Febuary Pig Farmers Training Report

PIG PRODUCTION AND MARKETING UGANDA LIMITED
Mr. Peter LuleMulindwa a veterinary surgeon and farm business development manager at
Pig Production and Marketing Uganda Limited trained participants the economics of pig
farming.
Strategy:
 Pig farmers strategy lies in controlling of the costs such that he can produce a quality
pig at a low cost.
 The farmer's predicament lies in trying to reduce the cost of production
 The biggest variable cost lies with feeding of the pig so one has to look up
alternatives of reducing the feed cost by doing this they will enjoy pig farming
 Define the threshold of production- market.
Summary: Strategy of reducing feed costs.

Growing Vs buying
 Acreage of land
 Availability of land
 Opportunity cost
Pig Farmers Training

Mixing Verses already mixed
Pricing Strategies
Cost plus pricing: - this involves calculating all the costs associated with producing and
marketing of the pig per kg or animal basis and adding a margin to provide profit.
Market- oriented pricing: pricing depends on factors that are external to the pig farm.
th TH
14 15 February 2014
Report
Plot 929 block 92B, kitto Matugga Town Bombo Road. Tel: +256 414 694 465, E-mail: Info@pigfarmers.co.ug
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PIG PRODUCTION AND MARKETING UGANDA LIMITED PIG PRODUCTION AND MARKETING UGANDA LIMITED
Salmonellosis in people
The training was organized by Pig Production and Marketing Uganda, held at North Road  Bacterial disease: Salmonella
Governor Villas hotel in Matugga ,Bombo Road.  More than 2,000 strains, it is everywhere, some strains causesickness in people
Objectives:  acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea andsometimes vomiting;
The two days training had two main objectives; sickness starts 6 - 72 hours (usually 12-36hours) after ingestion, and illness lasts 2-7
1. To train pig farmers modern methods of pig farming, to enable them transform from days
subsistence to profitable commercial farming systems.  In otherwise healthy people no treatment necessary butchildren and elderly must
2. To enable interactions between pig farmers and other value chain actors including be re-hydrated or they could die
researchers/ experts, traders, bankers and input suppliers to facilitate uniform
 Can be transmitted through consumption of eggs, meat,poultry and milk), green
information flow along the pig value chain.
vegetables contaminated by manure,or from sick people; 20% attributed to pork
Facilitators:
consumption
1. Dr. Danilo Pezo (International Livestock Research Institute Uganda.)
2. Dr. Naluyima Emma (Animal care center Entebbe Uganda)
3. Ms. Kristina Rosel(International Livestock Research Institute Uganda)
4. Dr. Mayega Lawrence(District Veterinary Officer Masaka Uganda)
5. Mr. Robert Serwanga(Mutiima Best Quality Feeds Uganda)
6. Mr. Kungu Joseph(National Agriculture Research Organization/ILRI)
7. Mr. Peter LuleMulindwa(Pig Production & Marketing (U) Ltd/ILRI)
8. Mr. Peter Senkungu(Novus International Uganda).
9. Mr. Jimmy Kiconco Bwana (Centenary Rural Development Bank)
Training Overview
Over the past three decades pig production has become increasingly important in
Uganda. Research from International Livestock Research Institute indicates population
rose from 0.19 to 3.5 million pigs.
In 2011, Uganda had the highest per capita consumption of pork meat in Sub-Saharan
Africa (3.4 kg/person/year) - FAO. The 2008 national animal census indicates, Uganda has
more than 1.1 million families raising pigs, though mostly as a backyard activity in
smallholder households in semi-urban and rural areas.
Pig farming is greatly becoming important to all classes of people in Uganda, to the poor it is
