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Solutions of linear ordinary differential equations by eigenvector function

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Solutions of linear ordinary differential
equations by eigenvector function
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2112, 020141 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112326
Published Online: 24 June 2019

G. Arul Joseph, and S. Balamuralitharan

AIP Conference Proceedings 2112, 020141 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112326 2112, 020141

© 2019 Author(s).
 Solutions of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations by
Eigenvector Function

G Arul Joseph1,a) and S Balamuralitharan1,b)

1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

a)
aruljoseph.alex@gmail.com
b)
balamurali.maths@gmail.com

Abstract. We discuss to obtain the solutions of the linear ordinary differential equation by using eigen values and eigen vector
functions. Thus, we obtain our results in various aspects like non symmetric with non repeated, non symmetric with repeated,
symmetric with repeated, symmetric with repeated eigenvalues and in the complex forms of eigenvalues. Numerical simulation is
also we discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Eigen vector functions plays an important role to solve linear and non linear ordinary differential equation with
initial and boundary conditions [1]. This function is proved the best method for uniformly convergent expansion
method [2]. In particularly eigen vectors functions are useful in Strum Liouville type of boundary value problems
with eigen parameters and supplementary transmission conditions under some finite number of intervals [3,4]. Some
of the ordinary and partial differential equations is extended to include problems which may have discontinuities in
the solution but such problems using eigen vectors functions with initial and boundary conditions, we may find the
solutions using matlab [5 - 8].

In some weak convergence cases using eigenvalues and eigen vectors functions we can obtain the solution easily
[12]. And some of the non linear ordinary differential equations are difficult to find the solution. For this kind of case
let us consider first convert the non linear ordinary differential equation into linear ordinary differential equations and
finally by using eigenvalues and eigen vectors function, we may find the solution[13]. Here we have discussed the
complex numbers form of the both eigen values and eigen vectors function. This is the forth most method to obtain
the solution for boundary value problems and initial value problems. Globally, the non linear ordinary differential
equations of fourth order is also solvable by eigen vector functions[14].

In particularly in this paper we consider the system of three linear differential equations. Laplace transformation
and Fourier transformation problem in the form of vector matrix differential equation is also solved by eigen values
and eigen vectors functions. Here we are going to discuss the linear ordinary differential equations of the form of non
symmetric with non repeated eigenvalues, non symmetric with repeated eigenvalues, symmetric with non repeated
eigenvalues, symmetric with repeated eigenvalues and complex form of the eigenvalues. Numerical simulation is also
discussed for all the cases to obtain the solution easily.

The 11th National Conference on Mathematical Techniques and Applications

AIP Conf. Proc. 2112, 020141-1–020141-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112326
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1844-8/$30.00

020141-1
 PRELIMINARIES
The method of solving linear differential equation by using eigen values and eigen vectors functions is going to explain
in different cases. Let us consider the following system of ordinary differential equations:

dx1
= ax1 + bx2
dt
dx2
= cx1 + dx2 (1)
dt
Let us consider  
x1
X= , X  = [A(x)] (2)
x2
where  
a b
A=
c d
.
Let x1 = α1 eλt , x2 = α2 eλt is a solution of (1) and X = (α1 , α2 )eλt is a solution of (2).
For non trivial p , we have [A − λI]p = 0. Then we have the following cases are arises to discuss the various types of
eigenvalues.
Case (i) : Real and distinct eigenvalues:
The solution of equation (1) is
X = C1 P1 eλ1 t + C2 P2 eλ2 t (3)
Case (ii) : Imaginary roots:
The solution of equation (1) is

X = C1 [Pr cosλi t − Pi sinλi t]eλr t + C2 [Pi cosλi t + Pr sinλi t]eλr t (4)

Case (iii) : Real and repeated eigenvalues:

The solution of equation (1) is
X = C1 P1 eλt + C2 (tP1 + P2 )eλt (5)

MAIN PROBLEMS

Non symmetric with non repeated eigenvalues

Let us consider the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of non symmetric with non repeated eigenvalues.

dx
= x−z
dt
dy
= x + 2y + 2z
dt
dz
= 2x + 2y + 3z (6)
dt
where the eigenvalues of the system (6) are 1,2,3.
The solution of the system (6) is
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ x(t) ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ c1 et + 2c2 e2t + c3 e3t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ y(t) ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ −c et − c e2t − c e3t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 2 3 ⎟⎠
z(t) −2c2 e2t − 2c3 e3t
with the initial conditions of x(0) = y(0) = z(0) = 1.

