COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE COVERAGE OF SPORTS NEWS

IN HINDI NATIONAL DAILY

RESEARCH REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement of the degree of

Bachelor of Arts (Journalism & Mass Communication)

By

NUPUR
Enrolment No. 02614202418
Student of BA (JMC) 2018-2021

Department of Media & Communication Studies

JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL

VASANT KUNJ, NEW DELHI

To

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

DWARKA, NEW DELHI

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to show my gratitude to people who directly or indirectly
contributed in the development of this project and being very supportive throughout my research
project. I am highly indebted to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and my college
Jagannath International Management School for creating such an opportunity to gain
knowledge of research and its aspects.
I am thankful to Dr..Ravi KumarDhar,Director, Jagannath International Management School
and Dr. Neeru Johri Head of Department, Media and Communication Studies for giving me an
opportunity to enhance my skills and work towards them. They have always been there to guide
and help me and have provided ample opportunities to grow.

I extend my gratitude to Dr. Sunny Gupta, our Assistant Professor, under whom I was working,
to make us familiar with the practical aspects and uses of theoretical knowledge. Also, for being
an exceptional mentor, guiding through all the work assigned. It is because of his support and
guidance that I have successfully completed my research project.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my parents for their continuous support
throughout the course of their media research journey.

Nupur
BA (JMC)-Vth Semester (Morning)
Enrolment No.: 02614202418

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Nupur, enrolment number02614202418,student of Bachelors of Arts

(Journalism & Mass Communication), Jagannath International Management School, Vasant
Kunj has completed his research project titled “COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE
COVERAGE OF SPORTS NEWS IN HINDI NATIONAL DAILY” during 5th semester under
the supervision and guidance of Dr. Sunny Gupta, Assistant Professor.

The work is genuine and appreciable. I wish him good luck for all her future end endeavors.

Dr. Sunny Gupta

Assistant Professor
(Project Supervisor)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

❖ Acknowledgement i
❖ Certificate ii

CHAPTER 1 5 - 12

Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Hypothesis of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Research Design & Methodology
1.5 Significance of the study

CHAPTER 2 13-19
Review Of Literature

CHAPTER 3 20- 27
Data Analysis & Interpretation

CHAPTER 4 28- 30
Conclusion

CHAPTER 5 31
Limitations and Suggestions

CHAPTER 6 32- 34
Bibliography/References

CHAPTER 7 35-36
Appendices

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 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Sport includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games which, through casual or organized
participation, at least in part aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while
providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators. Sports can bring
positive results to one's physical health. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single
contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing
as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, simultaneously or
consecutively, with one winner; in others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, each attempting
to exceed the other. Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others
provide tie-breaking methods to ensure one winner and one loser. A number of contests may be
arranged in a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by
arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs.
Sport is generally recognised as a system of activities which are based in physical athleticism or
physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting only
sports meeting this definition, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe using definitions
precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of
competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic
Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and Sport Accord,
the international sports federation association, recognizes five non-physical sports: bridge,
chess, draughts (checkers), Go, and limits the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.
Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely
announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-
participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues, and reaching wider audiences
through broadcasting. Sport betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to
the sports.
Large variety of games played are India, ranging from tribal games to more mainstream sports such
as cricket, badminton and football. India's diversity of culture, people and tribe as well as its colonial
legacy is reflected in the wide variety of sporting disciplines in the country.

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Cricket is the most popular sport in India, the country having hosted and won multiple Cricket World
Cups. Field hockey is the most successful sport for India at the Olympics; the Indian
men's team has won eight Olympic gold medals. Kabadd is the most popular indigenous sport in the
country. Other popular sports in India are badminton,
football, shooting, wrestling, boxing, tennis, squash, weightlifting, gymnastics, athletics, table
tennis, basketball, volleyball and cycling. Popular indigenous sports include chess, kho-kho, kite-
fighting, leg cricket, polo, snooker and gilli-danda.
India has hosted and co-hosted several international sporting events, most notably
the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, the 1951and 1982 Asian Games, the 2010
Commonwealth Games, and the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup.
Domestic professional sports leagues in the country include the Indian Premier League(Twenty20
cricket), the I-League and the Indian Super League (football), the Pro Kabaddi League(kabaddi),
the Hockey India League (hockey), Premier Badminton League (badminton), the Pro Wrestling
League (wrestling), the Ultimate Table Tennis league (table tennis), and the Pro Volleyball
League (volleyball).
Major international sporting events annually held in India include the Chennai Open in tennis,
the Indian Open in golf, and the India Open in badminton.
The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna is India's highest award for achievement in sports, while
the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.
The history of sports in India dates back to the Vedic era. Physical culture in ancient India was fuelled
by religious rights. The mantra in the Atharvaveda says, "Duty is in my right hand and the fruits of
victory in my left." In terms of an ideal, these words hold the same sentiments as the
traditional Olympic Oath: "For the Honour of my Country and the Glory of Sport."
The sports columns in modern newspapers have become extremely popular. There is probably more
universal reader interest in the sports pages than in any of the other parts of the modern newspapers.
Sports throughout the world have assumed an importance beyond the recreational aspect. As a result
readers are demanding more and more reading matter on sports events
It is heartening to note that late sports have received a strong impetus in India. Our people are now
taking more interest in games, sports and athletic events than they were doing formerly. Government’s
interest in sports, once lukewarm, has also heightened to an appreciable degree. The formation of the
Sports Council and Sports Authority of India and establishment of the National Institute of Sports are

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all illustrative of the changed trend. A number of Stats have introduced sports as compulsory subjects
in schools and some of them have started sports schools and sports hostels etc.
Almost all newspapers of standing in our country, particularly English language newspapers are
devoting at least one full page to sports news. Some of the bigger newspapers are devoting two to
three pages regularly. This demonstrates the tremendous pull sports command upon the minds of
newspaper readers.

Growth of Indian Sports Journalism:

However, Indian sports journalism is of recent growth. In the main it developed in a very perceptible
manner in the early years of independence. Prior to that there were practically no regular sports pages
in many newspapers.

