PROJECT ON

“jurisprudence”

Topic

Social justice
SUBMITTED TO -

PROF. NEHARIKA GAYAKWAD

SUBMITTED BY – DHANANJAY WAGHMARE

ID NO. – 92

[LLB II Year – 2023- 24]

DATE OF SUBMISSION 18/04/2023

KLE COLLEGE OF LAW,

NAVI MUMBAI
 KLE SOCIETY’S KLE COLLEGE OF LAW, NAVI MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Research Project submitted by Name Dhananjay

Mohanrao Waghmare, CLASS – SY.LLB, Roll No - 92 Titled “Social
justice” is a record of research work done by him/her during the academic
year 2022-2023 under my supervision.

Place: Kalamboli, Navi Mumbai

Date: 18th April, 2024

Prof. Neharika Gayakwad

Assistant Professor

Prof. Dinkar Gitte

Principal, KLE College of Law

Kalamboli, NaviMumbai
 INDEX

1] Introduction

2] Social Justice facts

3] Social Progress

4] Human Development

5] Gender Inequality

6] Global Gender Gap

7] Rule of Law

8] Conclusion
 Introduction

Social justice is a fundamental principle that revolves around the fair and
equitable distribution of rights, opportunities, and resources among all members
of society, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances. At its
core, it seeks to address and rectify systemic injustices and inequalities that
exist within social, economic, political, and cultural structures.
The concept of social justice emphasizes the need to confront and dismantle
various forms of discrimination, oppression, and marginalization that certain
groups face based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation,
socioeconomic status, disability, and more. It calls for the recognition of
inherent human dignity and the protection of basic human rights for all
individuals.
Social justice advocates strive to create a society where everyone has equal
access to opportunities, resources, and privileges, and where disparities and
barriers are actively addressed and eliminated. This may involve advocating for
policy changes, engaging in community organizing and activism, promoting
education and awareness, and fostering dialogue and understanding among
diverse groups.
 Social Justice facts

Certainly, here are some facts and statistics related to social justice:

1. Income Inequality: The gap between the wealthiest individuals and the
rest of the population continues to widen. According to Oxfam, the
world's richest 1% have more than twice as much wealth as 6.9 billion
people combined.

2. Racial Disparities: In many countries, racial and ethnic minorities face

systemic discrimination in areas such as employment, education, housing,
and criminal justice. For example, in the United States, Black Americans
are incarcerated at more than five times the rate of white Americans,
according to the NAACP.

3. Gender Wage Gap: Despite progress in recent decades, women continue

to earn less than men for the same work across the globe. The World
Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2020 estimated that it
would take 257 years to close the economic gender gap worldwide at the
current rate of progress.

4. Access to Education: Millions of children around the world lack access

to quality education due to factors such as poverty, conflict, and
discrimination. According to UNESCO, approximately 258 million
children and youth were out of school in 2018.

5. Climate Justice: Marginalized communities, particularly those in

developing countries and low-income areas, disproportionately bear the
brunt of environmental degradation and climate change impacts, despite
contributing the least to the problem.

6. Health Disparities: Access to healthcare services and health outcomes

are often determined by socioeconomic status, race, and other social
 factors. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted significant
disparities in infection rates, access to testing, and vaccine distribution
among different communities.

7. LGBTQ+ Rights: LGBTQ+ individuals face discrimination, violence,

and legal barriers in many parts of the world. According to the Human
Rights Campaign, as of 2020, only 29 countries legally recognize same-
sex marriage.

8. Disability Rights: People with disabilities often encounter barriers to

participation in society, including lack of accessibility, stigma, and
discrimination. The World Health Organization estimates that
approximately 15% of the world's population lives with some form of
disability.

These facts underscore the ongoing challenges and inequalities that exist within
societies worldwide, highlighting the importance of social justice advocacy and
action to address them.
 Social Progress

The Social Progress Index (SPI) is a comprehensive framework developed by

the Social Progress Imperative to assess the social and environmental
performance of countries around the world. Unlike traditional economic
measures like GDP, which focus solely on economic output, the SPI evaluates a
country's performance across multiple dimensions of social progress, including
basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity.

The SPI is based on the principle that social progress should be evaluated not
only based on economic indicators but also on factors that contribute to the
overall wellbeing and quality of life of citizens. It considers various aspects of
social and environmental performance, such as access to clean water and
sanitation, nutrition and basic medical care, access to education and
information, personal safety, and environmental quality.