Dr. Lawrence Mayega is a pig farmer and the district veterinary officer forMasaka, he
a means of their livelihood because they help to generate income to cater for family needs
trained farmers' pig housing and record keeping. A more than 40 page manual of his
including school fees, buying clothing, food etc. The middle class view pig farming as means
presentation is available at Pig Production and Marketing Uganda Limited office in
to supplement their income and the rich to save and multiply income.
Matugga.
Plot 929 block 92B, kitto Matugga Town Bombo Road. Tel: +256 414 694 465, E-mail: Info@pigfarmers.co.ug Plot 929 block 92B, kitto Matugga Town Bombo Road. Tel: +256 414 694 465, E-mail: Info@pigfarmers.co.ug
2 25
Environmental contamination and cross-contamination of fruits and raw vegetables! Several problems due to lack of such trainings have been identified, in animal health the frequent breakouts
Trypanosoma spp. of African Swine Fever (ASF) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) both result in significant
 Pigs can die suddenly or animal losses.
 Don't show any signs Parasitic diseases also affect the economy of pig farming. Inbreeding affects the productive
 Pigs can be carriers of human sleeping sickness and reproductive performance of pigs. Poor housing infrastructure affects animal welfare
Brucellosis in people and hygiene, does not allow the efficient collection and use of manure, the lack of market
 Bacterial disease: Brucella and market information. All these are preventable if farmers are equipped with relevant
 Eating undercooked meat information required.
 Consuming unpasteurized/ raw milk or dairy The interaction between pig farmers and other value chain actors has been limited causing
 Breathing in the bacteria farmers to sale to exploitative markets, buying counterfeit inputs, limited access to
 Skin wounds (vets, slaughter staff, meat handlers,hunters) finances, extension services etc. We deeply believe that for pig farming to be profitable
 Symptoms: recurrent fever and joint pain (often falselyconfused with malaria!), enough there must be a very pronounced interaction amongst all value chain actors.
abortions.
Brucellosis in pigs The training was opened by the leader of the Smallholder Pig Value Chain Development in
Uganda, Dr.Danilo Pezo. The project is under International Livestock Research Institute
and implemented alongside various stakeholders including Pig Production and Marketing
Uganda Limited.
Dr. Daniloexplained to the participants what International Livestock Research Institute is
and its role in developing the pig value in Uganda. He noted, over 600 million of the world's
poor depend on livestock and about 95% of these live in extreme poverty. Pig production is
a rapidly growing sector in Uganda; this is confirmed by the increase of pig population from
0.19 to 3.2 million over the last three decades (UBOS 2009; FAO 2011) and per-capita
consumption of 3.4Kg/person/year.
Pig production in Uganda is a large sub informal sector;
 With over 1.1 Million households keeping pigs
 Transmitted between pigs through contact/copulation  Backyard pig production mostly managed by women and children
 In boars often inflammation of one testicle  Tethering and scavenging are common
 Lameness, sometimes paralysis  In few districts, peri urban Small scale Semi intensive systems can be found
 Infertility, abortion at any stage of gestation, birth of dead or weak piglets  With uncoordinated trade and transport
 Related to Brucella in cattle, sheep and goats; can grow on cows udder and  Mostly unsupervised slaughter, no meat inspection in the local markets, road- side
contaminate milk butchers