The first remarkable event in the history of sports journalism in India was the introduction of a sports
page by a leading English daily of Bombay in the late thirties. This bold and ‘revolutionary’ step was
resented by some readers who had no interest in sports but the majority of the readers liked it. Its
sports page became so popular that other newspapers followed suit. Today there are sports columns in
all daily newspapers.
Yet a distressing feature of Indian sports journalism is that there are not enough good magazines on
sports especially in Indian languages. A couple of English magazines are catering to the needs of
sports lovers but there is woeful lack of informative and educative journals in Indian languages.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

A research hypothesis is a specific, clear and testable proposition or predictive statement about
the possible outcome of a research study based on a particular property of a population, such as
presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between variables.
Specifying the research hypothesis is one of the most important steps in planning a scientific
quantitative research study. If a researcher is incapable of formulating a hypothesis about their
studies, they may not be ready to undertake the investigation.
Since our study relates with content analysis of sports news in Hindi National Daily hypothesis
of the study can be taken as:

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 - Sports news is covered through different section (sports page, editorial page, front
page,orther pages) in a hindi national daily
- Most sports news has relevant illustration with them
- Sports news are covered within 3-4 columns in a Hindi national daily
- National sports are given more coverage than international sports in hindi national daily

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of a research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study. These
objectives should be closely related to the research problem. The general objective of a study
states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms. It is possible (and
advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts. These are
normally referred to as specific objectives. Specific objectives should systematically address the
various research questions. They should specify what you will do in your study, where and for
what purpose.

Clarity of objectives I hope to achieve by the end of this research are the following:

- To find out how many pages cover sports news in hindi national daily
-To find out how many illustrations /photos are used with sports news stories in hindi national
daily
-To find out in how many columns a sports story is covered in a Hindi national daily
-To find out how many national and international sports news covered in hindi national daily

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of
study. The procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and
predicting phenomena are called research methodology is also defined as the study of methods
by which knowledge is gained.

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RESEARCH DESIGN :

Research design is the blueprint for research. The researcher records his decisions by using relevant
symbols or concepts. And these symbolic constructions are called research design.
The process of data collection, sampling and analysis of the collected facts are to be organized as per
the basis of the design. The whole study can be done in a systematic manner. So the strategy needs
careful planning and preparation.
Research methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
The procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting
phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which
knowledge is gained.

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

Exploratory design uses a researcher’s ideas and thoughts on a subject to further explore their
theories. The research explains unexplored aspects of a subject and details about what, how, and
why of research questions. For such research, a researcher starts with a general idea and uses this
research as a medium to identify issues that can be the focus for future research. An important
aspect here is that the researcher should be willing to change his/her direction subject to the
revelation of new data or insight. Such a research is usually carried out when the problem is at a
preliminary stage. It is often referred to as grounded theory approach or interpretive research as
it used to answer questions like what, why and how.

Since our study is based on the comparative study on the coverage of sports news in hindi
National daily, exploratory research is the appropriate research design.
Here we will find out not just how much coverage is given to sports news in national daily but
also will be focusing on how many columns a sports story covers or how many
photos/illustrations are used.
Exploratory research will give us the reason for their coverage and what all factors affect their
decisions.

Research Approach:

Quantitative Approach
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analysing numerical data. It can be used to
find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to
wider populations. It is also used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviour, and other defined

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variables. There are several methods by which quantitative data can be collected which include
questionnaires, experiments, interviews etc.
Our research is based on the comparative study on the coverage of sports news in hindi National
daily.
Here we'll be researching how much coverage is given to sports news in national daily and
because of all factors. Also, we will find out how many national and international sports news
are covered and in how many columns in hindi national daily.
We are using the quantitative approach since it’s more of an exploratory method which we will
follow to draw conclusions from our study.

Research Method:

Content Method:
Content analysis is a research method for studying documents and communication artifacts,
which might be texts of various formats, pictures, audio or video.usually comprises qualitative
measures, but at times, could also include quantitative measures.
Since our research is based on dominance of particular sports seen in journalism, we will look
out and base our study on the articles, documents and information already available to us through
the secondary data. There is no primary data involved in our study. And therefore, our method is
opted out to be content analysis.

Data Collection Tool:

SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data refers to the data which has already been gathered by someone and can be used
by researchers for their research. There are two types to this data: published and unpublished. It
is the published data which is usually preferred by the researchers as it also is found more
authentic and genuine. While talking about our research, we will be trusting only the published
sources so that the results of our research doesn't get hampered in any case. While there is a pool
of information available out there, we made sure we chose only the authentic information and
not the biased information presented in the media.

Sampling Method:

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Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling is a technique of sampling where a small group is chosen out amongst a
large population using the theory of probability. Here, the chances of anyone and everyone from
the population to get selected is equal. There is no bias based on who will get selected. This
technique is quite random and makes sure is a fair one to all the people among the population..

Sampling Technique:

Simple Random Sampling

In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
To conduct this type of sampling, you can use tools like random number generators or other
techniques that are based entirely on chance.
For example in this case of National Daily you want to select a simple random sample of 100
news of Indian Express. You assign a number to every single news in the National Daily
database from 1 to 100, and use a random number generator to select 100 numbers.

Universe
While talking about our research, the universe will be all the newspapers published in national
daily newspapers.
It refers to the entire entity to over exist. But also, conducting research on this whole will be very
difficult.

Population
While talking about our research, the population will be all the hindi newspapers produced in the
national daily till date. While this still narrows down the number of newspapers produced, it still
leaves us with newspapers of other languages. This is the target area we will be working on
while conducting our research.

Sample Size:
Since the population was taken to be hindi newspapers produced in national daily, the sample
size gets narrowed down to 2 newspapers, The Navbharat Times and DainikJagran (Hindi). This
is the actual size of our sample which we will further use for our research.

