Non-metals &

metals Year 8
Chemistry
Topics

NON-METALS

METALS

OXIDATION

DISPLACEMENT
Learning objectives
❑ The properties of non-metals
❑ The properties of metals
❑ Oxidation reactions of non-metals
❑ Oxidation reactions of metals
❑ The reactivity series
❑ Metal reacting with acids
❑ Displacement reactions
❑ Using data to interpret reactivity
Exam question
Which other elements contain only metal elements?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Metals vs non-metals

The periodic table is organised into metals and non-metals

Non-metals
Elements in groups 6, 7 and 0 are non-metals

Atoms of group 7 elements have seven electrons in their outer shell

Atoms of group 0 elements, except helium, have eight electrons in their

outer shell

17 2

Cl He
chlorine helium
35.5 4
Non-metals
Some examples of non-metals include:

oxygen chlorine

carbon

Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions in reactions

Properties
Non-metals are dull, not shiny

They are poor conductors of electricity and heat

Non-metals also have low densities

They are not sonorous, meaning they don’t create a ringing sound
when struck
Properties

They are brittle

They have relatively low melting and boiling points

Non-metals are usually solid or gaseous at room temperature

However, some are liquid at room temperature, such as bromine

35
Br
Bromine
80
Metals

Elements in group 1 and group 2 are metals

Atoms of group 1 elements have one electron in their outer shell

Atoms of group 2 elements have two electrons in their outer shell

11 12
Na Mg
sodium magnesium
22 24
Metals
Metals are shiny and sonorous

They are good conductors of electricity and heat

They are malleable and ductile

Definition: malleable
Definition: ductile
Able to be hammered into
Able to be drawn out
shape without breaking or
into thin wire
cracking
Metals

They have relatively high melting and boiling points

Metals are usually solid at room temperature

However, mercury is a metal that is liquid at room temperature

80
Br
Bromine
35
Copper is a metal. At room temperature, it is a strong solid. Give
two other properties that show it is a metal.

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

What is the chemical name of the product formed when copper
reacts with air?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Summary
Properties of a typical metal Properties of a typical non-
(when solid) metal (when solid)
Good conductor of electricity Poor conductor of electricity
Good conductor of heat Poor conductor of heat
Shiny Dull
High density Low density
Malleable Brittle
Ductile Brittle
How confident do you feel about metals and non-metals?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Learning objectives

❑ The properties of non-metals

❑ The properties of metals
 slido

Audience Q&A Session

ⓘ Start presenting to display the audience questions on this slide.

Oxidation reactions Definition: oxidation
A reaction in which a substance
combines with oxygen
Oxidation can also be defined by the loss of electrons

The opposite, gain of electrons, is known as reduction

The following acronym can help

OILRIG
Oxidation Reduction
Is Is
Loss Gain
Non-metals & O2
Non-metals react with oxygen to produce non-metal oxides

For example, sulfur reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide

sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide

S + O2 → SO2
Non-metals & O2
Non-metal oxides dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions

Acids have a pH less than 7 and turn universal

indicator solution red, orange or yellow

acidic neutral alkali

Metals & O2
Metals react with oxygen to produce metal oxides

For example, magnesium reacts with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

Mg + O2 → MgO

Here, magnesium has gained oxygen, but also

lost electrons, to form magnesium oxide
Metals & O2
Magnesium is oxidised when it burns in air

Each atom loses two electrons to form a Mg2+ ion

12
Mg
magnesium
24
Metals & O2
Metal oxides dissolve in water to produce alkali solutions

Alkalis have a pH more than 7 and

turn universal indicator solution blue or purple

acidic neutral alkali

Rusting
Rusting is an example of an oxidation reaction occurring

Iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron oxide

This is what we see as rust

Rusting
There are ways to prevent rusting, they work by preventing oxygen
and water from reaching the surface of the metal

Oiling Painting
for example, for example, car
bicycle chains body panels

Greasing coating with a thin

for example, nut layer of plastic
and bolts
Exam question
In which two boxes will the iron not rust or corrode?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

In which box will the iron corrode the most?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Many parts of bicycles are made from iron or steel. These parts
can rust easily, even indoors. Give two ways to stop these parts
rusting.

