■Briefly Stated

A Strengths Perspective for diagnosis was born—an art far more

complicated than Richmond's logical
Work Practice steps to assessment. In keeping with the
scientific belief that a cause must be
Ann Weick, Charles Rapp, W. Patrick Sullivan, found before a result could be achieved,
and Walter Kisthardt
attention was paid to all individual
behaviors that signified a diagnostic
Dichotomies pervade human life. In try- drunkenness, intemperance,category. Once a diagnosis was
ignorance,
ing to cope with complex realities, and lack of moral will (Axinn & Levin,
established, treatment could proceed. In
human societies have created stark divi- 1975, pp. 89-94). Change thiswas to come
process, every category of clinical
diagnosis
sions between the good and the bad, the about not through provision focuses on a human lack or
of monetary
safe and the unsafe, the friend and the assistance but throughweakness,
persuasion and from the relatively
ranging
enemy. It is a curious fact that greater at- friendly influence. The emphasis
benign on
to the severe.
tention invariably is paid to the negative human failing as the cause of difficulties
poles of the dichotomy: to the bad, the established a conceptual thread whose
Current Directions
unsafe, the enemy. This pull toward the strands are found in practice today,
negative aspects of life has given a The focus on moral frailty went
The profession has not been oblivious
peculiar shape to human endeavors and through an evolution that
toboth softened of recognizing individ
the importance
has, in the case of social work and other and disguised its presence. Soon after thein practice encounters. In
ual strengths
helping professions, created a profound turn of the century, social workers
deed, in 1958,
beganthe Commission on Social
tilt toward the pathological. Because of calling for a more professional approach
Work Practice included as a main objec
the subtle ways in which this bias is ex- to the work of helpingtive
people (Lerby,
of the field to ' 'seek out, identify, and
pressed, its contours and consequences 1978, p. 181). The adoption of the the
strengthen em maximum potential in in
must be examined to set the stage for a pirical method used individuals,
the natural groups and communities"
different perspective. The strengths sciences was the stimulus(Bartlett,
for the social
1958, p. 6). Current writers,
such as Hepworth
perspective is an alternative to a preoc- sciences and for the emerging profes and Larsen (1986),
cupation with negative aspects of sions to define themselves not as crafts
Shulman or and Germain and Gitter
(1979),
peoples and society and a more apt ex- philanthropic efforts but manas organized,
(1980), have given attention to the
pression of some of the deepest values of disciplined sciences (Lerby,danger 1978, of
p. 348).
focusing narrowly on individual
social work. Mary Richmond was one of the earliest pathology while ignoring strengths.
proponents of using a logical, evidence However, a subtle and elusive focus on
based method for helping (Goldstein,individual or environmental deficits and
Tracing the Roots
1943, p. 29). Through her and others' efpersonal or social problems remains in
recent
Social work is not unique in its focus on forts, increasing attention was paid to frameworks. The "ecological
the pathological. Throughout history, definingtheproblemsinpeople'slivesso perspective" of social work practice, a
cultures have been preoccupied with that a rational, rather than a moralistic,
model developed by Germain and Gitter
naming and conquering outsiders and strategy of intervention could be pursued,
man (1980), illustrates this point.
waging battles against the enemy in The development of this formulation Germain and Gitterman (1980) built on
people's souls. Judeo-Christian heritage of professional practice was intersected
the social work tradition of focusing on
has given rise to a clear sense of human in the 1930s by increasing interest in interface between person and envi
the
frailty through its concept of sin and has psychoanalytic theory as the theoretical
ronment, introduced ecological concepts
used that concept to limit or punish those structure for defining individuals ' prob
such as adaptation, and suggested that
thought to transgress moral norms. lems (Smalley, 1967, pp. ix-x). But the attention should be focused on the trans
Social work's origins are in the concept cost of this affiliation with psychoanalytic
actions that occur between people and
of moral deficiency. The Age of Enlight- theory and its derivatives was antheir ever environments. They contended that
enment created the philosophical back- more sophisticated connection with it is in these complex transactions be
drop against which to consider in a new human weakness as the critical variable
tween a person and the environment that
way the plight of the less fortunate; but, in understanding human problems, "upsets in the usual adaptive balance or
given the economic environment in the These weaknesses became reified goodness-of-fit often emerge" (Germain
late 1800s and the religious convictions with the language of pathology. A com& Gitterman, p. 7). These "upsets,"
of those in the Charity Organization plicated clinical nomenclature grew up asfrom their point of view, often are the re
Society, the strategy was one of moral a descriptive edifice for these new
sult of "the stress generated by discrep
conversion. Poverty was attributed to psychological insights. The art of clinical
ancies between needs and capacities on

