The loss of electrons

from a substance
Oxidation involved in a redox
reaction. Or addition
of oxygen

gain of
electrons or
reduction removal of
oxygen

Combustion Oxidation
reactions and they are
involve exothermic

A list of metals which

Reactivity shows them in order
of their reactivity, with
series the most reactive at
the top.
 Why is carbon So the metals
often included reactivity can be
compared to carbon
in the reactivity to know how to extract
series the metal from its ore

Why is hydrogen It shows the

sometimes
included in the reactivity with
reactivity series weak acids

very reactive
Top of (easily lose
reactivity electrons) and
least resistant to
series oxidation

not very reactive

Bottom of (don't give up
reactivity electrons easily)
and most resistant
series to oxidation
 order of
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium

reactivity Carbon
Zinc
Iron
Hydrogen

series Copper
Silver
Gold

How to test Add various metals to dilute hydrochloric

acid. Reaction will be faster for more
whether a metal is reactive, more reactive metals will fizz
vigorously whereas less reactive will
more or less bubble a bit or not react, squeaky pop
test and louder sound=more reactive,
reactive than more gas produced in a gas syringe in
time is more reactive or measure temp
others change

metal hydroxide +
Metal + hydrogen or less
reactive metal +
water steam=metal oxide
+hydrogen

Potassium,
sodium,lithium
and calcium in Vigorous
water
 Copper
reaction with no
water and
steam reaction
Magnesium No reaction
zinc and but react
iron in water with steam

OIL oxidation is
loss, reduction
RIG is gain

A reaction in which a more

What is a reactive element takes the
place of a less reactive
displacement element in a compound by
the more reactive metal
reaction? loses electrons as the less
gains them.
During a displacement oxidised and
reaction are the more
reactive metal atoms less reactive
oxidised or reduced? are reduced
the reactive metal will
If you put a replace the less reactive
reactive metal into metal in the salt. E.g is an
iron nail in a solution of
a solution of a less copper sulphate ends up
reactive metal salt with iron sulphate and
copper metal.

If you put a less nothing will happen.

reactive metal into E,g small piece of
silver in a solution of
solution of a more copper sulphate has
reactive metal salt no reaction.

How can you use Most reactive

displacement metal will displace
reactions to work all metals but the
out order of least will be
reactivity displaced by all
 A rock which contains
What is a enough metal to make
it economically
metal ore worthwhile extracting
the metal from it

Most metals In their ores in

the earths crust
we use are and are mined
found to be extracted

in the Earth's crust

Unreactive as the uncombined
metals are elements and can
be mined and then
found refined

Extraction By reduction
using
chemically carbon
By reduction The metal's position in the
reactivity series. If it's higher
than carbon, it can't be
using extracted by reduction with
carbon because carbon can
carbon only take the oxygen away from
metals less reactive than itself.

By electrolysis of molten
How are metals compounds. Once melted,
that are more an electric current can
pass through it. The metal
reactive than is discharged at the
carbon extracted? cathode and the non metal
at the anode.

A large amount of electricity is

Why is it more needed which is expensive and
expensive to extract it costs money to melt the metal
at the start. Carbon is cheap
metals with and acts as the heat so no
electrolysis compared electric is needed. Less
to with carbon reactive metals are cheaper to
extract

Bacteria break down low

Bio grade ores to produce a

leachate solution which
contains copper ions.

leaching Copper is extracted by

using scrap iron in a
displacement reaction
 Growing plants in soil that contains low
grade ores and the plants absorb these
metal compounds in minerals so they
Phytoextraction gradually build up in leaves. The plants
can be harvested dried and burned in the
furnace and the ash contains metal
compound which metal can be extracted
by electrolysis or displacement reactions.

It saves energy because metals

Recycling use less energy as they don't
have to be extracted and
benefits refined from scratch. Many raw
materials are running out like
regarding fossil fuels and it conserves
them. Recycling materials that
resources are rare is important.

Mines are a damaging

Recycling and destroy habitats.
Recycling reduces
environment need. Cuts down in
landfill that takes up and
benefits polluted environment

Economic Less energy needed for

extraction, recycling
benefits of metals that are expensive
to extract or buy is
beneficial too, a lot of jobs
recycling are involved too.
What is Life Cycle Assessment -
looks at every stage of a
product's life to assess

an LCA the impact it would have

on the environment

Choice of Metals have to be refined and extracted

from their ores, which needs a lot of
energy in causes pollution. Raw materials

material for chemical manufacture often come

from crude oil, which is a non-renewable
resource and supplies are decreasing

stage -LCA
obtaining crude oil requires a lot of
energy and generates pollution too.

Manufacture Manufacturing uses a lot of

energy, causes pollution, waste
prices and disposing of them,
stage of some can be recycled and
turned into useful chemicals
LCA reducing pollution. Potentially
polluting water

Product Paint gives off toxic fumes,

burning fuels releases
use stage greenhouse gases and
other harmful substances,
fertilisers can damage
of LCA ecosystems
 Disposal Products often end up in
landfill which takes up
space and polluted land
stage of and water. Products
might be brunt which
LCA causes air pollution

decreasing favours the

exothermic
temperature reaction to produce
(equilibrium) more heat.

Increasing favours the

endothermic
temperature reaction to
(equilibrium) absorb extra heat

favours the reaction

Increasing that produces has
the pressure the fewest gas
molecules to reduce
(equilibrium) pressure.
 favours the reaction
Decreasing that produced has
the pressure the most gas
molecules to
(equilibrium) increase pressure

shift right to use up

Increasing the reactants and
concentration make more products.
Decreasing does the
of reactants opposite

Increasing shifts equilibrium to the

left to use products and
concentration make more reactants.
Decreasing does the
of products opposite

Le States that if a stress is

applied to a system at
Chatelier's equilibrium, the system
shifts in the direction
Principle that relieves the stress.
What is a a reaction where the
products can react
reversible together to form the
original reactants. It
reaction? can go both ways

Haber an industrial process for

producing ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen by
combining them under
process high pressure in the
present of an iron catalyst.

Where is
nitrogen from
for haber
process
The air
Where is Extracted from
hydrogen from hydrocarbons
for haber in natural gas
process and crude oil
Conditions About 450ºC, 200
Atmospheres of
of haber pressure and an
process iron catalyst.

⇌
Reversible
reaction
symbol

As the their concentrations fall - so

the forward reaction will slow
down. But as more of the
reactants products are made their
concentrations rise and the
react... backward reaction speeds up.

After a while the same rate as

forward reaction the backward
will be going at one -
exactly the equilibrium
 The forward and backward
reactions are both
Dynamic happening at the same
time, and at the same rate,
equilibrium and the concentrations of
reactants and products
have reached a balance

Equilibrium can closed

only be reached if system-where
the reversible reactants or
reaction takes predicts can't
place escape

Reactants and products are

When a reactions equal. Sometimes the
equilibrium will lie to the right
at equilibrium it where there are more product
than reactant or the left where
doesn't mean that there's more reactant than
the amount of products. This depends on
conditions

What 3 things Pressure,

change concentration
equilibrium and
position temperature
Exothermic
Releases
heat

Endothermic
Absorbs
heat
Dynamic Forward and
meaning in backward reaction
dynamic are happening at
equilibrium the same time