Notes of Ch 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution| Class 9... https://www.studyrankers.com/2018/01/notes-of-ch-2-socialism-in-euro...

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N o t e s o f C h 2 S o c i a l i s m i n E u ro p e a n d t h e
Ru s s i a n R evo l u t i o n | C l a s s 9 t h H i s t o r y
 29 Jan, 2018

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Class 9th History

T h e A g e o f S o ci a l C h a n g e

• The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in
which society was structured.

• Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation.

• Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or ‘radicals’.

W h o w e re Co n s e r v a t i v e s ?

• They resisted change.

• After the revolution, they started accepting change provided it was slow and had links and
respected the past.

W h o w e re L i b e r a l s ?

• They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. 

• They argued for an elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well

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trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and o�cials.

• They were not Democrats.

W h o w e re R a d i c a l s ?

• They wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s
population.

• They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private property.

I n d u s t r i a l S o ci e t y a n d S o ci a l C h a n g e

• This was the time of economic and social change.

• Men, women and children were pushed into factories for low wages.

• Most of the factory owners were often liberals and radicals and they felt that workers’ e�orts
must be encouraged.

T h e Co m i n g o f S o ci a l i s m t o E u ro p e


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• Socialists were against private property.

• They had di�erent visions of the future.

• Some believed in cooperatives.

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist.

S u p p o r t fo r S o ci a l i s m

• By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe.

• Workers in England and Germany began forming associations to �ght for better living and
working conditions.

T h e Ru s s i a n R evo l u t i o n

• In 1914, Nicholas II ruled the Russian empire.

• The Russian Empire included territory around Moscow, current-day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus.


Eco n o m y a n d S o c i e t y d u r i n g R u s s i a n E m p i re

• About 85 percent of the Russian empire’s population earned their living from agriculture.

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• The industry was limited in number.

• Workers were divided into groups but they did unite to strike work when they were dissatis�ed.

• Peasants had no respect for nobility, very unlike the French peasant.

• Russian peasants were the only peasant community which pooled their land and their commune
divided it.

S o ci a l i s m i n Ru s s i a

• All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.

• In 1900, the Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party was formed.

→ It struggled to give peasants their rights over land that belonged to nobles.

→ As land was divided among peasants periodically and it was felt that peasants and not workers
would be the main source of the revolution.

• But Lenin did not agree with this as he felt that peasants were not one social group.
→ The party was divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
→ Lenin led Bolshevik group.

A Tu r b u l e nt T i m e : T h e 1 9 0 5 R evo l u t i o n

• Liberals wanted to end of the autocracy of the Tsar.

• They worked towards demanding a constitution during the Revolution of 1905.

Bloody Sunday

• In 1904, Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 percent.


• When four members of the Putilov Iron Works were dismissed, there was a call for industrial

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action.

• Over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in working hours
and increase in wages.
→ This procession was attacked by the police and Cossacks.
→ Over 100 workers were killed.
→ Strikes took place as a reaction.
→ People demanded a constituent assembly.

• The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma.

→ The Tsar dismissed the �rst Duma within 75 days and announced the election of a second
Duma.
→ Tsar constituted the third Duma with conservative politicians.

T h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r a n d t h e R u s s i a n E m p i re

• In Russia, the �rst world war was initially very popular but later the support grew thin.

• Anti-German sentiments ran high.

• Russian armies lost badly in Germany and Austria.

• The war also a�ected the industry.

• There was labour shortage.

• By 1916, railway lines began to break down.

• The small workshops were closed down.

• There was shortage of grain and hence of bread.

T h e Fe b r u a r y R e v o l u t i o n i n P e t ro g r a d

Eve nt s

• In the winter of 1917, Petrograd was grim.

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→ There was a food shortage in the quarters of workers.

• On 22th February, a lockout took place at a factory.

→ Workers of 50 other factories joined in sympathy.
→ Women also led and participated in the strikes. This came to be called the International
Women’s Day.

• The government imposed a curfew.

• On the 24th and 25th, the government called out the cavalry and police to keep an eye on them.

• On 25th February, the government suspended the Duma and politicians spoke against this
measure.

• On 27th February, the police headquarters were ransacked.

→ Cavalry was called out again.
→ An o�cer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and other regiments mutinied, voting to join
the striking workers gathered to form a Soviet or council. This was the Petrograd Soviet.

• A delegation went to meet the Tsar, military commanders advised him to abdicate.

• On 2nd March, the Tsar abdicated.

• Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country.

E�ects

• Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.

• Soviets were set up everywhere.

• In individual areas, factory committees were formed which began questioning the way
industrialists ran their factories.
→ Soldiers' committees were formed in the army. 

• The provisional government saw its power declining and Bolshevik in�uence grow.

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→ Therefore, it decided to take stern measures against the spreading discontent.

• It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and arrested leaders.

• Peasants and the socialist revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land.
→ Land committees were formed and peasants seized land between July and September 1917.

The Revo lutio n of Oc t obe r 1917

Eve nt s

• On 16th October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agree to a
socialist seizure of power.
→ A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet to organise seizure.

• Uprising began on 24th October.

→ Prime Minister Kerenskii left the city to summon troops.
→ Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph o�ces and protect the
Winter Palace.

• In response, Military Revolutionary Committee ordered to seize government o�ces and arrest
the ministers.
→ The 'Aurora' ship shelled the Winter Palace.
→ Other ships took over strategic points.
→ By night the city had been taken over and ministers had surrendered.

• All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd approved the Bolshevik action.

• By December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow - Petrograd area.

E�ects

• Most industry and banks were nationalised in November 1917.


• The land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the
nobility.

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• Use of old titles was banned.

• New uniforms were designed for the army and o�cials.

• Russia became a one-party state.

• Trade unions were kept under party control.

T h e C i v i l Wa r

• When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up.

• Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
→ They were supported by French, American, British and Japanese troops.
→ All these fought a war with the Bolsheviks.

M a k i n g a S o ci a l i s t S o ci e t y

• The Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalised during the civil war.

• Rapid construction and industrialisation started.

• An extended schooling system developed.

S t a l i n a n d C o l l e c t i v e Fa r m i n g

• Stalin believed that rich peasants and traders stocked supplies to create shortage of grains.
Hence, collectivisation was the need of the hour.

• Those farmers who resisted collectivisation were punished, deported or exiled.

G l o b a l I n � u e n ce

• In many countries, communist parties were formed. 

• By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face

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and world stature.

• By the end of the twentieth century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist
country had declined.

N C E R T S o l u t i o n s o f C h 2 S o ci a l i s m i n E u ro p e a n d t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n

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