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 13

A NEW

AND

DEMONSTRATIVE SOLUTION

OF THE

GEOMETRIC QUADRATURE
OF THE CIRCLE,

AND OF THE

GEOMETRIC MEAN,

EFFECTED BY 大

CHARLES HUDSON, OF CALCUTTA ;

MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE

AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, DUKE OF SUSSEX, EARL OF INVERNESS,
BARON OF ARKLOW, PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIE-
TY OF LONDON, PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY
OF ARTS, &c, &c. &c. K. G. D. C. L.

AND NOW

Faithfully Published for the information of

PHILOSOPHERS AND MATHEMATICIANS,

IN THE

ENGLISH, LATIN AND FRENCH LANGUAGES,

ANNO 1831.

00000

CALCUTTA :
PRINTED BY ANDREW D'SOUZA, AT THE EAST INDIAN PRESS,
No. 9, CoSSITOLLAH STREET.

The Original Written in English,

35
AND THE TRANSLATIONS INTO THE

OTHER TWO LANGUAGES MADE BY HIMSELF

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 SOLUTION

OF THE GEOMETRIC

QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE.

MR . CHARLES HUDSON having discovered and

effected a Geometric Solution and Demonstra

tion of the Quadrature of the Circle, and having

in the first instance communicated the same

to the Royal Society of London, and further

proved to that Society the fact, that such De
monstrative Solution and Quadrature coalesces

with the hitherto undiscovered powers, proper-

ties and principles of a True Geometric Mean,

which, likewise he has the humble merit of as-

certaining ; and, having with the Blessing of

Providence, absolutely and positively accom

plished these Works which had for many ages

and centuries been regarded or held as the
A
2 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

greatest desiderata in Mathematical Philosophy,

in times ancient as well as modern, and in every

Country and Nation, he has now the honor of

publishing the whole for the benefit of Science

as well as the use of mankind and of the

People of every Kingdom and Nation, and

chiefly of Philosophers, Mathematicians, and the

Patrons and Friends of Science, Art, and Im-

provement ; an exposition of the principles

of his Theory of such Demonstrative Solu-
tion.

MR. HUDSON cannot, in justice to himself, in

this instance recognize the professions of divers

pretenders, who have from time to time chal-

lenged the world without exhibiting any actual

proof of their success, nor can he with any com-

mon reason notice the attempts of those who

have professed to shew the impossibility of dis-

covering the Geometric Quadrature, or have

thereby incurred the fallacy of attempting to
prove a negative ; whilst he professes and che-

rishes much respect for the labors of others, who

in the same department of mathematical investi-

gation with himself, have sincerely and honestly

published the results of their enquiries, howso-

ever their efforts may have been frustrated by the

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 3

absence or failure of success, in resolving these

avowedly difficult problems and theorems in

Mathematics . Having himself been induced to

take up and consider the subject and argument

of the Quadrature, his first surmises impressed

him with the belief that no geometrical test had

heretofore supported or maintained the theory

as it then avowedly stood, ofthe approximate cal-

culus , nor any which could be accounted demon-

strative in principle (in the mathematical sense

of the term " demonstrative, ") and consequently

it appeared to him to be wanting and defective

in an essential point of Solution , or less mathe-

matical in principle than a mere approach, by es-

timation , to the truth and probability ; and that

though it were a very near approach to them,

yet it did not positively attain that kind of result

which could satisfy mathematical investigation :

for in such investigation nothing less could be
received or admitted than final demonstration .

Mr. HUDSON most faithfully and earnestly avows

and declares that the success of his labors in ef-

fecting the Solution and Demonstration of the

Quadrature of the Circle, and in ascertaining

afterwards , that he found out thereby a Geome-
tric Mean, is not due to any mortal whatso-
A a
4 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

ever ; but that he considers and acknowledges

it to be a Providential Gift to himself and

therefore, sensible of the duty of humility, he

does not bring himself to an equality with any

great Philosopher, such as Sir ISAAC NEWTON

and others of equal celebrity ; hut feels and nur-

tures a solicitude, that the learned and the scien-

tific of the present age will duly and seriously

weigh the importance of his solution and disco-

veries, and candidly and honorably appreciate his

merits in just proportion to the utility and pre-

ference which attach themselves to the acqui-

sition of a positive theory and final solution of

the Problem of quadrating the Circle ; or to es-

tablishing the fact of a geometric calculus .