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Significance of the study
The significance of the study is to highlight the most debatable subject in Hindi National Daily
'Sports'. The study is focused on the coverage of sports both national and international as well as
both male and female sports on the basis of their coverage, impact and popularity. Cricket has
always been a sport of great significance in Hindi National Daily due to its high popularity and
preference in India. However international sports news is given more importance in Hindi
National Daily rather than national sports. News for other sports comes afterwards. But the
current journalists are making sure that the general perception of Indian readers gets changed
about the other sports too. This study will also talk about the female participation in sports and
the coverage by Hindi National Daily about it.

CHAPTER 2
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 Review of literature

A review of literature is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to the
selected area of study. This review describes, summarizes, evaluates and clarifies the concerned
literature. It gives a theoretical base for the research and helps to determine the nature of the same. It
however, varies from topic to topic. For a few, Review of Literature could also mean a simple
summary of the resources available.
The main motive for writing this down is to provide its reader with the relevant background so that
they can get a better understanding of its current observations on this topic, which will highlight the
importance and relevance of the new study.

Following are the names of few literatures and related articles with their brief reviews, published on
various platforms

Sports Journalism In India by Astha bharati and Balbir Dutt (5 December 2005) In first
paragraph the writer describes about the popularity of sports columns in newspaper among the
universal readers. Writer also describes about the increasing interest in sports among Indians too. He
says that government's interest once luke warm, has also heightened to an appreciable degree. Talking
about changing trends he mentioned that formation of the Sports Council and Sports Authority of
India and establishment of the National Institute of Sports illustrated the government taking interest in
sports. He describes about the growth of sports journalism in India by mentioning that "almost all of
the bigger newspapers are devoting two to three pages regularly." He also describes about the future of
Indian sports journalism and says that "it's bright and there is no doubt that it will get its due place."

Sports Journalism: courses, skills required, Career scope by The Times of India (20 May 2019)
The writer describes sports journalism as the coverage of sports events and personalities across the
globe. The writer says that as a sports reporter you not only have to report about sports but also behind
the scene and personal lives of the sports persons. He also describes that as a sports reporter it's your
responsibility to verify the facts provided to you and finding the truth behind the rumors. The tone of
the first paragraph itself seems to ignite some sort of emotions among the readers. Including the career
prospects the writer also describes the skills and qualities which makes a sports journalist.

Sports and journalism over the years by Suresh Menon (20, September 2018) in the first
paragraph the writer describes the two notable developments of English language newspapers across
the world and the spread of international sports. Writer calls it ' Modernity'. He says the Hindu to be as
a part of this modernity and a key recorder. He talks about both journalism and sport and says that
they have changed beyond recognition in 140 years. Talking about the changes of sports and
journalism he mentions about the first cricket test which was played in Melbourne. He says that the

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competitive sport needed a platform which was provided by the newspapers. He talks about The
Guardian, The Scotsman and Sydney Morning Herald which already existed in the first half of the
19th century, and says Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail and Daily Express joined them in the second. He
Thanks to the media, that W.G. Grace became the first sporting superstar, recognised everywhere. He
describes that the Pages are not as immediate as screens today. And says just as without a Bannerman,
there could not have been a Virat Kohli, without the sports pages there would be no action replays.

'What do sports journalists do when there are no sports to cover?' by Hanaa Tameez(March16,
2020). The writer says from high school to the pros, the games that filled sports sections have nearly
all been called off. “We don’t have a guidebook on how to cover sports when sports aren’t being
played.” In the first paragraph writer describes about Reynolds who is the sports editor at
the Evansville Courier & Press in Indiana. She mentions that Gobert’s diagnosis and the rapid
shutdown of most organized sports in North America that followed have created a situation with few
precedents for Reynolds and other sports editors. She says that when it was announced that the state
tournament would be played without any fans this past weekend, the impact would be felt far beyond
the players and their families. She says that "due to novel coronavirus the weekend was nothing" and
the entire tournament was postponed amid the shutdown of hundreds of Indiana schools. Mentioning
about Shemar Woods she says that "how to work from home effectively” articles prepared him for
working remotely. Talking about working from home she mentions that there are certainly still stories
to be produced about all these cancellations and their effects on communities. She describes that there
are plenty of other stories that need covering in a time of unprecedented shutdowns across American
cities.

Women’s Sports: Changing Attitudes Toward Female Athletes by Travis Scheadler & Audrey
Wagstaff (5th June 2018) The headline has been mentioned in a blue alliteration by the writer. In the
first paragraph the writer raises a question that could the media be making sports fans believe that
women’s sports are less desirable by giving them less coverage? While he mentions that many sports
fans argue that women’s sports are boring compared to men’s sports. Simultaneously, women’s sports,
compared to men’s sports, are rarely broadcasted in the media. Talking about the Agenda-Setting
Theory, Framing Theory, and Mere Exposure Effect, he mentions an intervention was developed to
promote women’s sports to sports fans. Keywords like women’s sports; sports media; gender
discrimination has been used throughout the article. He mentions how the women have been fighting
for equality all throughout history in sport, specifically. Talking about discrimination he mentions that
female athletes still experience significantly less and different media coverage than their male
counterparts. He says Although women have faced many challenges throughout history, they have
come closer and closer to achieving gender equality and those advances cannot be ignored. While he
mentions that despite the improvements towards reaching gender equality in sports, female athletes
still are facing numerous obstacles. He says not only does the media focus on different features of a
female athlete opposed to a male athlete, but some researchers analyzed media coverage of female
athletes and reported that women receive poorer quality of technical production.

Where’s all the ‘good’ sports journalism? Sports media research, the sociology of sport, and the
question of quality sports reporting by Gavin Weedon (December 14, 2016) The writer uses
alliteration in black and blue in the headline to grab attention. The writer uses hyperbolic expression

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when he says that "what constitutes or ‘counts’ as excellent reporting are currently inciting much
debate" and describes the various frameworks being put forward to describe and encourage ‘excellent’
journalism in its various forms. The writer mentions a legacy perhaps of its perennial dismissal as
trivial subject matter. He says that this essay grew from our curiosity as to whether the reverse was
also true: that is, whether and what those who study sports journalism and sports media – in particular
sociologists of sport – have contributed to understandings of ‘best’ and even excellent journalistic
practice. He mentions that little theoretical attention has been afforded to the question of excellent
sports journalism more generally. He says that it is high time for instances of excellent sports
journalism to be afforded the theoretical and empirical attention long granted to their ‘bad’ journalistic
counterparts.

