within a reasonable period of time.

Ipl.org. “Importance Of Ratification In The Philippines.” Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers, 29 Mar.
2021, www.ipl.org/essay/Importance-Of-Ratification-In-The-Philippines-FJJGNUZK5U. Accessed 22
Nov. 2023.
  Taxation - Taxation is the process of imposing a financial charge or other levy upon a
taxpayer by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures. In
the Philippines, the policy of taxation is governed by the Constitution of the Philippines
and three Republic Acts1. The Constitution states that “the rule of taxation shall be
uniform and equitable” and that “Congress shall evolve a progressive system of
taxation”

1986, Constitutional Commission of. “1987 Constitution.” The Corpus Juris, 2 Feb. 1987,
thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1987-constitution.php. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

 Revenue - Revenue is the total amount of money that a government or company

receives during a specific period, usually a year. In the Philippines, the National Tax
Research Center (NTRC) publishes an annual handbook called “Philippine Public
Finance and Related Statistics” that contains the latest three-year data series on national
income, government revenues, tax investment expenditures, number of taxpayers,
revenues, tax effort of selected countries, and other relevant statistics gathered from
different government agencies

ntrc.gov.ph/images/Publications/2020-Philippine-Public-Finance.pdf. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.

 Value-added tax (VAT) - Value-Added Tax (VAT) is a form of sales tax that is
levied on the sale, barter, exchange, or lease of goods or properties and services in the
Philippines, as well as on the importation of goods into the country . It is an indirect tax
that can be passed on to the buyer, transferee, or lessee of goods, properties, or
services . The VAT rate in the Philippines is currently set at 12% .
The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) is responsible for collecting national taxes,
including VAT, while local taxes are collected by a local treasurer’s office . Any person
or entity who, in the course of their trade or business, sells, barters, exchanges, leases
goods or properties, and renders services subject to VAT, if the aggregate amount of
actual gross sales or receipts exceeds Three Million Pesos (Php3,000,000.00), is required
to file VAT returns .

Assessment Programs Division. “Value-Added Tax - Bureau of Internal Revenue.” Revie,

www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/tax-information/value-added-tax.html. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.