It is superlatively notorious that Mathemati-

cians had heretofore only found by approxima-

tion a component or composed number for ordi-

nary purposes of calculation, to denote for a

while the nearest measured dimension of the

fourth-part of the circumferences of Circles

relatively considered with reference to the

diameters thereof. This number one Ludol-

phus Van Ceulen is reputed to have extend-

ed to an elaborate series, making it equal to

7,8539816339744840, &c . for a diameter as-

.
 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 5

sumed at 10 ; but although so extended, Philo

sophers were not decided that it was a final ex-

pression of the exact fourth part of all circum-

ferences, or the finished work of solution or in-

vention, since it was founded on a subdivision of

the Circle into a specific number of parts : con-

sequently the question of the infinite expansion
of Circles was not met or disposed of thereby,

nor their ultimate or extreme capacity ascertain-

ed or determined ; much less was any demon-
stration attained ; a case which was as difficult

of attainment as the solution itself. It may here

be sufficient to mention that the demonstration

invented and now presented to the world by

Mr. HUDSON, Occupied nearly two years of his
laborious thought and assiduity before it was
discovered by himself, even after he had effected
the solution , which he also has the honor of pre-

senting in this small publication .

Mr. HUDSON's new Theory bears with it the
completest solution yet ascertained, superseding

all others by the fullest developement and mani

festation of the geometric calculus ; as much
in establishing a positive proportional series as
in defining its ultimate relations, and embracing
all the questions at issue as above, amongst

Philosophers or Mathematicians ; accompanying

6 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

the whole system with an incontrovertible de-

monstration . The same theory has likewise con-
tributed to the ascertainment of a final Geome-

tric Mean, which was once as great a desidera-

tum as the Geometric Quadrature, and it might
not be astonishing that both of these desiderata

should be discovered by the same person (or

himself) at the same time, when it is known that
they are relatively allied to each other, or in

other words nearly the same things. These so-

lutions may henceforward be regarded as the
greatest mathematical phenomena yet discover-

ed, though denied in possibility by some, and

dubiously anticipated by others, or summarily

contemplated by some of our best Philosophers

to be within the compass of such possibility,

yielding the boon of merit to some succeeding

age beyond their own ; that such a compliment

belongs to the present age, Mr. HUDSON will

have contended to establish in presenting and

maturing a Theory, which he shall ever avow to
be the free gift of that Great Author of our ex-

istence, who hath alone the Power of expanding

the capacity of the human mind.

A small difficulty was experienced in the at-

tempt to ensure perspicuity, as well as brevity

in the course of this exposition, so as to ap-

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 7

proach the style of EUCLID : in this respect how-

ever, Mr. HUDSON must crave the indulgence of
a discerning public, when he simply professes
to have endeavoured to be brief, sound, and ex-
plicit in his illustrations or expositions .
Mr. CHARLES HUDSON'S method is as follows :

viz.
PROBLEM .
PROPOSITION. To find a Geometric Quadra-
ture of all Circles.
FIGURE I.
Describe a semi- circle AXC with the diame-

ter AC .

Let XC denote a straight line equal to any

assumed Quadrature of the Circle, of which AC
is the diameter.

Let fall a perpendicular from the point of in-

tersection X to D ; then according to the Sixth

Book of EUCLID, Proposition Eighth and the

Corollary therein given ; AC, XC, and DC,

will be three proportionals : that is AC will be

to XC, as XC to DC. The diameter AC being

one proportional, XC a mean proportional, and

DC a third proportional less than XC.
Again let XA be drawn and extended to XY,
through the point of intersection X ; so as to
meet the tangent CY raised at the extremity C

of the diameter AC : Then the triangle AXC

& SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

being inscribed within a semi-circle it is a right-

angled triangle, and therefore according to the

Sixth Book of EUCLID, and Proposition Thir-

teenth ( 13th) AX, XC, and XY are likewise
three other and distinct proportionals : that is,
AX is to XC, as XC is to XY, and vice versa

XY is to XC as XC is to AX, wherein XC is

again a mean proportional.