I thought the main issue in women's sports was equal pay. I was wrong by Anya Alvarez (9 May
2019). The writer has used the alliteration in blue and black which is very attention grabbing. In the
first paragraph the writer describes how women make less than men, the unfairness of the disparity
despite the equal amount of work they put in, and how female athletes often have to work full-time
jobs on top of being full-time athletes. She says we are told female athletes are paid less than men
because they generate less money. But that will always be the case if women’s sports aren’t marketed
properly. She also mentioned that the US women’s soccer team has brought the conversation to the
forefront over the last three years. After they won the World Cup in 2015, it was revealed that the US
women’s team were paid a quarter of what the men earned. Talking about discrimination she mentions
'in March, the women’s team filed a gender discrimination lawsuit against US Soccer. The media
lasered in on the equal pay portion of the lawsuit, but ignored other facets'. Writer says this point
should not be ignored. In fact, it should be the headline, but writing “Women’s soccer doesn’t receive
as many marketing dollars”. Writer also mentions that the issue isn’t equal pay, the issue is marketing
and promotion.

Branding in women’s sports: A literature review by Isabell Mills (August 30, 2012). In the first
paragraph the writer describes that the purpose of this study was to explore the gaps in the branding
literature as it pertains to women’s sports. She says additionally, the review explored the practical
implications as well as avenues of future research (i.e., conceptual model). She mentions women’s
sports brands are in a competition with the dominant men’s sports industry. While an improved
understanding of branding in women’s sports is needed in order to develop awareness, and ultimately
brand equity. She says as the chief branding concept, brand equity is the set of assets and liabilities
linked to a brand that adds or subtracts from the value of the brand in the minds of consumers. Talking
about brand equity she mentions Brand equity has been conceptualized in the sport and participatory
sport segments. Gladden, Milne, & Sutton (1998) developed the first brand equity model in sport.
Their model was designed based on Aaker’s (1991) framework of brand equity assets (i.e., brand
awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, brand loyalty). The writer mentions that three
categories of research were identified which are personal branding, team branding, and media
coverage. Personal branding relates to professional female athletes while research related to team
branding has investigated brand equity among professional women’s sports teams (i.e., net ball,
soccer). The final category of research examined the relationship between media coverage and
branding opportunities for women’s sports.

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Indian women in sports: merits and demerits by Anand Babu Pidakala (December 17, 2010). In
the first paragraph the writer describes the increasing trend of women participation in sports,
particularly in India. Talking about increase in women's participation he says besides their
participation and achievements in sports, it felt that the extent of women participation in sports shall
also be addressed. Writer mentions Most of the literature reviewed and government authorities
promote only the merits of sports for women by which they are motivated to participate in sports.
Their participation in sports also has some damaging effects on family and relationships, children
which were addressed very little in few literatures. He says the effects of poor parenting on children
and its effect on society; alerts all men regarding the damaging effects that would come across in
married life with women in sports. He also mentions to minimise these damaging effects on society
few additional mandatory checks to be incorporated.

Constraints of Indian women participation in games and sports by Nalluri Srinivasa Rao (17
December 2010). In the first paragraph the writer describes the ‘Women in Sport’ which has been a
topic virtually ignored by most scholars and thus female sport participation has been a relatively
undeveloped area of research. He describes currently, sport for women represents a fast-growing
changing element in Indian culture, and recent trends have sparked a need for knowledge about female
sport participation. The writer mentions the constraints referred to in the problem stated above will be
confined to the study of parental, community, tradition, religion, college and personal constraints of
women participation in sports in India. He says that this study has brought to light some new facts
regarding women's non-participation in games and sports. The results may go a long way in removing
some of these prejudices. He also mentioned the lack of encouragement from the parents and family
members. He says the traditional way of living was a big hurdle for women taking part in games and
sports.

Sports Journalism Changing journalism practice and digital media by tandfonline.com and
Raymond Boyle (5 May 2017) The writer uses alliteration in ' black and blue ' in the headline to grab
attention. The writer uses hyperbolic expression when he says that a "paradox exists at the heart of
sports journalism" and describes it as 'viewed as the poor relation within journalism, lacking integrity
that journalists often associate with their self image.' The writer mentions that national media cultures
also shape experience. Talking about shaping of sports journalism he says that the last 20 years or so
has seen a number of key moments shape sports journalism. He tells how dramatically the digital turn
of the 90's reshaped the journalistic landscape with sports. Finally in addition he says that "prominence
of the short, online, mobile-friendly mode of sports journalism reminds us that the journalistic
environment remains diverse and that patterns of continuity can also be found in what is a fast-
changing journalistic landscape. "

Book titled "She Dared: Women in Indian Sports' ' (5 November 2019) — is a poignant account of
the life stories of some of India's sportswomen. Told lucidly, this engrossing book, is a very well
researched book. Authors Abhishek Dubey and Sanjeeb Mukherjea set out their intelligible
differentia right at the beginning – these are sports women not selected on the basis of mere athletic
merit, but on the basis of the impact, they have had in shaping the history of their sport for all who will
come after. The book voyages through the vast history of sports and sketches out the rise of women in
the field of sports. The names that grace the pages include P T Usha, Shiny Wilson, Vandana Rao,

16
Sania Mirza, Sakshi Malik, Dutee Chand, Hima Das and many more.‘She Dared’ is an extremely well-
researched work of labour that paints a riveting picture of the lives of some sports women. It is a page-
turner, where poignant accounts of the struggles and determination of these sports women seem
surreal. The book also highlights the fact that in India, there is a general perception that only cricket
counts. In other sports, we tend to chase the champions and the process of the making of the
champions is overlooked by the media. Finding comprehensive accounts of their journeys in prose is
even more difficult. And it is here that ‘She Dared’ comes as a sparkling surprise. The book not only
talks about the women’s achievers but more importantly the sweat, the pain and the efforts which went
behind these achievements. It talks about the winners, but more importantly, also about those who
may have fallen short of the finish line, but succeeded in paving the way for others to come and win
big. This is a book not shackled by the victory-and-defeat binary in its storytelling.