 Mushrooming pork joints
 Management: culling; vaccination not common in pigs
 Few medium scale piggeries
 In Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli districts it occurs very rarely
 Mostly feeding compounded feeds
24 3
Parasitic disease; >60% infected worldwide but no signs of sickness

 Only one urban slaughter house
At risk are:
 Few Processors, only Fresh cuts Uganda and Farmers Choice Kenya selling to
 People with HIV or other chronic conditions
supermarkets, hotels and restaurants.
 Pregnant women and their unborn children*
 The infection can be re-activated if a person was infected while healthy but is
Constraints faced by pig farmers in Uganda (ILRI/Dr.Danilo Pezo).
immuno-compromised at a later time
 Eye pain, tearing of the eyes, sensitivity to light, blurred vision can lead to blindness
AT FARM LEVEL:
Fever, confusion, headache, seizures, nausea, and poor coordination because of brain
I. Nutrition and feeds (poor quality feeds and seasonal)
infection
II. Swine health (ASF, tryps, Lice, Mange, helminthes, etc)
III. Genetics and Breeding strategies (inbreeding)
IV. Husbandry and management (deficient corrals, if available) Managing Taxoplasmosis
V. Information and services (Poor access) Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Sulph, Trim) but not
VI. Organizational strategies (Limited, so difficult to achieve economies of scale) feasible.
Better to observe good management practices:
AT MARKET LEVEL: Confinement
I. Lack of organizational strategies Keep cats out of the piggery and the feed store
II. Poor road infrastructure Rodent control
III. Limited market information, standards (e.g animal not weighed) Cook your meat thoroughly
IV. Poor slaughter technologies and infrastructure (by product loses, and risk for
disseminating disease)
V. Minimal attention to disease control and public health concers (ASF, cystcercosis,
helminthes, etc)
VI. Under developed processing sector.
Statistical data (ILRI/Dr. Danilo Pezo)
4 23
Challenges: Statistical data (ILRI/Dr. Danilo Pezo)

 Larvae in meat not visible with bear eyes, Pigs not sick, Symptoms in people flu-
or malaria-like.
 Trichinellosis not commonly known in Uganda, so doctors may not think of it.
Managing Trichinellosis
Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Albendazole) but not
feasible
Confinement (no interaction with wildlife)
Don't allow your pigs to eat meat scraps, lizards, snakes, birds and rodents
Cook your meat thoroughly
Toxoplasmosis in people
22 5
Trichinellosis in people
 Parasitic disease
 2 days after the ingestion: Nausea, Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain
 2-8 weeks after the infection: flu-like symptoms muscle pain, fever, swelling of
the face (particular the eyes), weakness/fatigue, headache, chills, itching, cough,
diarrhoea, constipation
 Normally, recovery after few months but sometimes breathing and heart
problems until death.
Trichinellosis
6 21
Bacteria Viral Parasitic

Bacillus anthracis Adenoviridae Alariaalata
Bacillus cereus Astrovirus Ancylostomaduodenale
Brucellasuis Ebolavirus Balantidium coli
Burkholderiapseudomallei Enterovirus Cryptosporidium spp.
Campylobacter spp. Hepatitis E Taeniasolium
Clostridium botulinum Hepatitis A Entamoebapolecki
Clostridium perfringens Influenza virus Fasciola hepatica
Listeria monocytogenes Norovirus Giardia intestinalis
Mycobacterium spp. Rabies Linguatulaserrata
Salmonella spp. Rotavirus Sarcocystissuihominis
Toxigenic E. coli Toxoplasma gondii
Staphylococcus aureus Trichinellaspiralis
Yersinia spp.
Cysticercosis:
Managing cysticercosis on farm