Thus two similar yet distinct series of pro-

portionals are found or deduced (having one

and the same common mean) from the concur-
rent properties of the same Circle, which conse-

quently ought to produce an ultimate agreement

or relative and respective equality oftheir seve-
ral proportionals, or a mean Quadrature which
shall ensure such equality, or be common to both

series of simultaneous proportionals : that is,

the common mean XC ought to produce similar
ratio between these several proportionals ; the

greater whereof should agree with the greater,

the lesser with the lesser of such proportionals

in two series. And if the assumed Quadrature

XC do not yield such agreements, it must be a
failure and cannot be a true Quadrature, but if
it do, then it must be not only true, but a Geo-
metric Quadrature as will further be shewn.
For if XC the assumed line be the true Mean

or Quadrature, since it is common to both series

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 9

of proportionals already described, or to YX,

XC, AX, as well as to AC, XC, DC, which
are proved to be similar proportionals ; XY is

also assumable as equal to AC and AX as

equal to DC for AC and DC are two extreme
proportionals in the one series as are likewise
XY and AX two other extreme proportionals
in the other series both of which have the com-

mon mean XC between them. Consequently as

dependent on the equable or concurrent proper-
ties of the same Circle, they must in every res-
pect correspond in ratios. But DC and AX the

lesser extreme proportionals are by the appli-

cation of the approximate Quadrature found to
be unequal to each other, and so are XY and

AC, for from the point X take the distance XY

and draw the line XE equal to XY which line

not passing through the centre of the Cir-
cle AXCE when XY is less than AC , or if
passing through, then going beyond the extreme

range of the circumference from the same point

X ; that is not passing through the centre, and
precisely touching this extreme range at the

same time ; it will not therefore be equal to the

diameter of the Circle, AC : that is, if XE be
less than AC, then AX, by the proportional

C
10 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

series, in which XC is the common mean ; will

be greater than DC ; and inversely if XE be
greater than AC,-then AX will be less than

DC . A further disagreement is found by means

of AX as the complement of XC as parts of
the Right-angled-Triangle AXC : since the sum
of the squares of AX and XC must be equal to
the square of AC and by consecutive argument
the sum of the squares of DC and XC ought

likewise to be equal to the square of AC —which

if the Quadrature be not correctly assumed will

not be found to be the case (as may be seen by

applying the approximate Quadrature so extend-

ed by Ludolphus Van Ceulen.) The agreement

must therefore be ensured or established in or-

der to obtain a geometric Quadrature : that is,

XY must be found such, as to possess an equali-

ty with AC the given diameter.

FIGURE 2ND.
Consequently make BF (Figure 2d) in the di-
rect line ABF, intersecting the Tangent FC at

the point F, equal to the diameter AC or to the

diameter BRK ; and from the point of intersec-

tion B draw BC .- Then BC, BF and BA will

be three proportionals in every respect similar,

(when the perpendicular is also drawn from B to

D) to the other three proportionals AC, BC,

DC : That is to say, as BF is to BC so is BC
 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. Il

to BA- So is AC to BC and BC to DC and

AB will be produced equal to DC- BC being a

mean at the same time common to both series.-

Thus the sum of the squares of DC (or of AB)

and BC will be reciprocally equal to the square

of AC (or of BF) so that they will both agree as
proportionals in the two series as they will by the
sums of their squares - BC in such case there-
fore, will be a geometric concordant : for there-

by will the diameter be reproduced, such geome-

tric concordant being otherwise the Geometric

Quadrature, it will likewise find another measure

ofthe Quadrature itself on the Co-tangent line

AE : thus ;-Extend BC to E, intersecting the

Co-tangent AE at the point E : AE will be ano-

ther measure equal to the Quadrature ; that is,

it will agree with BC -and hence a parallelo-
gram CAEG will be found equal to the Area of

the circle, by drawing a line EG parallel to AC :

-Again construct the parallelogram AHIR by
multiplying half diameter into halfcircumference :
thus AH being twice AE or twice quadrature
and AR half diameter or radius, the parallelo-
gram RH will be the Area of the Circle as well

as the parallelogram CAEG found, as above

described ; and the excess LH ofthe whole paral-

lelogram on one side will be equal to the excess

RG of the same on the other side : RE, in both
12 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

being common. Then draw the diagonal line CH

and this line passing through the intersection

L-the excess or remainder CL will be equal to

the remainder LH.- Consequently the whole pa-

rallelogram RH, will be equal to the other whole

CE ; and therefore BC which is equal to AE is

proved to have the power, as a geometric mean,

of quadrating the Circle ABC, or to have pro-

duced the parallelogram AGCE which is equal

to the Area of the Circle, with which paral-
lelogram RH corresponds .

