Sciences

ALL OF UNITS IN SCIENCE ( check = Last 1 term)

Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
 Unit 1 :
1.1

Order of the air pass through

1) mouth or nose

2) Windpipe (trachea)

3) Lungs

4) Bronchus

5) Bronchioles

6) Air sacs

1.2 Gas exchange

+ The capillaries is pressed tightly against the alveolus

+ The wall of capillaries is also made of a single layer of very thin
cells

< Side notes > Important notes:

+ Its Intercostal muscles
 + the part of lungs from which oxygen diffuses into the blood
is alveoli or alveolus
+ part of a cell does aerobic respiration happen is
mitochondrion
+ Equation for aerobic respiration :
Glucose + oxy -> carbon dioxide + water
+ Name one component of blood, other than red and white
blood cells, and state its function ;
Plasma:
- Liquid part of the blood
- glucose dissolves in plasma , and is transported from the
digestive system to every cell.
- Carbon dioxide in plasma

_____________________________________________
Unit 2:

Colors in ink
- - - > you can separate color in the ink by using the technique
paper chromatography

- - > the color is separated because the water is solvent. So the

water dissolves the ink. As the water moves up the paper, it also
carries the ink particles with it.

What is an independent variable?

—> An independent variable is the variable you manipulate or

vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. It’s called
“independent” because it’s not influenced by any other variables
in the study.

What is a dependent variable?

—> A dependent variable is the variable that changes as a

result of the independent variable manipulation. It’s the outcome
you’re interested in measuring, and it “depends” on your
independent variable.

_____________________________________________
 Unit 3:

DST:

- - - > Speed = Distance / Time

- - - > Distance = speed x Time

- - - > Time = Distance / Speed

Moment:
---> Force x distance = Nm

Force is balanced = the object is stationary

Force is unbalanced = the object is moving

Explain what causes the pressure of the air inside the tyre.?

=> The collision of particles inside the tire wall

____________________________________________
Unit 4:

What’s the difference between ecology and ecosystem?

- - - > Ecology is the study of the relationship between living

organisms and their environment

- - - > An ecosystem is a place, such as a rotting log, a forest, or

even a schoolyard, where interactions between living and
non-living things occur.

DDT
- DDT is an insecticide. This means it kills insects.
It was used to kill insects for killing insects that transmit disease.

- - - > DDT could harm organisms other than insects.

Unit 5.1 :

Structures of the atoms:

- Atoms are made out of smaller particles, called subatomic

particles; Protons +, Electrons -, Neutron O.

- Protons and neutrons are grouped closely together in the

center of the atom. they form the nucleus of the atoms
(not the nucleus of a cell)
- electrons move around the nucleus.

● Protons and neutrons have much more than the electrons.

In fact, electrons have almost no mass.
● Protons and neutrons have the same mass.
● Protons have a positive electrical charge.
● Neutrons have no electrical charge
● Electrons have a negative electrical charge

There is a lot of space between parts of the atom. This space

really is completely empty - There is nothing in it at all

There is an attraction between the positive and negative

charges. This electrostatic attraction between the positive
charge on the protons and the negative charge on the electrons
is what holds individual atoms together.

How did scientists come up with this model of the structure

of the atoms?
-> 1890s: J.J Thompson discovered the electrons - his model for
the atom was that the electrons were scattered throughout the
structure of the atom. - Called the “plum pudding model”

< - - - His model (made up of a positively

sphered into which negative
electrons are implanted)

-> 1909 - 1911: Rutherford discovered the proton. His most famous
experiment was the gold foil experiment. In the experiment, he
fired fast-moving particles, smaller than an atom, at every thin
gold foil. Only a few of the particles ( about 1 in 8000 ) were
deflected in various directions.
|
|-----> The results of the experiment led him to the idea that the
gold atoms must be mostly empty space, with their particles
packed into a dense nucleus at the center.

-> 1932: James Chadwick also worked with Rutherford and

Thompson and proved neutrons existed.

unit 5.2:
Pure elements - If an element is pure, it means that every one of
its atoms is exactly the same and made of just one type of
atom. For example, pure gold is made of gold atoms.

----> Gold is usually marked to state if it is pure gold (24 carats)

or an alloy such as 18 carats or 9 carats. The more gold it has,
the higher its purity. ( the other is made up of other metals such
as silver or copper. )
I
L===> x/24 x 100 = 75%

----> The same goes for silver but 1000, x/1000 x 100 = 92.5%

----> Pure diamond doesn't contain any other atoms - except

carbon. Pure diamond is colorless and translucent.
|
|---> If other elements are mixed in then it could change color.

- - - -> If a few atoms per million are replaced with nitrogen. the
diamond turns yellow.
------> If it is boron then the diamond would be blue.
------> The rarest one is green, formed when 1 per 1000 atoms
are replaced by nitrogen, nickel or hydrogen.

- - - - > How to calculate sodium chloride in 1000 g of seawater

- 68/1000 x 35 = 23.8 g

Unit 5.3:
- - - - > Weather is the state of the atmosphere and it changes
from minute to minute. hour to hour, day to day.

=> Study of weather is Meteorology

=> Study of climate ís Climatology

Climate zone Description

Polar Very dry and cold all year
Temperate Cold winters and mild summer
Arid Hot and dry all year
Tropical Hot and wet all year
Mediterranean Mild winter and hot. dry summer
Mountain/tundra/ Very cold all year
taiga

____________________________________________
 Unit 5.4

Unit 5.5:

- - - - - > How does the atmosphere change the earth’s climate?

==>> In the earth’s atmosphere there are gasses like Methan,

carbon dioxide and water vapor which act like a blanket
keeping the earth warm. This produced the greenhouse effect.

–> If the water vapor and carbon dioxide increase the

greenhouse effect will also increase which creates climate
changes.

+ The atmosphere keeps the earth warm by keeping the

heat of the sun as a kinetic energy storing it.

____________________________________________
Unit 6

Unit 6.1:

To Be Continued

______________________________________________
Unit 7:

7.1: Nutrients
Carbohydrate, Fats & Proteins
Rice has a lot of starch. Starch is a type of Carbohydrate. After
you eaten starch