Book titled Indian sports personalities by Vijayan Bala (23 January 2019) is a well-known sports
journalist, commentator, and educationist. He interviewed prominent Indian players, coaches and
umpires who have made a name in their respective sports. These interviews have appeared in leading
newspapers such as the Hindustan Times and Rajasthan Patrika (English) and in well-known
magazines such as Sportsweek, SWARAJYA, Weekend Review, Woman's EraWoman'sEraWoman's
Era and ALIVE. These interviews aim to chronicle the sportsman's journey and to provide inspiration,
guide, information to the reader. The people interviewed in this Indian sports book, include Indian
sporting greats as SainaNehwal, P.V.Sindhu (Badminton); Vijender Singh (Boxing);
DevendraJhajharia (Paralympics); Limba Ram (Archery); Milkha Singh, P.T. Usha, Shiny Abraham
Wilson (Athletics); Dinesh Khanna, MadhumitaBisht, AparnaPopat, Koneri Humpy (Chess); Sunil
Gavaskar, Rahul Dravid, Chetan Chauhan, Syed Abid Ali, SmritiMandhana (Cricket); Pankaj Advani
(Cue Sports); T. Balaram, BhaichungBhutia (Football); Gurbux Singh, Dr. M.P. Ganesh, M.K.
Kaushik, Dhanraj Pillay, Sardara Singh (Hockey); GaganNarang, JaspalRana, RahiSarnabot
(Shooting); G. Sathiyan (Table Tennis); Ramanathan Krishnan, Ramesh Krishnan, Leander Paes,
Sania Mirza (Tennis); Karnam Malleswari (Weightlifting) and YogeshwarDutt (Wrestling). Indian
sports books are a benefit for players, sports lovers, sports writers, sports broadcasters and libraries
and also serve as an inspiration for our youth.

Book titled "Eleven Gods and a Billion Indians" (6 April 2018) goes deep into every Indian cricket
tour since 1886—taking the reader backstage to when India played its first test in 1932, and bringing
the story forward to the more contemporary IPL—to provide a complex and nuanced understanding of
the evolution and maturity of the game. Equally, it comes with material that has never entered the
public domain so far—going behind the scenes of cases like Monkeygate, the suspension of Lalit
Modi, spot-fixing, and the phase of judicial intervention. It carries not just reportage and analysis, but
also player reminiscences, personal interviews, photographs and letters never known or discussed so
far in Indian sporting discourse. Weaving together such material, Eleven Gods and a Billion
Indians unflinchingly confronts questions that demand answering, among them: Has internal bickering
impacted the on field performance of the Indian cricket team. It also says that some of our icons fail
the country and the sport by trying to conceal important facts during the spot-fixing investigation. It
questions what does it matter to the ordinary fan who heads the BCCI as long as there is transparency
and accountability in the system. In the end, in telling the story of the role of cricket in colonial and
post-colonial Indian life, and the inter-relationship between those who patronize, promote, play and

17
view the sport. Eleven Gods and a Billion Indians unravels the story of a nation now considered the
financial nerve centre of world cricket.

The book titled "Chalta Hai India'' by Alpesh Patel (18 October 2018) is divided into four parts. In
part one writer talks about exploring the ‘It’s okay’ life. Part one is basically the introduction of the
book. Basically, CH means “Chalta Hai '' approach, what is it, why and what is its impact etc. I found
that part quite generalized but it was necessary to understand the concept of the book. Then coming
onto part two the writer talks about measuring the “Let it Be’ Menace. I like the writing style in that
part and concepts chosen. That includes Road transport, sports, education etc. I like the points
highlighted in the table at the end of each chapter. In part three the writer describes about Why this
‘Take it easy Policy? The big five reasons and I completely agree with the author about it. In part the
writer is telling about the root causes and resolution of CH and everyone should definitely try to
implicate these points in our day-to-day activities and life. To write a nonfiction and on such concept,
authors have to be thorough with their research and knowledge and the author did a really great job.
To write regarding this subject, the author has chosen language very carefully so readers don’t
misinterpret what the author is trying to convey. And the author has definitely chosen good language
and vocabulary. It covers all major social issues and is well presented with facts, data and good real-
life examples.

Novy Kapadia’s book titled "Barefoot to Boots" (18 September 2017) begins with a confession. The
winters of his adolescence were spent watching football, not courting girls or attending parties. “All
the thrills of my life,” he writes, “were at the Delhi Gate stadium.” Barefoot to Boots is Kapadia’s
tribute to his great love: football. Kapadia is an authority on Indian football and its heritage. This
book, however, is not a history but a glance at some of the players, coaches, and institutions that
elevated the game to the lofty status it once held. This was a sport followed with a genuine fervor up
and down the land, and not merely in a few pockets.With his wistful look at this glorious past,
Kapadia opens a window on what we have lost. It is particularly depressing to read of Hyderabad and
Delhi, where football is now a shadow of its old self.Writer mentions “Till about 15 years after
Independence, no other city had so many Olympians or international players as did Hyderabad in one
sport,” Kapadia writes. The Hyderabad City Police team (later Andhra Police), its pan-India popularity
unrivalled at one point, receives much attention in the book.as it is a nostalgic paean to the city of his
childhood the writer says that “Many talented players emerged from the walled city area largely
because there was lots of playing space,” he writes. “The green patch outside Red Fort would be
teeming with youth either playing football or flying kites.”The author recalls that City Club’s
remarkable victory over Indian Nationals in the Old Delhi derby of July 1964 led to a great outpouring
of joy. Aziz Qureishi, the hero of the win, “was given free glasses of milk by happy supporters for the
rest of the year; for a fortnight after the match the team was invited for sumptuous daawats by
delirious fans.”There are personal stories too, of Kapadia attending Mohun Bagan’s 1965 Durand Cup
quarter-final hours after his grandmother’s death, and of his confusion days later as the semi-final ends
in a riot with Hindu and Muslim fans divided after the game. Kapadia marvels at Kerala’s remarkable
enthusiasm for football and notes the success of the big Goan clubs in the early years of the I-
League.Writer mentions it would be “a catastrophe if these two clubs and therefore this derby match
declines,” Kapadia cautions. “Indian football with a downgraded or non-existent East Bengal or
Mohun Bagan would be like Agra without the Taj Mahal.”