350 CCC Code: 0037-8046/89 $1.00 © 1989, National Association of Social Workers, Inc.

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one hand and the environmental qualities perspectives on helping. Approaches dif- situation experiences, the source of the
on the other" (Germain & Gitterman, fer in the way the problem is defined, but difficulty is identified and feelings are
p. 7). In short, it is either the character- virtually all schools of therapeutic focused on it. It is named—a process that
istics of the individual or of the environ- thought rest on the belief that people carries with it a magical quality because
ment that create a problem. Emphasis need help because they have a problem— it makes something comprehensible that
thus rests on the ability to assess ade- a problem that in some way sets them had been puzzling, frightening, and
quately the nature of the problem, apart from others who are thought not to mysterious. The sense of control that
Although Germain and Gitterman ac- have that problem. The terminology, often comes with naming provides a
knowledged the importance of ' 'engag- ' 'having a problem, " suggests that prob- sense of initial relief. The unknown has
ing positive forces in the person and the lems belong to or inhere in people and, been categorized and labeled. By making
environment," the goal is to reduce in some way, express an important fact the problem subject to rational pro
"negative transactional features" (Ger- about who they are. The existence of the cesses, the person in the grip of the dif
main & Gitterman, p. 19). In a subtle way, problem provides the raison d'etre for the ficulty sees that it has some shape and
negative aspects still dominate this view, existence of professional helpers. In an can be contended with. The power of the
A focus on the adequate assessment extreme form, it creates a view of profes- professional comes from naming the
and diagnosis of the ' 'problem" has deep sional helping that has a hidden logic and problem and from having in mind a strat
roots in the profession and remains a cen- questionable results. egy for overcoming the difficulty,
tral tenet of modern practice texts. For Concern about establishing the precise This process of naming occurs in a
example, Compton and Galaway (1984) cause of a problem ensnares social language that belongs to the profes
saw the focus of social work as "using a workers in a strategy for dealing with the sional, not the client. Diagnostic
problem-solving focus to resolve prob- problem in those terms. If it is deter- categories establish classes of conditions
lems in the person-situation interac- mined that a person's difficulties are with which a client is matched. To ac
tion..." (p. 12). Hepworth and Larsen linked to family dynamics in early complish this match, a clinician must
(1986), who devoted an admirable childhood, then the approach "teaches" look for broad commonalities rather than
amount of attention to the identification the person this view of the problem and idiosyncratic characteristics. The
and use of strengths, also considered justifies the attention on understanding client's situation must be made to fit
the problem-solving process as essential these formative relationships. If the predetermined categories and those
to social work practice and promoted cause of family problems is thought to be categories are not ones that the client
the importance of "assessing human patterns of communication, then the ap- would devise as an adequate description
problems and locating and developing proaches will train the family in new of his or her situation. To categorize
or utilizing appropriate resources communication skills. No matter what someone as depressed provides only the
systems" (p. 23). the cause, there will be some strategy to most global assessment. It does not
Problem-solving models are closely teach the clients the nature of their prob- reveal the meaning of that pers
tied to the notion of intervention. As lems and the particular route to recovery, struggle nor the strengths that lie hidde
Compton and Galaway (1984) described Using Gregory Bateson's work, Watz- in that person's story,
it, "Intervention refers to deliberate, lawick, Weakland, and Fisch (1974, p. Problem-based assessments en
planned actions undertaken by the client 39) analyzed this approach in relation to age individualistic rather than s
and the worker to resolve a problem" alcoholism. They showed that the view environmental explanations of hum
(p. 11). Although writers such as of the problem is carried into the solution, problems. Although it generally is un
Shulman (1979) sense the need to iden- If alcoholism is defined as the disease of stood that people live in complex s
tify the strengths of both the individual excessive alcohol consumption, then the milieus that dramatically affect t
and the environment, the focus of inter- therapeutic approach must be centered assessment rarely takes into acco
vention is on the "blocks in the on abstinence. Getting an alcoholic to larger social variables. Even when c
individual-social engagement" (p. 9). stop drinking is the first step in recovery, tions such as poverty are seen to l
Read closely, these views all suggest that In this way, alcohol is both the center of severely people's ability to manage thei
accurate diagnosis or assessment of a the problem and the treatment. Even lives, attention often is concentrated
problem leads naturally to the selection when someone is successfully sober for clusively on efforts to change t
of particular "interventions" that, itisto long periods of time, alcohol remains a havior of those affected. The difficulty in
be hoped, disrupt the natural course of central concern of his or her life. The changing social conditions deters he
individual or social difficulty. The dif- image of the bottle is as prevalent in from keeping those factors in the pic
ficulty or problem is seen as the linchpin sobriety as in drunkenness. and results in a view of people as the caus
for assessment and action. When the cause of a problem is de- of their own problems.
fined, the problem exists in a new way. The problem-deficit orientation sets
, P hi 'tH The process of naming something here- up other barriers for clients. One mani
p w° F W tofore unnamed creates it as a reality testation occurs frequently in residential
rroblem r ocus toward which therapeutic effort must be treatment programs. Deficiencies in be
Attention to people's inability to cope directed. Instead of the vague unease or havioral skills are identified in the initial
is a central expression of the prevailing intense discomfort a person in her or his assessment, and a treatment plan is