The same kind of agreement cannot be had

with the approximate non-geometric Quadrature

or that professed by Ludolphus Van Ceulen,

consequently such approximate is wanting in the

Test, consistently with superficial Areas or pro-

ducts. For let XC again (in Figure 1 ) the ap-
proximate, be extended so as to intersect the Co-

tangent ,AZ at the point Z. Then AZ not being

equal to XC by what has already been shewn in

describing the properties of that Figure and

therefore, if a line ZV be drawn parallel to AC
the parallelogram CZ will not be equal to the

area of the Circle, otherwise to be found by

multiplying half circumference by half diameter

-Thus draw AO twice the length of AZ and

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 13

raise the perpendicular, RN, on the centre of

the Circle from the diameter AC, the parallelo-

gram RO will not be equal to the area ofthe Cir-

cle AXCE ; for ifit be, as is requisite, it must be
equal to the product of half-diameter AR mul-
tiplied by half- circumference or twice Quadra-
ture XC- that is make AQ double XC and

dow QP intersecting NR parallel to AC- Then

the parallelogram RQ is evidently unequal to

the parallelogram RO . In like manner the pa-

rallelogram RO, with any other non- geometric
series, will be found to be always differing from
that to be produced by XC as RQ : consequently

the diagonals CO and CQ to be had by these

two tests must ever be equal in the mode de-
scribed in Figure 2nd as the line CLH - There-

fore the approximate Quadrature XC in Figure

1, does not quadrate the Circle given in that

figure, as the Geometric Quadrature is clearly

proved to do, in the similar circle given in Fig.

2.- Therefore the geometric in fulfilling this
test is proved to be the true Quadrature- which

was to be solved and demonstrated . QED .

Now to proceed with the arithmetical ana-

lysis, let AC the diameter be equal to 10-

and let XC (in Fig. 1 ) be equal to 7.8539816

 14 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

&c. the number found by approximation or that

extended by Ludolphus Van Ceulen. Then by

the Rule of proportion AC : XC :: XC : DC ;

DC will be found to be equal to 6.168500 &c.
that is as 10. is to 7.85398 &c. so is 7.85398

&c . to 6.168500 & c. Likewise find AX by the

quadratic rule of the right-angled Triangle

AXC ; and AX will be equal to 6,18991 & c.

2ndly. Find XY by the Rule of Proportion as

AX : XC :: XC : XY and XY will be

found to be equal to 9.9054 & c. Likewise, as

in the first case, find AC by the quadratic
Rule : thus ; the sum of the squares of DC and
XC will be 9.98670 &c . instead of AC which is

equal to 10. or instead of XY which is equal

to 9.9654 &e. consequently the approximate

number 7,85398 &c. does not produce a qua-

dratic agreement nor a geometric concord. It

is clearly therefore an imperfect expression-

and any other than a geometric quadrature will

in like manner fail to reproduce the diameter 10.

or any other diametric measure given in the

first instance.
The elaborate number of Ludolphus Van

Ceulen being thus proved to be non-geometric ;

it is equally found to be fallacious, by the test

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 15

which applies to superficial area : For XC is

equal to 7.85398 &c. whilst AZ is equal to

7.8807 &c - the one giving 78.5398 &c . for the

Superficial area of the circle and the other, by
the result upon the Co-tangent AZ- 78.807 &c.

which is a contradiction . Therefore all approxi-

mations or assumptions which exhibit non-geo-
metric results are equally contradictory and

fallacious and so proved by the foregoing

tests.
Now for the Geometric Quadrature- Let

AXC in Figure 2, be also equal to 10.-as the

diameter ofthe Circle ABC ; and let BF be
also made equal to 10. or to the diameter.-