The Social Progress Index consists of multiple indicators organized into three
main dimensions:

1. Basic Human Needs: This dimension measures the extent to which a

country satisfies the most basic human requirements, including access to
clean water and sanitation, nutrition, basic medical care, and shelter.

2. Foundations of Wellbeing: This dimension assesses the foundations that

enable individuals and communities to enhance their quality of life, such
as access to basic knowledge, access to information and communication,
health and wellness, and environmental quality.

3. Opportunity: This dimension evaluates the opportunities available to

individuals to improve their lives and contribute to the wellbeing of their
communities. It includes indicators related to personal rights, personal
freedom and choice, tolerance and inclusion, access to advanced
education, and access to advanced information and communication.
The SPI provides a holistic view of social progress and allows for comparisons
between countries based on their overall performance across these dimensions.
It serves as a valuable tool for policymakers, researchers, and civil society
organizations to identify areas for improvement and track progress towards
achieving social and environmental goals.
 Human Development

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool developed by the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure and compare the
average achievements in key dimensions of human development across
different countries. It provides a composite index based on three basic
dimensions of human development:

1. Health: This dimension is measured by life expectancy at birth, which

reflects the overall health and longevity of a country's population. Higher
life expectancy indicates better health outcomes and is considered a
fundamental aspect of human development.

2. Education: The education dimension comprises two indicators: mean

years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected years of
schooling for children entering school. Mean years of schooling reflects
the average level of education attained by the adult population, while
expected years of schooling represents the anticipated number of years of
education a child is expected to receive.

3. Standard of Living: This dimension is measured by Gross National

Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).
GNI per capita serves as a proxy for the overall standard of living in a
country, reflecting the average income level of its citizens and their
ability to access goods and services.

The HDI combines these three dimensions into a single composite index, which
provides a summary measure of a country's overall level of human
development. Countries are ranked based on their HDI scores, with higher
scores indicating higher levels of human development.

The HDI is widely used as a comparative tool to assess and track progress in
human development over time, both within countries and across regions. It
helps policymakers, researchers, and development practitioners identify areas of
strengths and weaknesses, prioritize interventions, and monitor the effectiveness
of development policies and programs.

While the HDI provides a useful snapshot of human development, it has also
been criticized for its simplicity and for not capturing the full complexity of
development outcomes, including inequalities within countries. To address
some of these limitations, the UNDP has developed complementary indices
such as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and the
Gender Inequality Index (GII), which provide a more nuanced understanding of
human development by accounting for disparities in health, education, and
income.
 Gender Inequality

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite measure developed by the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess gender disparities
in various aspects of human development within countries. It aims to capture
inequalities in three key dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and
economic activity.

The GII incorporates the following indicators:

1. Reproductive Health: This dimension is measured by maternal mortality

ratio and adolescent birth rates. High maternal mortality ratio and
adolescent birth rates are indicative of inadequate access to reproductive
health services and contribute to gender disparities in health outcomes.

2. Empowerment: This dimension includes two indicators: the share of

parliamentary seats held by each sex and the proportion of adult women
and men aged 25 and older with at least some secondary education. These
indicators reflect women's political participation and access to education,
both of which are crucial for achieving gender equality and
empowerment.

3. Economic Activity: This dimension is represented by the labor force

participation rate for women and men aged 15 and older. Gender gaps in
labor force participation rates highlight disparities in economic
opportunities and access to employment.

The GII combines these indicators into a single index, providing a summary
measure of gender inequality within a country. Countries are ranked based on
their GII scores, with higher scores indicating higher levels of gender
inequality.
The GII serves as a valuable tool for policymakers, researchers, and
development practitioners to identify areas where gender disparities are most
pronounced and to prioritize interventions aimed at promoting gender equality
and women's empowerment. It helps to highlight the multifaceted nature of
gender inequality and the importance of addressing it across various dimensions
of human development.

By tracking progress in reducing gender disparities over time, the GII

contributes to efforts to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all
women and girls, as outlined in the United Nations' Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).
 Global Gender Gap

The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) is an annual report published by the
World Economic Forum (WEF) that measures gender disparities in various
countries around the world. The index assesses the relative gaps between
women and men in four key areas:

1. Economic Participation and Opportunity: This dimension evaluates

gender gaps in workforce participation, wage equality for similar work,
and the ratio of women to men among professionals and technical
workers.

