UNIT 1

CONCEPT AND NATURE OFMANAGEMENT

9.1 INTRODUCTION
It is a famous saying that “The success of an organisation is totally dependent upon the management
of the organisation.” It means that any organisation irrespective of its objective does not achieve
greatness overnight rather it is the hard work of the management. Management is essential for all
types of organization, such as public sector, private sector, govt. department, hotel, hospital, hostels
and educational institutes, etc.
To simplify we can divide management as:

Management

T
Manage Men
for 'Tactics'

Men & With Proper

To Manage
Resources Technique

9.2 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMNT

✓ The conventional definition of management is “getting work done through people, but real
management is developing people through work”- Agha Hasan Abedi.
✓ Hicks define management as “the process of getting things done by and through others”.
✓ Massie defines management as “the process by which cooperative group directs actions toward
common goals. This process involves techniques by which a distinguishable group of people
(managers) co-ordinates activities of other people; managers seldom actually perform the
activities themselves”.
✓ Koontz and O’Donnell state that management means getting things done through and with
people”.
✓ According to George Terry, “Management is a distinct process performed to determine and
accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources.”
✓ Peter Drucker, a modern exponent of management thoughts goes a step further and considers
management “as an essential, a distinct and a leading institution” which has a pivotal position in
social history.
✓ Drucker says “Management, which is the organ of society specifically charged with making
resources productive, therefore reflects the basic spirit of the modern age.”
✓ Lawrence Appley has written that “Management has been defined in very simple terms as ‘getting
things done through the efforts of other people’ and that function breaks down into at least two
major responsibilities, one of which is planning, the other control.”
✓ Management has been called “the art of getting things done through people” (Mary Parker
Follettt).
✓ The modern concept of management considers management is the process of utilisation of
human resources and physical resources in such a manner that organisational objectives are
achieved effectively and efficiently.
✓ We may define management as a process by which responsible people (managers) in an
organization get things done through the efforts of other people in grouped activities.
9.3 MANAGEMNT – SCIENCE, ART, PROFESSION

Science is a systematised body of knowledge relating to a particular field of enquiry. It contains

concepts, hypotheses, theories, experimentation and principles to explain cause and effect
relationship between two or more factors. The following characteristics should be recognised as a
science.
1. Universally Accepted Principles: Scientific principles represent basic truth about a particular field.
These principles may be applied at any time at any place. Management also contains some
fundamental principles which can be applied universally like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e.,
one man, one boss. This principle is applicable to all type of organization whether profit making or
not.
2. Experimentation & Observation: Scientific principles are derived through scientific investigation
& researching i.e., they are based on logic. Management principles are also based on scientific
enquiry & observation. They have been developed through experiments & practical experiences of
large number of managers, e.g., it is observed that fair remuneration to personal helps in creating a
satisfied work force.
3. Cause & Effect Relationship: Principles of science lay down cause and effect relationship between
various variables. For example, when metals are heated, they are expended.
The same goes for management as it also establishes cause and effect relationship. For example, lack
of unity among the employees will result in chaos.
4. Test of Validity & Predictability: Validity of scientific principles can be tested anywhere at any
time. Each time these tests will give same result.
Moreover, future events can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by using
scientific principles. E.g., principle of unity of command can be tested by comparing two persons –
one having single boss and one having multiple bosses. The performance of 1st person will be better
than 2nd.
Art signifies the application of knowledge and personal skills to bring about desired results. Art has
the following features:
1. Practical Knowledge: Every art requires practical knowledge therefore learning of theory is not
sufficient. It is very important to know practical application of theoretical principles. E.g., A manager
can never be successful just by obtaining degree or diploma in management; he must have also
known how to apply various principles in real situations, by functioning as a manager.
2. Personal Skill: Although theoretical base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own
style and approach towards his job. That is why the level of success and quality of performance
differs from one person to another. E.g., Every manager has his own way of managing things based
on his knowledge, experience and personality, that is why some managers are known as good
managers whereas others as bad.
3. Creativity: Every artist has an element of creativity in himself. That is why he aims at producing
something that has never existed before which requires combination of intelligence & imagination.
Management is also creative in nature like any other art. It combines human and non-human
resources in a useful way so as to achieve desired results. It tries to produce sweet desert by adding
different ingredients in an efficient manner.
4. Perfection Through Practice: Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant
practice. Similarly, managers learn through an art of trial and error initially but application of
management principles over the years makes them perfect in the job of managing.
5. Goal-Oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results. In the same
manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Managers
use various resources like men, money, material, machinery & methods to help in the growth of an
organization.

Management is both an art and a science. The above-mentioned points clearly reveal that
management combines features of both science as well as art. It is considered as a science because
it has an organized body of knowledge which contains certain universal truth. It is called an art
because managing requires certain skills which are personal possessions of managers. Science
provides the knowledge & art deals with the application of knowledge and skills.

Any specialized activity becomes a profession provided it satisfies the following characteristics:
✓ There must be a systematized body of knowledge which is used either in instructing, advising or
guiding others.
✓ Existence of a formal method and system for teaching and training
people with that knowledge and skill.
✓ A scope for creating posts of consultants for that skill.
✓ Existence of a code of conduct among such professional men
✓ Eagerness to respond to the requirements of man.