Then the common mean BC being a perfect

geometric concord, it will be found to be equal

to 7.861513777 &c. and DC (in the same

figure) by the Rule ofproportion, as AC to BC
so BC to DC ; as well as by the Quadratric Rule
of the right-angled Triangle ABC ; will be found
to be equal to 6.1803398749894847 &c. So

will AB be found to agree with DC and to an-

swer the tests of the Rule of proportion as of
the Quadratic Rule for AC is to BC as BC is

to AB and the sum of the squares of AB and

BC will also be equal to the square of AC .
16 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIO

Thus AB as well as DC will be equal to

6.18033988749894847 & c. so that the sum ofthe

squares of AB and BC will be equal to the sum of

the squares of DC and BC or equal to the square

of AC or to the square of BF and consequently
BC or 7.861513777 &c. is a geometric expres-

sion, chord, or quadrature: because of the univer-

sality of its results or findings, agreements or con-

cords ; and because it directly Quadrates the

Circle, by finding a superficial areaupon a squar-

ed figure, equal to the area of the Circle. Thus,

since BC agrees in the proportional and qua

dratic modes already described in Figure 2nd or
is by computation equal to 7.861513777 &c . for

the diameter 10. given in the first instance ; AE

on the Cotangent willalso be produced equal to

BC the quadrature or again to 7.861513777 &c.

and the product of AE multiplied by AC the

diameter will likewise be equal to 78.61513777

&c. which agrees with the further product had,

by multiplying half- diameter 5 by half-cir-

cumference 15.723827555 &c : being again found
to be 78.61513777 & c. for the area of the same

circle .-- Therefore BC in Figure 2nd is a geo-

metric power or expression and Quadrates the

Circle, such tests corroborating the solution

 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 17

and demonstration and substantiating the

fact that such resolvend, is a true Geome-

tric Quadrature, as much by superficial areas as

by lineal concords, in reproducing the Diameter

upon the secant line BF ; as well as on several
other lines within the combinations of the same

scheme, and ultimately in reproducing the Qua-

drature on the co-tangent line AE (as expound-

ed in Figure 2d) as on several other lines by an
extension of the proportional series . There-

fore, it is proved, that the true Quadrature is

Geometric or universal in its powers and ratios ,

infinitely proportional and quadratic and that

a Geometric Quadrature thus discovered

surpasses all others ever before known to Ma-

thematicians.

Corollary : That these properties ofthe Geo-

metric Quadrature, coalesce with the true cha-
racter or constituent principles of a Geometric

Mean ; and that such Geometric Mean is thereby

equally discovered by Mr Hudson, will be

known by the following further exposition of

its proportional and quadratic powers, viz.

(The letters, which follow refer to Figure

2nd.)
E
18 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

First.- AC : BC :: BC : DC

BF : BC :: BC : AB

AC is equal to BF
BC is a common

and Geometric Mean

AB is equal to DC
Secondly.-BC : AB :: AB : BE
CD : DB :: DB : DA

CF : BF :: BF : BC
1
FC : AC :: AC : AE- BC

Thirdly.--FC is to FB as FB to BC as BC to
BA as BA to BE and so on ad infinitum in a

continual series of geometric proportionals.

FA is to EC as EC to AC and FC is equal
to EC.

Fourthly. The right-angled triangles, FBC

; as CBA is to ABE : their antecedent
is to CBA;

and consequents, being in continual proportion.

Also, the right-angled triangles, FCA is to
EAC ; as EAC is to ABC : and so on, as it res-

pects proportional agreements, between the

areas of such triangles .

Fifthly. The quadratic proportions depend-

ent on these triangles, will likewise be in conti-

nual series :-as

The sum ofthe squares of BF and BC ; equal

to the square of CF.
 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 19

The sum of the squares of BC and AB ; equal

to the square of AC.

The sum of the squares of AB and BE ; equal

to the square of AE.

The sum ofthe squares of DC and DB ; equal

to the square of BC .
The sum of the squares of FC and CA ; equal
to the square of FA.

The sum of the squares of EA and AC ; equal

to the square of EC ; and so on as it respects

quadratic agreements.