18
 CHAPTER 3

19
 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the most crucial step to be taken while performing a research, as this is the part
where all the facts are taken into consideration and are further analyzed to match the objective of
the research. The content analysis is based on the parameters on which kind of sports news is
given more coverage in Hindi national daily.This will give us a chance to understand the fact that
which sports news is given more importance and coverage by Hindi national dailies.

Front Editoria Sports Other

Data sheet Total Percentage
page l page page pages
Number NB 1 2 82 5 90 47%
of news DJ 1 1 98 3 103 53%
Total 2 3 180 8 193
Percentage 1% 2% 93% 4%

Table 3.1

After the analysis, table 3.1 shows that in 15 days the maximum percentage of sports news is covered
by the DainikJagran (53%) while it's just (47%) in case of Navbharat Times. It is also observed that
the sports page covers the maximum percentage of sports news (93%) while the least is by front page
(4%) followed by editorial and other pages (2% & 4%) respectively.

Number of news

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page
NB DJ

Graph 3.1

Front Editorial Sports Other

Data sheet Total Percentage
Page Page Page Page

Level NB National 1 1 64 3 69 36%

20
 International 0 0 34 0 34 18%
of
News National 0 1 65 5 71 36%
DJ
International 1 1 17 0 19 10%
Total 2 3 180 8 193
Percentage 1% 2% 93% 4%

Table 3.2

After the analysis, table 3.2 shows that in 15 days, the maximum percentage of international sports
news is covered by the NavBharat Times (18%) while the least (10%) by the DainikJagran followed
by the national sports news which is the same of both newspapers (36%). It is also observed that the
maximum percentage of news is covered on the sports page (93%) while the least is on the front page
(1%).

Level of Sports news

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB National NB International DJ National DJ International

Graph
3.2

Front Editorial Sports Others

Data sheet Total Percentage
Page Page Page Page

21
 By line 0 2 5 0 7 4%
NB Agency 1 0 32 0 33 17%
Null 0 0 45 5 50 26%
Source of
news
By line 1 0 3 2 6 3%
DJ Agency 0 0 65 0 65 33%
Null 0 1 30 1 32 17%
Total 2 3 180 8 193
Percentage 1% 2% 93% 4%

Table 3.3

After the analysis, the table 3.3 shows that in 15 days, the maximum percentage source of news by
Agency is covered by the DainikJagran (33%) while it's just (17%) by Navbharat Times. It's also
observed that the percentage of By line covered is pretty much in Navbharat Times and DainikJagran
(4% & 3%) respectively.

Graph 3.3

Source Of news

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB By Line NB Agency NB Null DJ By line DJ Agency DJ Null

22
 Front Editorial Sports Other
Data sheet Total Percentage
page page page pages
NB 325 2387 993739 11679 1008130 45%
Area of
news
DJ 80 204 1226225 1621 1228130 55%
Total 405 2591 2219964 13300 2236260
Percentage 0.02% 0.12% 99% 0.60%

Table 3.4

After the analysis, the table 3.4 shows that in 15 days the maximum area of news is covered by the
DainikJagran (55%) while in case of Navbharat times it's just (45%). It is also observed that the
maximum percentage is covered by the sports page (99%) while the minimum is by the front page
(0.02%) followed by the editorial page (0.12%) and other pages (0.60%).

Area of news
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB DJ

Graph 3.4

Front Editorial Sports Other Tota Percentag

Data sheet
Page Page Page Pages l e
Types of NB Picture 1 4 67 14 86 45%

23
 Cartoo
0 0 0 0 0 0%
n
Other 0 0 22 0 22 12%
illustratio
n Picture 1 1 36 2 40 21%
Cartoo
DJ 0 0 0 0 0 0%
n
Other 0 0 41 0 41 22%
Total 2 5 166 16 189
Percentage 1% 3% 88% 8%

Table 3.5

After the analysis, the table 3.5 shows that in 15 days the maximum pictures is covered by the
Navbharat times (45%) while it's just (21%) in case of DainikJagran. It is observed that minimum
cartoons and other illustrations are covered by the Navbharat Times (0% & 12%). It is also analysed
that maximum illustrations are on the sports page (88%) followed by the minimum on the front page
(1%) and editorial page (3%).

Types of Illustration
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB Picture NB Cartoon NB Other DJ Picture DJ Cartoon DJ Other

Graph 3.5

24
 Front Editorial Sports Other
Data sheet Total Percentage
Page Page Page Pages
Coloured 1 4 87 14 106 56%
N
B Black and
0 0 2 0 2 1%
White
Kind of
illustration
Coloured 1 1 73 2 77 41%
D
J Black and 0 0 4 0 4 2%
White
Total 2 5 166 16 189
Percentage 1% 3% 88% 8%
Table 3.6

After the analysis, the table 3.6 shows that in 15 days the maximum percentage of coloured
illustrations are covered by the Navbharat Times (56%) while it's just (41%) in case of DainikJagran.
It is also analysed that black and white illustrations are pretty much the same covered by both
Navbharat Times and DainikJagran .