Briefly Stated 351

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devised to teach these skills. When the Developing a Strengths her] potential as an individually-fulfilled,
person demonstrates these skills, the Perspective socially contributive person, (p. 1)
staff is inclined to count it as a suc
cessful intervention. However, success In the face of this pervasive bias This statement of purpose and
is marred by other "dysfunctional" toward weakness and pathology, it is dif- values are the core of social wor
behaviors that are observed and the ficult to imagine that it is either wise or provide the framework for a valu
strategy of correcting them is similarly possible to create a substantially dif- approach to social work practic
programmed. This pattern may be ferent set of assumptions to underlie the Building an approach to practice
repeated numerous times, turning what helping process. One of the signs of a central values of the profession
was expected to be a 3-month stay into dominant view is the suspicion it gener- plishes two important objective
several years of treatment. The focus on ates about any approach that contradicts it ties the practice of social wo
problem behaviors develops a life of its its premises. For all those trained in the philosophical roots in a consciou
own, and is paradoxically reinforced by current models of helping, it may seem cit way. Values become the co
the fact that the residential environment foolish or dangerous to ignore what measure against which the qual
in itself creates "problematic" behavior, seems to be the clear presence of patho- practice is judged. Second, it ac
Although a focus on such behavior may logical behavior or to consider any ap- corrective for the imbalance ca
temporarily alleviate its expression, proach that would sever the ties between the preoccupation with people's
there is no evidence that the results of recognition of human difficulty and inter- and liabilities. A strengths per
such residential intervention will carry ventive strategies for dealing directly rests on an appreciation of the
into the person's life after release from with its causes. The theoretical super- attributes and capabilities that
the program. Gearing treatment goals to structure that surrounds and bolsters the express and on the ways in wh
problem behaviors ensures that there dominant approach forms a deeply help vidual and social resources can b
will be a never-ending requirement for belief system that is not easily swayed, oped and sustained,
continued intervention and little sense much less relinquished. Before discussing the practical appli
of success. The motivation for a critique of the cations that flow from this approach, the
Finally, the activity of searching out problem focus comes from two fronts, assumptions on which this a
the problem creates the illusion that On a philosophical level, the intense fo- founded must be recognized. T
there is an identifiable solution or rem- eus on problems makes it difficult for sumptions reflect a particu
edy for it. Underlying the problem ap- practitioners to express some of the fun- position and are beliefs, rathe
proach is the belief that an accurate damental values of the profession. The pirical facts. They are offered a
naming of the problem will lead to an belief in the dignity and worth of each in- of showing the philosophical positio
appropriate intervention. Although that dividual and the corresponding belief in underlies the approach and as
belief may occasionally be justified, the individual and collective strength and which to judge both their con
daily practice experience is far less potential cannot be realized fully in the with social work values and the
precise. Many professionals find that midst of concerns about assessing liabil- tion of the experiences of peop
naming a situation provides no clues ities. On a practical level, the concern All people possess a wide r
about how best to proceed—and that the with the problem places the practitioner talents, abilities, capacities,
real clues emerge from the continuing in a position of authority, making it dif- sources, and aspirations. No m
and ever-changing interaction with cli- ficult for clients to trust their own sense little or how much may be ex
ents who are in the situation. In addi- of how to proceed with their lives. As a one time, a belief in human po
tion, the very act of diagnosing the result, they may be tied to professional tied to the notion that people
problem may add a new layer of prob- help for extended periods. tapped, undetermined reservoirs
lem that complicates any notions about The value of the profession provides tal, physical, emotional, s
a clear course of treatment. the necessary foundation for an approach spiritual abilities that can be e
The focus on the problem and the to helping that is dedicated to the de- The presence of this capacity for
process of defining it established the velopment of people's strengths. In the ued growth and heightened w
contours of much of what is identified words of Smalley (1967), means that people must be accorde
as helping. Three dynamics are clear: respect that this power deserves. This
(1) the problem invariably is seen as a The underlying purpose of all social work capacity ackno
lack or inability in the person affected, effort is to release human power in individ- and the becoming
(2) the nature of the problem is defined 11315 lor personal fulfillment and social good, ]n the midst of
by the professional, and (3) treatment is ^t0 release social power for the creation tty for growth is