The summary powers ofthe Geometric Mean,

(in every respect corresponding with the Geome-

tric Quadrature) having now been described

the arithmetical concords, or those which sub-
sist between the roots , ratios, squares and pro-

portionals, come next in place, and afford the

means of ready examination, viz.
From the square

of diameter 10 100.
Taken the square

of Quadrature = 61.803398874989484 &c.

(or 7.861513777 &c.)-

The 1st Remainder 38.196601125010515 & c.
20 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

The 1st Remainder

is the square of a
third lesser pro-

portional or of
6.180339887

&c. as diameter

to Quadrature 38.196601125010515 & c.

The 1st Remainder

taken from the

square of Qua-
drature, is the
square ofa fourth
lesser proporti-
onal or of
4.858682717

&c. and gives

the 2nd Remain-

der ..... 23.60679774977

8968 &e .

The 2nd Remain-

der taken from

the 1st remain-

der is the square

of a fifth lesser

proportional or of
3.8199660112 &c .
 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 21

in continual ser-

ries, or gives the

3rd Remainder 14.589803375031545 &c.

And so on, ad infinitum.

N. B. Thus the Remainders as above enu-

merated continually reproduce roots and pro-

portionals, in constant, universal and geometric

ratios. After these expositions and demonstra-

tions ofthe Geometric tests, as they are applica-

ble to lines and superficies Mr. Hudson's theory
advances with equal certainty to the develope-
ment of Cubical tests ; which not only confirm, but

give to the solution of a4 Geometric Quadrature,

its finishing excellence, as well as importance ;
in establishing thereby, a complete series of
proofs, advancing from lines to superficies and
from superficial to cubical areas ; with additional
tests in the cubical series, which clearly shew

that Ludolphus Van Ceulen's approximation,

though ever so numerically extended, is inade-
quate to the contrast as well as the contest.
Thus constituted, the Geometric Quadrature to-
gether with the Geometric Mean, (both found

out by Mr. Charles Hudson) must supersede all

arbitrary approximations.
F
 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

Now for these New Cubical Tests, which sub-

sist between Cones, Cylinders and Spheres :

dependent on the data of the Geometric Qua-

drature of Mr. Hudson , viz.

FIGURE 3D.

First. Lay two Cones on the lines of the

Quadrature as ECL.MAF . So that their com-
mon axides concur with the Diameter AC of

the Circle or Sphere. Then half of the dif-

ference, between the cubical contents of such

two Cones, will be equal to the cubical con-

tents of the Sphere.

2ndly. Make two Cylinders on the respec-

tive bases of the same two Cones, having

the same axides as such Cones (or equal to the

diameter of the sphere) : Then one- sixth of

the difference between the cubical contents of

such Cylinders, will be equal to the cubical con-

tents of the Sphere.

3rdly. Compare these results with that

which is deducible by the common Rule ; or by
multiplying " whole circumference " by diame-
ter and dividing the product by six : the quo-
tient likewise gives the cubical contents of the

Sphere.
 RQUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 23

And it will be found that the approximate Qua-

drature (as it may be termed by way of distinc-

tion) is at variance with itself, in producing con-
tradictory results by these Tests ; whereas the
Geometric Quadrature of Mr. Hudson, stands
every possible Test and moreover yields a new
series of agreements for universal application.

Besides this primary Test, the collateral

agreements arising from it, are numerous and

various some of which are to be exemplified

as follows, viz . The greater Cone FAM is to

twice-sphere, as twice-sphere : is to the lesser
cone ECL .

The greater Cylinder FNOM : is to " whole

circumference" multiplied by diameter : as that

product is to the lesser Cylinder EPQL, &c . &c.

The cubical Tests according to the foregoing

expositions, will be further elucidated by the

following comparison, between results of spheri-

cal dimensions or contents deducible by the
approximated Quadrature heretofore extant ;
and those deducible by the Geometric Quadra-
ture of Mr. Charles Hudson , viz .

Comparison between Cubical Results of the

sphere arising from the application of the

 24 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC

Quadrature by approximation, contrasted with

those dependent on the Geometric Quadrature

of Mr. Charles Hudson.