Graph 3.6

Kind of Illustration
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB Coloured NB Black & White DJ Coloured DJ Black & White

25
 Front Editoria Sports Other
Data sheet Total Percentage
Page l Page Page Pages
Credit line 0 0 2 0 2 1%
NB Agency 0 1 7 0 8 4%
Source of None 1 3 80 14 98 51%
news
Credit line 0 0 1 2 3 2%
DJ Agency 0 0 19 0 19 10%
None 1 1 57 1 60 32%
Total 2 4 166 17 193
Percentage 1% 2% 87% 10%

Table 3.7

After the analysis, the table 3.7 shows that in 15 days the maximum percentage of source of news by
agency is covered by the Dainik Jagran (10%) while it's just (4%) in case of Navbharat Times. It is
observed that by credit line both the newspapers Navbharat Times and Dainik Jagran (1% & 2%) are
pretty much same .

Source of News
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Front Page Editorial Page Sports Page Other Page

NB Credit line NB Agency NB None DJ Credit line DJ Agency DJ None

Graph 3.7

26
 Columns
Data Sheet Total Percentage
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Front Page 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1%
Editorial Page 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1%
NB
Sports Page 19 21 15 16 9 3 0 0 83 43%
Size Other Pages 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 2%
of
News Front Page 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1%
Editorial Page 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1%
DJ
Sports Page 20 16 26 24 8 4 0 0 98 50%
Other Pages 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1%
Total 43 41 43 40 20 7 0 0 194
Percentage 22% 21% 22% 21% 10% 4% 0% 0%
.
Table 3.8

After the analysis, it is observed that in table 3.8 DainikJagran's sports page covers the maximum
percentage (50%) while the least is covered by the front page, editorial page, other page (1% each).
Whereas second most is covered by the NavBharat Times's sports page (43%) and the least is by its
front page and editorial page (1% each). It is also analysed that column 1 and 2 carries out a maximum
percentage than others which is 22% by both.
Graph 3.8

Size of News
30

25

20

15

10

0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

NB Front Page NB Editorial Page NB Sports Page NB Other Page

DJ Front Page DJ Editorial Page DJ Sports Page DJ Other Page

27
 CHAPTER 4

Conclusion

We conducted a comparative study on the coverage of sports news in hindi national daily.
During our study, we uncovered various facts about sports news published in hindi national
daily. We carried out a comparative study between two hindi newspapers to find out how much
coverage is given to sports news in national daily. We analyzed these news items on the basis of
the number of illustrations used with sports stories, number of columns in which sports stories
are covered and whether more emphasis is kept upon national or international news. During our
study, some hypotheses stated by us proved right whereas some amendments needed to be done
in others.
While talking about the whole universe , we took all daily nationals as the universe because our
study is based on comparing the coverage of sports news in different newspapers and to find out
how much importance is given to sports news in Indian national media . We took Navbharat
Times and DainikJagran , two Hindi national daily, as our population so that we can carry out a
comparative study between these two . We collected both these newspapers for 15 days and then
scrutinized them thoroughly. Different types of data were collected from these newspapers and
then interpreted by quantitative and sampling methods. This way we gathered a lot of data about
the sports news coverage in these newspapers. there were many different aspects on the basis of
which we interpreted this data.
It was observed that both the newspapers covered lots of sports stories (Refer to table 3.1 &
Graph 1) and gave an important space to sports news in their newspapers, but DainikJagran
covered more sports related news as compared to Navbharat Times. Most of the sports news are
published on sports pages, where sometimes important sports news stories are also published on
the front page . Some news articles related to sports are also published on editorial and other
pages too which shows the high preference given to sports by these Hindi nationals daily.
We got to know, (Refer to table 3.2 & Graph 2) national news are given much priority as
compared to international sports news stories , as readers are more interested in reading national
sports stories. Some international sports articles are also there for some readers who are
interested in global sports scenarios and follow global sports like football, tennis, athletics etc.
Both the newspapers published greater numbers of national sports news, but DainikJagran gave
much more importance to them. Navbharat Times proved to be a little more flexible in terms of
providing international sports news. It shows that DainikJagran has a reader base which prefers
to read national sports news. Same also goes with Navbharat Times , but the percentage of such a
reader base is smaller in case of Navbharat Times.
When we analysed the area covered by sports news in both Hindi national daily , we found that
the sports page consisted almost 99% of the area covered by sports - news (Refer to table 3.4 &
Graph 4). It was clearly visible in both the newspapers that most of the sports stories are

28
published on sports pages. As there are so many news stories to publish on the front page , so
sports stories do not get much space on the front page . If a story is published on the front page,
even then the story is not given much area in order to fix the problem of space and number of
news items on the front page. as the articles on editorial pages are generally larger and occupy a
greater area, so even after having lower number of stories published as compared to the front
page , area occupied comes out to be greater. Navbharat Times is found to be giving more space
to sports news on editorial and other pages , whereas DainikJagran relied more on sports pages
to provide sports news to its reader base.
It was also observed that both newspapers covered sports stories with the help of different types
of illustrations such as pictures, cartoons tables etc (Refer to table 3.5 & Graph 5). Most of the
sports articles were accompanied in by pictures and illustrations. Whereas some news articles
were also shared without providing any type of illustration. This is due to the general fact that
creative pictures illustrations make things much more interesting and makes sports stories more
appealing. Tables and other illustrations are also found to be used by both the newspapers to
give the readers comparatively a clearer image of news. However, the Navbharat Times
combines sports articles with images generally, whereas DainikJagran uses other types of
illustrations as well as pictures with their sports stories. Both the newspapers use only small size
illustrations on front pages in order to save space. Thus, illustrations make a significant part of
sports news stories in both newspapers.
Illustrations used by both the newspapers are generally found to be colored (Refer to table 3.6
& Graph 6). We found that most of the pictures used with sports stories were coloured whereas
other types of illustrations such as tables, cartoons etc. are found to be black and white
sometimes. This gives us the general perspective that only colour photographs are used by Hindi
nationals nowadays with their sport stories, but tables etc. remain to be black and white in some
cases as illustrations take space, so there are a greater number of illustrations found to be used
on other pages. When we compare both the newspapers, we come to know that DainikJagran
uses a somewhat lesser number of coloured illustrations compared to Navbharat Times. however
the margin is not very big between both the newspapers in terms of using colour illustrations.
During our study we got to know that most of the sports news stories are reported by newspaper's
own reporters (Refer to table 3.7& Graph 7). Most popular source of news among the Hindi
daily nationals continues to be reporters, only a small number of sports stories are covered by
agencies whereas credit line is given only in a negligible number of stories. Navbharat Times
relies more upon reporters and publishes only a few stories which are reported by agencies , in
contrast DainikJagran relies more upon agencies but number of stories reported by newspaper
reporters continues to be the biggest source of news for the newspaper.
Lastly, we observed that (Refer to table 3.8 & Graph 8) Hindi nationals daily publish sports
articles which generally contain less than 6 columns. Chances of finding sports articles which
contain more than 6 columns are negligible. This shows that newspapers try to provide
information in sports stories within a limited number of columns, as higher number of columns
implies a need for a greater area. Sports stories of higher importance are covered within 4
columns whereas smaller news stories are covered within 2 columns. However, Navbharat Times
proves to be flexible with their strategy in this regard.