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Summary
Oxidation is the gain of oxygen by a substance in a reaction, or the
loss of electrons

Oxidation of non-metals produces non-metal oxides

Oxidation of metals produces metal oxides

Rusting is a real-life example of oxidation

How confident do you feel on oxidation?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Learning objectives

❑ Oxidation reactions of non-metals

❑ Oxidation reactions of metals

acidic neutral alkali

The reactivity series
Definition: reactivity
The tendency of a substance to
undergo a chemical reaction

In a reactivity series, the most reactive element is placed at the top

and the least at the bottom

The thing that makes an element more reactive, is having a greater

tendency to lose or gain electrons

More reactive metals have a greater tendency to gain electrons

The reactivity series
The following metals can be arranged in a reactivity series:
potassium
Most reactive sodium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
zinc
iron
copper
Least reactive silver
gold
The reactivity series
A mnemonic can be used to remember it: Please
Stop
potassium Calling
Most reactive sodium Me
calcium A
magnesium (crazy)
aluminium Zebra
zinc Instead
iron Learn
copper (how)
silver Copper
Least reactive gold Saves
Gold
Reactions with acids
Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen

What you observe when each metal reacts shows the trend in the
reactivity series
Element Reaction with dilute acids
Calcium Very quickly
Magnesium Quickly
Zinc More slowly
Iron More slowly than zinc
Copper Very slowly
Silver Barely reacts
Gold Does not react
 What is gold?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Below are listed several properties of gold. Which are also true
for all metals?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Reactions with acids
Let’s look at an example :

zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen

HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

These are an example of exothermic reactions

Naming salts
The most common acids you will come across are the following:

HCl Hydrochloric acid

Salts will be named as:
(metal) chloride
HNO3 Nitric acid
(metal) nitrate
(metal) sulfate
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
Displacement reactions
A more reactive metal will displace a less
reactive metal from a compound in a reaction
Definition: displacement
A reaction where a more
reactive element takes the
place of a less reactive
element in a compound
Displacement reactions

Looking at the reactivity series, aluminium is more reactive than iron

aluminium + iron(III) oxide → iron + aluminium oxide

Al + Fe2O3 → Fe + Al2O3

The aluminium removes oxygen from the iron(III) oxide, therefore

the iron is reduced and the aluminium is oxidised
Displacement reactions
We can use information like this to interpret the reactivity series from
given data

For example, if we had the following information about metal and metal
oxides A, B and C:
Metal A Metal B Metal C

A oxide X Displaces A Displaces A

B oxide No reaction X No reaction

C oxide No reaction Displaces C X

Displacement reactions
Metal A Metal B Metal C Metal B displaces BOTH A
and C, so must be the most
A oxide X Displaces A Displaces A reactive

B oxide No reaction X No reaction

Metal A CANNOT displace
C oxide No reaction Displaces C X either B or C, so must be
the least reactive

Therefore, starting with least reactive, the order is: A C B

Exam question
Why is this reaction called a displacement reaction

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Exam question
Harry used different starting temperatures. Explain why this
didn't affect his results.

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Summary
The reactivity series places metals in order of increasing reactivity

Metals react with acids to form a salt and hydrogen

A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal in a

compound

We can use this data to interpret reactivity

Exam question
Complete this word equation for the reaction between lead
oxide and carbon:

Lead Oxide + Carbon -------> [Answer] + [Answer]

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

How confident do you feel on displacement?

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Learning objectives

❑ The reactivity series

❑ Metal reacting with acids
❑ Displacement reactions
❑ Using data to interpret reactivity
 Audience Q&A Session

ⓘ Start presenting to display the audience questions on this slide.