Cubical Con- Cubical Con

Per Quadrature by Approximation. tents (with tents (with
Quadrature 3rd Proporti
Line.) onal.
9
1st Test. 2d Test.
Lesser Cone ….. 650.457 &c. 643.158 &c.
Greater Cone. 1685.916 & c.] 1704.872 &c.
Halfdifference for the Sphere= 517.729 &c. 530.856 &c.
1st & 2nd
Tests. Lesser Cylinder. 1951.371 &c 1929.476 &c.
Greater Cylinder . 5057.746 &c 5114.616 0.
One Sixth of difference for
the Sphere. 517.729 &c. 530.856 &c.
}
By the Common Rule whole circumference
3rd Test. multiplied by diameter and divided by 6—gives
the Sphere... 523.598 &c.

Per Charles Hudson's Geometric Quadrature. Cubical Contents

by both Tests.

(Fig. 3d)
Lesser Cone .... 647.8243 &e.
f Greater Cone.. 1696.0261 &c.

1st & 2nd Half the difference for the Sphere.. 524.1009 & c.
Tests
Lesser Cylinder. 1943.4730 &c.
Greater Cylinder . 5088.0785 &c.
One Sixth of difference for the Sphere ....:= 524.1009 &0.
By the Common Rule whole circumference
3rd Test. per Geometric Quadrature multiplied by
10
6 gives the Sphere at...... 524.1009 &c.
 QUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. 25

Consequently the Cubic Contents of the

sphere, are by these several processes,

proved to agree with each other, in producing
one and the same precise result, upon the ap-
plication of the Geometric Calculus of Mr.
Hudson, and to amount to 524.10091850452485
&c. with the given Diameter 10 : —whereas,
when the same system of Tests, is applied to the
approximate number heretofore extant, the re-
sults are equally proved to be at variance with and
to differ from each other, in all the same cases :—
as 517.729-530.856 and 523.598 . This Geo-
metric Demonstration : thus produces positive,
equal and certain results ; and lastly proves that
nothing less than a Geometric Quadrature can
ensure final accuracy, whether it be by assuming
the diameter at 10, or any other integral or
fractional number ; provided that the scheme of
solution be conducted on the principles herein
set forth : namely, those of deducing Geometric
proportion.

Mr. Charles Hudson now respectfully hopes,

that this exposition of his solution and demon-
stration, of a Geometric Quadrature and Geo-
metric Mean, will be well received by the philo-
sophic age, in which he has the honor to date

his existence. He cannot suppose that the

G
26 SOLUTION OF THE GEOMETRIC, &c .

truths thus exhibited in detail, will fail to im-

press conviction and as he presents to the
world two phenomena in Mathematics, which
would have graced the Memory of a Newton or
a Pythagoras ; he faithfully trusts, that the Mo-
narchs and Philosophers of his age will appre-
ciate and deem the same, to be worthy of their
condescension , favor and patronage.

To His Royal Highness Prince, the President

of the Royal Society of London ; this me-

morial is most respectfully dedicated.

By His Royal Highness's Most Obedient

Faithful and Devoted Servant,

CHARLES HUDSON.

CALCUTTA,

The 10th of Sept. 1831 .

26 MR 52
 ADVERTISEMENT.

THE PHILOLOGICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA.

THE Author of this Pamphlet having commenced a Philo-

logical Dictionary, comprising several European and Asiatic
languages, takes this early opportunity of soliciting the
names and residence of Subscribers to that Work, with a
specification of the number of copies subscribed for, as a li-
mited number will be printed off.

The Dictionary will contain Synonimes, extensively em-

bodied upon a new and improved method of Classification,
with a Synoptical as well as an Alphabetical series, serving
the study of Languages and as a Technica Memoria, for the
use of Translators of Languages, so that specific and suit-
able words may be traced therein, by means of simple ideas

and thoughts entertained in the mind : as in common Diction-

aries, those thoughts or meanings follow the dictation of
words and expressions.
The Work will be denominated the PHILOLOGICAL ENCY-
CLOPEDIA, and will issue from the Press about the year 1834,
if not at an earlier period .

The Subscription Price will be published hereafter.

Calcutta, 10th February, 1832.

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