020141-2
 Non symmetric with repeated eigenvalues
Let us consider the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of non symmetric with repeated eigenvalues.
dx
= −2x + 2y − 3z
dt
dy
= 2x + y − 6z
dt
dz
= −x − 2y (7)
dt
where the eigenvalues of the system (7) are -3,-3,5.
The solution of the system (7) is
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ x(t) ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ 3c2 e−3t + c3 e5t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜ y(t) ⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜ 3c1 e−3t + 2c3 e5t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
z(t) 2c1 e−3t + c2 e−3t − c3 e5t
with the initial conditions of x(0) = y(0) = z(0) = 1.

Symmetric with non repeated eigenvalues

Let us consider the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of symmetric with non repeated eigenvalues.
dx
= 7x − 2y
dt
dy
= −2x + 6y − 2z
dt
dz
= −2y + 5z (8)
dt
where the eigenvalues of the system (8) are 3,6,9.
The solution of the system (8) is
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ x(t) ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ c1 e3t + 2c2 e6t + 2c3 e9t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜⎜ y(t) ⎟⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜⎜ 2c1 e3t + c2 e6t − 2c3 e9t ⎟⎟⎟
⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
z(t) 2c1 e3t − 2c2 e6t + c3 e9t
with the initial conditions of x(0) = y(0) = z(0) = 1.

Symmetric with repeated eigenvalues

Let us consider the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of symmetric with repeated eigenvalues.
dx
= y+z
dt
dy
= x+z
dt
dz
= x+y (9)
dt
where the eigenvalues of the system (9) are -1,-1,2.
The solution of the system (9) is
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ x(t) ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ c1 e−t + 2c3 e2t ⎟⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎜⎜ y(t) ⎟⎟⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜⎜⎜ c1 e−t + c2 e−t − c3 e2t ⎟⎟⎟
⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
z(t) c1 e−t − c2 e−t − c3 e2t
with the initial conditions of x(0) = y(0) = z(0) = 1.

020141-3
 Complex Form
Let us consider the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of complex.
dx
= x+y
dt
dy
= −4x + y (10)
dt
where the eigenvalues of the system (10) are 1 + 2i, 1 − 2i.
The solution of the system (10) is
   
x(t) c1 ie(1+2i)t − 2c2 ie(1−2i)t
=
y(t) 2c1 e(1+2i)t + 2c2 e(1−2i)t
with the initial conditions of x(0) = y(0) = 1.

Results and Discussion

FIGURE 1. Here numerical simulation is discussed for the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of non symmetric with
non repeated eigenvalues. From the figure we can identified the solution of the non symmetric form with non repeated eigenvalues.

FIGURE 2. Here numerical simulation is discussed for the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of non symmetric with
repeated eigenvalues. From the figure we can identified the solution of the non symmetric form with repeated eigenvalues.

020141-4
FIGURE 3. Here numerical simulation is discussed for the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of symmetric with non
repeated eigenvalues. From the figure we can identified the solution of the symmetric form with non repeated eigenvalues.

FIGURE 4. Here numerical simulation is discussed for the linear ordinary differential equation of the form of symmetric with
repeated eigenvalues. From the figure we can identified the solution of the symmetric form with repeated eigenvalues.

CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discussed the solution of linear differential equation of the form of non symmetric with non repeated
eigenvalues, non symmetric with repeated eigenvalues, symmetric with repeated eigenvalues, symmetric with repeated
eigenvalues and in the complex forms of eigenvalues. Numerical simulation is also discussed to view the solution
easily.

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