directed toward overcoming the de- Ld ^ ^ShidtSSreS "ition that no person

ficiency at the heart of the problem. tion most possible for a0 men [or women] this capacity on
1 his triumvirate helps ensure that the -pw0 vaiues which are primary in such pur- planes of developm
helping encounter remains an emer- poses are respect for the worth and dignity lifetime. A fe
gency room, where wounded people of every individual and concern that he [or show high levels o
come to be patched up. she] have the opportunity to realize his [or intellectual developm

352 Social Work / July 1989

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people, the evidence of life shows far inner wisdom can be brought into more been developed and has produced en
more modest results. In a strengths conscious use by helping people recog- couraging outcomes for a population that
perspective, a conscious choice is made nize this capacity and the positive power is most likely to be labeled as pathologi
to attend exclusively to those aspects of it can have in their lives. cal: chronically mentally ill people
a person's life that reflect the gains made, Giving people confidence to proceed (Modrcin, Rapp, & Poertner, 1988; Rapp
however modest they may be judged. with the difficult choices in their lives & Chamberlain, 1985; Rapp & Winter
Attention to the strengths people have, acknowledges another principle: that steen, 1985). The key to this approach
rather than to their failings, reveals an people do the best they can. Even though has been a singular emphasis on the
important assumption of the model. By the systems of social rules suggest that strengths and resources of the client,
placing an emphasis on the already- there is an objectively correct way to pro- rather than on the client's symptomatol
realized positive capacities of an individ- ceed in human life, most people experi- ogy and behavior problems,
ual, the individual will be more likely to ence a different reality. They realize that A strengths assessment is necessary to
continue development along the lines of the situations they face are idiosyncratic, practice according to a strengths
those strengths. Continuing growth oc- not only from event to event in their own perspective. The assessment focuses ex
curs through the recognition and lives but compared with events in others' clusively on the client's capabilities and
development of strengths. The interplay lives. Given the complex way that situa- aspirations in all life domains. In making
between being and becoming and bet- tions occur, it is difficult to imagine that this assessment, both the client and the
ween what a person is in totality and there is one best way to proceed. One social worker seek to discover the in
what may develop into greater fullness tenet of a strengths perspective is that in dividual and communal resources from
mark the essential dynamic of growth, the midst of complexity, people proceed which the client can draw in shaping an
But an emphasis on the positive aspects in the best way they can. Even when they agenda. The question is not what kind of
of human capability serve as a stimulus are making what seem to be wrong a life one has had, but what kind of a life
for new growth. choices from an outsider's viewpoint, one wants, and then bringing to bear all
An emphasis on the positive aspects of they are exercising their capacity to find the personal and social resources ava
human capabilities as the best stimulus what is best for them. able to accomplish this goal,
for growth runs directly counter to Recognizing the complexity of human Social workers are not required to
prevailing conceptions about problems situations reinforces another social work judge. Strengths are not thought to rép
and deficits. An assumption is made in insight about the interplay between in- resent symptoms of underlying pathol
the strengths perspective that the quali- dividuals and environments. The per- ogy. Therefore, there is no need for a
ty of growth is enhanced by attending to sonal history and unique composite of clinical diagnosis. A client's expressed
the positive abilities already expressed, personality characteristics of individuals aspirations are accepted as sincere,
rather than to their absence. A singular interacts constantly with the political, Acceptance and validation replace skep
focus on the strength already expressed economic, social, and natural forces in ticism about what clients can "realisti
is the vehicle through which additional society. The combinations and permuta- cally" achieve. A brief example can
talents and abilities can be developed, tions of this vast welter of factors highlight aspects of this approach.
This position asserts that people do not necessarily shakes beliefs about predict
grow by concentrating on their prob- ability and certainty. It is impossible for Harry, a 45-year-old man, grew up in rural
lems. In fact, the effect of a problem even the best trained professional to Kansas. He had been referred to the com
focus is to weaken people's confidence in judge how another person should best munity support program upon discharge
their ability to develop in self-reflective live his or her life. The nonjudgmental at- fr°m the state hospital. Harry had been
ways. The fact that people have lacks is titude in social work dictates not only hospitalized 20 years ago, and carried a
acknowledged, but the best strategy for that social workers should not judge but diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia. He had
,. , \ . , , , . , t been placed in a board-and-care home that
supporting further gams is a conscious that social work
emphasis on the gains already made. stead, the principles of
Because of the current bias toward best and doing what is be
weakness rather than strength as an ex- power of decision wh
pression of human qualities, there are with the person whose
several ancillary principles that guide the lems were compounded by a report from
strengths focus. The first is a belief that Q , R . the boarding home that Har
people have the capacity to determine strengtn-üasea rracuce his bags each night as if to l
what is best for them (Weick & Pope, Although social workers intuitively are predicted imminent r
1988). This long-honored social work comfortable with the concepts of a Harry was referred
value recognizes that people have an strengths perspective, it may seem dif- Throughthep
inner wisdom about what they need and ficult to imagine actually practicing ment, Harry's knowledg
that ultimately, people make choices primarily from this perspective. The farm work came to the
based on their own best sense of what institutional and professional barriers ap- worker took seriously this
will meet that need. Those who hold a pear insurmountable. Yet a practice ap- terest and began working wit
strengths perspective assume that this proach based on this perspective has a place where he could