Detection in live pigs is very difficult; treatment possible in theory (Oxfendazole) but not
feasible
 Use toilets
 Wash your hands with soap after the toilet, before eating and after touching the soil
 If you think you have a worm infection, go and see a doctor who can easily treat
worm infection (praziquantel)
 Observe good biosecurity for your pigs (confinement, limited outside visitors)
 Cook pork thoroughly, boil drinking water
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Pig zoonoses in Uganda.
8 19
Many are transmitted by food:At least 2 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide per year (up Mr. Robert Serwanga the CEO of Mutiima best quality feeds represented pig feed traders.
to 90% attributed to food). 1.5 million Children under 5 die because of diarrheal diseases He explained the relevance of commercial feeds in pig farming. The changing climatic
(80% in South Asia and Africa). In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of the food from animals is conditions make feed prices unstable. Farmers working together in farmer groups or
marketed informally. Animal source foods are single most important source of foodborne cooperatives can always enjoy low feed prices even in times of scarcity.
disease. Dr. Emma Naluyima, a veterinary surgeon working with Animal Care Center Entebbe and pig
“I am just a farmer why care about zones” farmer trained participants pig feeding, farm management and integration of pig farming
Note: 1. “Majority of pork in Kampala contaminated” - with what?“Increasingly risky for with crop production.
human consumption”- consequences?“Loyal pork consumers face running mad”- per She emphasized hydroponic fodder farming as the best way to cut feed costs and unlocking
se?Daily Monitor, 6 June 2012. potential of grains.
Note: 2. “ALL pork supplied in Kampala for human consumption is contaminated”- Hydroponic farming refers to growing of crops with soilless media. The fodder can be fed to
defamation, severely damaging sector's reputation. “Threatening to close all pork joints all animals (Pigs, Dairy and beef cattle, goats, sheep etc.), the best grain to grow
around the city”- risk of unemployment. - Red Pepper, 13 June 2012. hydroponically is barley. It can grow in 6 days and farmer can expect 6 8 Kg of fodder for
Why care? It is because you are part of the system! every kilogram of barley.
From her experience, hydroponic fodder has a number of advantages; requires less land,
pig food produced in a short period of time, reduced feed costs, increased animal
performance, highly palatable, digestible and nutritious, improves general fertility and
conception rate, improves general animal health, increase new born survival rate, has alkalizing
effect on the body (Shipard, 2005), beneficial to weaner aiding in stressful transition from sow milk to solid
food, pork is high quality (taste and flavor) and purely organic.
Pork consumption in Kampala.

Naluyima's pigs feeding on hydroponic fodder, photo credit; Emma Naluyima
18 9
energy intake by feeding 5-6 lb. /day.

 If possible, relocate to the outside. Relocation seems to be the most important
component of "transport phenomenon," and relocation within the confinement is
less effective vs. moving to the outside.
 Hormones e.g. PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin - similar to FSH) and
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - similar to LH) to induce estrus in gilts that
have not cycled.
 Allow a fence-line contact/supervised direct mingling with a sexually active, mature
boar for 15-30 min/day.
Heat Detection;
 Check gilts for estrus with the main criterionbeing a standing reaction to the
pressure applied to the back with the presence of a boar.
Novus International is a livestock feed supplement manufacturing company, it was
represented by Mr. Peter Ssenkungu who explained the importance of the products to pig
farmers in Uganda. He noted the products can help farmers reduce their expenditure on
Naluyima feeding her pigs on hydroponic fodder, photo credit: Dr. Emma Naluyima
animal feeds and increasing health of their herds.
Statistical data (Hydroponic fodder).
Ms. Kristina Rosel work with International Livestock research Institute, she is the leader of
Safe food Fair Food project in Uganda. This is part of the two research projects by
International Livestock Research Institute. She trained participant food safety issues
related to pork consumption (Zoonoses) and how to prevent/manage them.
7 billion world population: 55 million die each year: 18 million from infections: 60% shared
with animals: 1.2 Million from road traffic accident: 170,000 from fatal agricultural
accidents: 20,000 from extreme weather conditions.
Zoonoses: diseases that can be transmitted between animals and people and vice versa.
Transmitted by contact:
Worms: Very common, Whipworm, roundworm. Cause enormous economic losses,
stunted growth and malnutrition in piglets but also in children. Prevention - Good
management: regular de-worming (albendazole/ivermectin) and biosecurity.
Diamond skin disease:Reported by farmers in Kamuli, bacterial disease
(Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae). In pigs from 3 months to 1 year, 3 forms of the disease: 1:
sudden death without any signs. 2: diamond skin, fever, abort. 3: fever, joint pain, heart
failure. In people (mostly butchers, vets, pork handlers): like form 3 starting with painful
skin infection, easy treatment with Penicillin.
10 17
sexual behavior (& possibly semen too).