By closely studying the position of management we find that it does not satisfy all the
characteristics in full although attempts are going on to develop it into a fully-fledged profession.
 9.4 LEVELS OF MANAGEMNT
To perform activities in an organisation employee are given necessary authority and responsibility.
This distribution of authority results in creation of chain of authority. This chain is divided into three
levels which result in creation of three levels of management which are as follows:
1. Top Level Management 2. Middle Level Management 3. Lower-Level Management
✓Top-level management of a company consists of the board of directors, chief executive officer,
managing director or the general manager.
✓ Operative level consists of middle level and lower management.
✓ Lower-level management includes supervisor and foreman.

ROLE OF MANAGERS
The role of managers is organising and overseeing a particular group, project or sector within a
business. The extent and scope of a manager's responsibilities can vary depending on their position
in the company. The job title of manager can mean that somebody is managing a team or managing
a certain function. For example, a senior manager can be a hugely different role from a business
development manager.

5 ROLES OF A MANAGER

1. LEADER
A manager needs practical leadership skills, enabling them to steer the employees they're
responsible for towards a common goal. For example, if you're working towards an event, it's the
manager's job to direct everyone's focus towards this occasion and ensure everyone collaborates
to make it come together. A good leader needs a robust and personable character, exhibiting
integrity and honesty in their decision-making process. Some aspects of leadership for managers
might include:
• inspiring team members to perform to their best
• setting goals and targets
• creating a vision for what the team can become
• providing timely and assertive decisions
• responding to staff concerns and queries
• Related: Top 9 Leadership Skills To Develop

2. Coordinator
As the person responsible for their team, the role of a manager includes coordination. A good
manager organises their team and knows what they're doing, ensuring that the team works
efficiently towards a common goal. If the group faces challenges or obstacles, part of the manager's
role as coordinator includes finding solutions to help keep your projects on track. Some tasks that
fall into this category may include:
• organising schedules and assignments
 • implementing organisational tools like Gantt charts
• tracking progress and celebrating achievements
• ensuring all tools and resources are accessible and organised
• regularly checking in on the employees you lead
• Regardless of your management level, you probably have someone to report to higher up in
the business structure. So your manager's coordination includes communicating anything
that their superiors need to know and anything their superiors want you to know. A good
manager uses communication to keep their team coordinated and their business successful.

3. Team developer
Alongside leading your team to success, an essential part of management is encouraging your
team's development and learning. This role of a manager includes encouraging your team to grow
with each success and ensuring employees feel that their work is valuable, stimulating and
engaging. On a group level, development could take the form of team-building exercises to help
your team bond and work effectively together.
Equally, team retreats help give your employees space to brainstorm new ideas and bring fresh
perspectives to challenges you're facing. On an individual level, managers can encourage members
of the team to develop their skills by:
• hosting regular employee reviews to help individuals set professional goals.
• notifying them of professional development opportunities such as courses, conferences
and talks
• implementing a training schedule or peer mentoring programme

4. Administrator
• While similar to a manager's role as a coordinator, managers are also responsible for their
team's day-to-day administration. Depending on the type of manager and industry sector,
this management role can differ significantly. For example, the administrative tasks might
focus more on authorising timesheets for a shift manager on a factory floor. Meanwhile, for
a manager of a legal team, the administration might involve more paperwork.
• Some essential things to consider when organising your administrative tasks as a manager
may include:
• keeping your resources and documents orderly
• delegating tasks to other team members
• processing timesheets and payroll
• ordering materials and supplies
• tracking the team's expenses
• recruiting new employees
• preparing essential paperwork

5. Motivator
Creating internal motivation within the workplace can offer a tricky challenge for managers.
Succeeding in this role can help increase employee satisfaction, encourage commitment towards
the organisation and improve employee retention. There are several ways to motivate employees
that are both intrinsic and extrinsic, including:
• communicating the purpose of each task
• offering employees a choice on their assignments
• providing a company rewards scheme
• offer constructive feedback
• record and praise positive outcome

Organisation
With so much responsibility to take care of, managers need to have a strong sense of organisation.
A keen eye for detail ensures that everything runs smoothly for managers and their teams. This
could take the form of a colour-coded calendar system or carefully filled meeting minutes.

Time management
Managers often have a lot on their plates, so knowing how to prioritise tasks and create agendas
is essential. Learning how to maximise your available time is vital to your role as a manager. This
allows you to engage with your team and let them know when to engage with you.
Related: Time-Management Skills: Definition, Examples and Tips for Improvement

Decisiveness
From the small decisions to the large-scale changes, a manager is responsible for leading a team in
new directions. This aspect of a manager's role makes decisiveness an essential skill, demonstrating
conviction in your actions and confidence when problem-solving. While having a strong resolution
is vital in steering your team's direction, remember that it's also important to recognise when you
need to change direction.

Responsibility
As a leader, employees need to know they can rely on their managers to help. So, part of any
management role is being responsible and having accountability for everyone in your team,
including you. To help employees feel at ease under your leadership and remain calm when facing
stress, you need to convey a level-headed, responsible attitude.

Communication
From delegating tasks to giving constructive feedback, communication is a vital part of any
manager's role. Alongside communicating your intentions as a manager, remember that active
listening is essential for any communication in the workplace. Show empathy and seek to
understand a problem before fixing it, ensuring you understand the situation fully.

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