Briefly Stated 353

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 They located a ranch on the edge of town References
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became friends and Harry soon established A history of the American response to need.
himself as a dependable and reliable Conclusion
New York: Harper & Row.
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In a strengths perspective, the empha
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by his conservator, and began to drive to the
sis on positive qualities and attributes cre
Social Work, 3, 3-9.
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Compton, B., & Galaway, B. (1984). Social
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Germain, C., & Gitterman, A. (1980). The life
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"What's wrong with this family?" the translator who helps people see that they
Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., & Fisch, R.
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need Change: Principles of problem forma
to proceed on their chosen path.
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' 'Why is this person mentally ill or delin peopleA., & Pope, L. (1988). Knowing
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' 'What do they need to develop into more their lives. A strengths perspective nation.has Social Casework, 69, 10-16.
creative and loving adults?' ' Such a shift successfully been applied to a group who
in focus lends itself to a series of relatedhave been burdened throughout their
questions about the ways individuals lives al with the label of chronic mental AnnillWeick, PhD, is Professor, Charles
ready have shown resilience in the face ness.
of If an emphasis on the hidden Rapp, PhD, is Associate Professor, and
pain and alienation and the resources that strengths of people who have been cate Walter Kisthardt, MSW, is Research
exist within family and community for gorically excluded has been helpful in Assistant, School of Social Welfare, The
their achieving new dignity and purpose, University of Kansas, Twente Hall,
nourishing that resilient spirit. In the last
analysis, it is not the development of spe the lesson is one to be considered in all Lawrence, KS 66045. W. Patrick Sullivan
cific methods that will justify this ap realms of practice. If the profession is Assistant Professor, Southwest Missouri
proach but a heightened commitment to chooses to do so, helping people recog State University, Springfield, Missouri.
the professed belief that social work prac nize and build on their strengths may once
tice builds on people's talents, aspiraagain become a powerful maxim for
tions, wisdom, and courage. Acting on social work. Accepted March 10,1989

354 Social Work / July 1989

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