2. Educational Attainment: The GGGI examines gender disparities in

access to and attainment of education, including literacy rates, enrollment
in primary, secondary, and tertiary education, and gender parity in
educational attainment.

3. Health and Survival: This dimension assesses gender gaps in health

outcomes, including life expectancy and sex ratio at birth. It also
considers access to healthcare services and health-related information.

4. Political Empowerment: The GGGI measures gender gaps in political

representation and leadership, including the ratio of women to men in
parliamentary and ministerial positions and the number of years with a
female head of state or government.

The GGGI calculates scores for each country based on these four dimensions,
with higher scores indicating smaller gender gaps and greater gender equality.
Countries are ranked based on their GGGI scores, allowing for comparisons of
gender disparities across different regions and income groups.

The GGGI serves as a valuable tool for policymakers, business leaders, and
civil society organizations to identify areas where gender disparities are most
pronounced and to track progress in closing these gaps over time. It provides
insights into the state of gender equality globally and highlights areas where
additional efforts and interventions are needed to promote gender parity and
women's empowerment.

By raising awareness of gender disparities and advocating for gender-inclusive

policies and practices, the GGGI contributes to the broader goal of achieving
gender equality as outlined in international frameworks such as the United
Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
 Rule of Law

The Rule of Law Index is an annual report published by the World Justice
Project (WJP) that provides a comprehensive assessment of the rule of law in
countries around the world. The index measures the extent to which countries
adhere to the rule of law principles, including factors such as accountability,
transparency, access to justice, and respect for fundamental rights.

The Rule of Law Index evaluates countries based on eight primary factors,
which are further broken down into 44 indicators:

1. Constraints on Government Powers: This factor assesses the extent to

which government powers are effectively limited by checks and balances,
including the separation of powers, judicial independence, and the
presence of an effective system of checks and balances.

2. Absence of Corruption: This factor measures the prevalence of

corruption within government institutions, the extent of bribery and
corruption in the public sector, and the effectiveness of anti-corruption
measures and enforcement.

3. Open Government: The index evaluates the extent to which government

operations are transparent and accessible to the public, including access
to information laws, government data availability, and the effectiveness
of civic participation mechanisms.

4. Fundamental Rights: This factor assesses the protection of fundamental

rights and civil liberties, including freedom of speech and assembly,
freedom from discrimination, and the protection of due process and the
rule of law.

5. Order and Security: The index measures the extent to which individuals
are protected from violence, crime, and human rights abuses, including
 factors such as levels of violent crime, perceptions of safety, and respect
for human rights by security forces.

6. Regulatory Enforcement: This factor evaluates the effectiveness of

regulatory enforcement and compliance mechanisms, including the
efficiency of the legal system, the impartiality of regulatory enforcement,
and the effectiveness of administrative procedures.

7. Civil Justice: The index assesses the accessibility, impartiality, and

effectiveness of civil justice systems, including factors such as access to
legal aid, efficiency of court proceedings, and enforcement of judgments.

8. Criminal Justice: This factor evaluates the fairness, efficiency, and

effectiveness of criminal justice systems, including factors such as due
process rights, pretrial detention, and the independence of the judiciary in
criminal cases.

The Rule of Law Index provides scores and rankings for each country based on
these factors, allowing for comparisons of rule of law performance across
different countries and regions. It serves as a valuable tool for policymakers,
researchers, and civil society organizations to identify strengths and weaknesses
in legal and governance systems, and to advocate for reforms that promote the
rule of law and protect fundamental rights and freedoms.
 Conclusion

In conclusion, social justice is a fundamental principle that advocates for

fairness, equity, and equality in society. It encompasses the belief that all
individuals deserve equal rights, opportunities, and treatment, regardless of
factors such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.
Social justice seeks to address and rectify systemic injustices and inequalities
that exist within social, economic, political, and cultural structures.

Throughout history, various movements and initiatives have been dedicated to

advancing social justice and promoting the rights and dignity of marginalized
communities. From civil rights and feminist movements to LGBTQ+ rights and
environmental justice advocacy, efforts to promote social justice have played a
crucial role in challenging discrimination, oppression, and privilege and
promoting inclusive and equitable societies.