29
On the basis of above conclusion,
The first hypothesis “Sports news is covered through different section (sports page, editorial
page, front page) in a hindi National daily” turns out to be true because about 7% of sports
news (Refer to table 3.1 & Graph 1) were covered on pages other than sports Page i.e. front
page, editorial page, other pages. Remaining 93% of the sports news was covered through the
sports page. So, it proves that sports news is covered through different sections in Hindi
nationals daily.
The second hypothesis “Most sports news has relevant illustration with them” turns out to be
true because (Refer to table 3.5 & Graph 5) for a total of 193 stories ,189 illustrations (of
different kinds) are used by these newspapers. These illustrations were in the form of tables,
pictures and cartoons.
The third hypothesis “Sports news are covered within 3-4 columns in a Hindi national daily”
turns out to be true because about 86% of the sports articles (Refer to table 3.8 & Graph 8) were
covered within four columns in both these newspapers. Only a small percentage of sports stories
are covered beyond four columns.
The fourth hypothesis “National sports are given more coverage then international sports in
hindi national daily” turns out to be true (Refer to table 3.2 & Graph 2). However the
hypothesis turned out to be only partially true for Navbharat Times but turned out to be
completely true for DainikJagran because a significant number of sports stories in Navbharat
Times were whereas most of the sports stories in DainikJagran were national stories. Thus,
Navbharat Times published both national and international stories whereas DainikJagran focused
only on national stories.

CHAPTER 5

30
 Limitations and Suggestions

Limitations:

● Due to the pandemic, most of the sports authorities have either cancelled or postponed
sports leagues and tournaments. So, there are not many sports stories to cover. These
newspapers are not getting an adequate number of sports stories to publish. The
pandemic has compelled them to change their strategies. So, we have not been able to get
the data that we would have collected otherwise.
● Number of employees and workers in offices and factories have been limited by the
government in order to stop the outrage of the pandemic. So, the newspaper’s network of
reporters has also shrinked and their ability to cover all sports news has been affected. So,
we are getting only arbitrary results about the number of sports stories these newspapers
cover usually.
● We have collected data for only 15 days from these newspapers. This has Limited our
ability to analyze the coverage of sports news by these Hindi nationals

Suggestions:

● The same study can also be conducted for English national daily to find out how much
coverage is given to sports news in English nationals. We can further conduct a comparative
study between Hindi and an English daily also.

● The future studies can address the unanswered aspects of our studies problems.

● The same study can also be done for different types of news genres i.e.businesses, politics,
science e

CHAPTER 6
31
 Bibliography/References

Books :

Dubey Abhishek ,Mukherjea (5 November 2019), She Dared : Women in Indian Sports

BalaVijayan(23 January 2019), Indian Sports personalities

MajumdarBoria (6 April 2018), Eleven Gods and a Billion Indians

Patel Alpesh (18 October 2018), Chalta Hai India

Kapadia Novy (18 September 2017), Barefoot To Boots

Articles

DuttBalbir,Asthabharati (5 December 2005), Sports Journalism In India, The Times Of India

DuttBalbir (20 May 2019), Sports Journalism : Courses,skills required, Career scope, The Times
Of India

Menon Suresh(20 September 2018), Sports and Journalism over years, The Hindu

TamizHanda(16 March 2020), ‘ What do sports journalism do when there are no sports to
cover?’, NiemanLab
Wagstaff Audrey(5 June 2018), Women’s Sports : Changing Attitudes Toward Female Athletes

32
Gavin Weedon (December 14, 2016), Where’s all the ‘good’ sports journalism? Sports media
research, the sociology of sport, and the question of quality sports reporting, The sports journal

Anya Alvarez (9 May 2019), I thought the main issue in women's sports was equal pay. I was
wrong, The Times Of India

Isabel Mills (August 30, 2012), Branding in women’s sports, Motachashma

Pidakala anand(December 17, 2010)Indian women in sports: merits and demerits , The hindu

Rao NalluriSrinivasa (17 December 2010), Constraints of Indian women participation in games
and sports, The Conversation

Boyle Raymond (5 May 2017),Sports Journalism Changing journalism practice and digital
media , tandfonline

Websites

https://www.motachashma.com/articles/how-to-become-a-sports-journalist-in-india.php

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/how-to-become-a-sports-journ
https://feminisminindia.com/2018/12/28/sportswomen-achievements-2018/

https://yourstory.com/herstory/2019/08/national-sports-day-sportswomen-hima-das-pv-sindhu

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/Suppl_1/i62.4

https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/may/09/i-thought-the-main-issue-in-womens-sports-was-equal-pay-i-was-wrong
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2015.1072350

https://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_Oct%2005/bal.htm
https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/03/what-do-sports-journalists-do-when-there-are-no-sports-to-cover/

https://www.thehindu.com/specials/thehindu-at-140/sports-and-journalism-over-the-years/article24986689.ece

33
https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/Suppl_1/i62.1

https://thesportjournal.org/article/category/women-and-sports/

https://theconversation.com/global/topics/women-in-sport-5864

https://thesportjournal.org/article/tag/sport-journalism/

https://theconversation.com/global/topics/sports-journalism-4815

CHAPTER 7

Appendices
34
35