In the confinement system, a boar should be housed individually, and provide 35 to 50
ft2/pen or use 28 in. x 7 ft. stalls.
In non-confinement system, should have 20 ft2 of shelter and dry sleeping area.
Better to house boars individually, but if not possible then:
a) Boars must be reared together, and
b) Should provide 20-24" of feed space/boar, and one waterer/3 boars.
Young boars must be carefully supervised to identify possible problems and to make sure
that they will not injure themselves when serving a sow for the first time.
Important considerations:
 The boar must be at least 8 months old.
 The boar and the sow should preferably be about the same size.
 The boar should work (serve the sow) in his own pen or in a pen that is familiar to
him.
 The floor of the pen must not be slippery and all obstructions removed.
 A small sow and not gilt should be used to train the boar.
Replacement gilt;
 At birth - Ear notch at least twice as many gilts as will be needed, Integrating pig farming with crop production
 Keep records preferably selecting from a large litter. She notes: Pig farming can help us realize the dream of food security, utilizing the dung and
 At weaning - Remove gilts from a list if their sows did not milk well. urine from the pig unit one can be able to grow food both on subsistence and commercial
 Finishing phase - Make a final selection at 4-5months based on growth rate, back productions. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic
fat, mammary & skeletal systems and vulva development. access to enough, safe and nutritious food to serve their dietary requirements and food
Gilts at early puberty; preference for an active and health lifestyle.
 Most gilts reach puberty 1st estrus and ovulation) at 6-8 month of age.
 Gilts should express one or more estrous cycles before the breeding age (7-9m)
because may be able to increase 2 pigs/litter by breeding at 2nd estrus vs. 1st
estrus!
 Poor management (feeding, housing, extreme weather) of gilts delays expression of
the 1st estrus.
Collected pig manure at
Inducing estrus;
Naluyima's farm, photocredit:
 Stimulation should proceed the breeding period by 3 to 4 week.
Emma Naluyima.
Regrouping and relocation:
 Gilts should weigh. 200 to 230 lb. (5-5½ to 6 month of age), and start restricting
16 11
however, control of the soft tick vectors is important in preventing the disease.
It is Meat from warthogs or infected animals not to be fed to susceptible pigs.
All successful eradication programs have involved the rapid diagnosis, slaughter
and disposal of all animals on infected premises, thorough cleaning and
disinfection, movement controls and surveillance.
Successful pig production is highly dependent on the efficient disease control. Farmers
should aim at preventing diseases and parasites rather than treating after they occur.
“Prevention is better than cure”.
Pig breeds and breeding;

The successful pig farmers always use good breeding animals. Piglets produced must grow
Naluyima at her farm fast and produce quality carcasses with a high percentage of meat and a small quantity of
in Entebbe, photo fat.
credit: Emma Therefore, when buying breeding animals, make sure the pigs come from a farm known to
Naluyima have pigs of good quality and where the management and standard of hygiene are
excellent. When buying pigs for the first time, it is advisable to take someone along who has
the necessary knowledge and experience.
Mr. Jimmy Kiconco Bwana from Centenary Rural Development Bank represented the
Buy from a farmer of repute who keeps good records so that the performance of the pig
financing sector. He noted: Centenary bank has affordable interest loans targeting pig
and its parents are known. For the first time, make sure that come from a breeder with
farmers. He advised farmers to visit nearby centenary bank branches for more information.
good pigs and who keeps accurate records.
Mr. Kungu Joseph a veterinary epidemiologist with National Livestock Research Institute
When at a later stage you want to select your own gilts for breeding, it is important to apply
(NaLIRI) and a research fellow with International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) trained
strict selection measures and to keep accurate records of growth and feed conversion.
farmers Pig health and pig breeding. He noted pigs are the only litter bearing animal among
If you do not have a record system, it will be advisable to buy replacement animals. Consult
meat producing livestock with a shortest generation interval and high feed conversion
an adviser, if necessary.
efficiency.
Consider buying a strong boar in a good body condition (including sound feet and legs)
from a reliable seed stock producer (. . . known genetics and herd health) -
Why the poor returns in pig farming: Selection should be based on the performance record rather than putting emphasis on
 The prerequisite for high economic returns is raising a healthy pig herd. how they look.
 Unfortunately, today's pig farmer does it as a by the way; keeps the pig under very Purchase boars (5.5 to 6 month old) at least 60 days before being used - Should not use
unhygienic environment, a fertile ground for diseases. boars before they are 7.5 to 8 mo. Old.
 Economic losses due to diseases arise as mortality and reduced growth rate.
Selection of a breeding boar;
Isolation - Isolate all new boars at a minimum of 28 days for treatment for parasites,
vaccinations, acquisition of immunity for microorganisms on the farm, and evaluation of
12 15
average.
Recent studies (Pezo et al,2013) indicate that;
 ASF is caused by a DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family.
 African Swine Fever (ASF) 47.5.
 ASF is a notifiable disease. In case of suspected outbreak report to authorities
 Worms 8.3; large intestinal roundworms, nodular worms, whip-worms, red
immediately.
stomach worms.
 The warthog can serve as a natural reservoir of the virus without sign of disease.
 Diarrhea 4.2, due to indigestion, GIT parasites, worms, sign of systemic infection.
Spread from this reservoir is via the soft tick Ornithodorosmoubata.
 Malnutrition 3.2,
 The tick will ingest the virus when taking a blood meal and then pass it on to pigs.
 Ectoparasites; Mange 2.8, Lice 0.3,
 The virus occurs in all body fluids and tissuesof infected domestic pigs.
 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) 0.1.
Pigs usually become infected by:

 Direct contact with infected pigs or ingestion of garbage containing unprocessed
Identifying sick pigs;
infected pig meat or pig meat products. All processing procedures do not  Not active
inactivate the ASF virus.  Off food and water.
 Biting flies and ticks, contaminated premises, vehicles, equipment or clothing can  Restless
also spread the virus to susceptible animals.  Recumbent all time
 Isolates itself from the herd
Severe cases of the disease are characterized by:

 High fever and death in 2-10 days. Keeping a disease free herd;
 Mortality rate as high as 100%  Clean disinfected surroundings.
.  Clean water and feed troughs.

 Clean water and feed.
Other clinical signs include;
 Prevent dampness, exposure to extreme cold or heat.
 Loss of appetite, depression, redness of the skin of the ears, abdomen, and legs,
 Avoid overcrowding.
respiratory distress, vomiting, bleeding from the nose or rectum and sometimes
diarrhea. Abortion may be the first event seen in an outbreak.  Isolate and treat of ailing animals. Regular deworming of pigs. Always consult your
Vet.
Chronic disease symptoms include;

 Loss of weight, intermittent fever, respiratory signs, chronic skin ulcers and African Swine Fever Menace (ASF)
arthritis.  Today's most devastating pig disease causing upto 100% death during an
 Combine clinical signs and Laboratory diagnostic tools i.e. PCR, ELISA. outbreak and occurs countrywide.
 There is no published treatment or vaccine for ASF.  A highly contagious hemorrhagic disease of pigs, warthogs, wild pigs. All age
 Biosecurity measures are the key strategies for keeping ASF off your farm. groups are equally susceptible.
In endemic areas, it is difficult to eliminate the natural reservoir in warthogs;  With high virulence forms of the virus, ASF is characterized by high fever, loss of
appetite, haemorrhages in the skin and internal organs, and death in 2-10 days on
14 13

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PIG PRODUCTION AND MARKETING UGANDA LIMITED

Summary: Strategy of reducing feed costs.

Pig Farmers Training

contaminate milk butchers

Parasitic disease; >60% infected worldwide but no signs of sickness

Challenges: Statistical data (ILRI/Dr. Danilo Pezo)

Bacteria Viral Parasitic

Managing cysticercosis on farm

Pig zoonoses in Uganda.

Pork consumption in Kampala.

energy intake by feeding 5-6 lb. /day.

sexual behavior (& possibly semen too).

Pig breeds and breeding;

Pigs usually become infected by:

Severe cases of the disease are characterized by:

.  Clean water and feed troughs.

Chronic disease symptoms include;

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