CHEMISTRY

METALS AND NON-

METALS IN ONE SHOT
By: SUNIL BHAIYA
TOPICS
1 Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

2 How Reactivity Series Was Built?!

3 Ionic Compound and Its Properties

4 Metallurgy

5 Corrosion, Its Types and Ways to Prevent It

6
 EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA!

Apart from theory and concepts the below things are also covered:
(i) NCERT Activities Covered with Explanation
(ii) NCERT Intext + Exercise Questions Covered
(iii) NCERT Chipa Hua Gyaan Covered
(iv) CBSE Sample Paper Covered
(v) Some CBSE PYQs’ Covered
Physical Properties of
Metals and Non-metals
 Types of Elements

Metals Non-metals Metalloids Noble Gases

Some common metals are:

Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),
Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au) etc.
 Types of Elements

Metals Non-metals Metalloids Noble Gases

Non-metals are:
Carbon (C), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Iodine (I), Hydrogen
(H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br)
 Yes or No

Are mercury and bromine found in liquid state at room

temperature?
A. Yes
B. No
Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

The resistance offered by a substance against cutting or scratching.

The ability of metals to reflect light due to which they have a shiny
surface.
 Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

The ability of metals to be converted into thin sheets on application of

compressive forces.

The ability of metals to be converted into thin wires on application of

tensile forces.
 Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

Produce deep
ringing sound
when struck hard
NCERT Activity Discussion
 Q. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

(i) What do you observe after sometime and does metal wire
melt?
(i) We observe that on heating the wire near the clamp, after some
time the pin falls down. This shows that the heat flows through the
wire and melts the wax. Further, the wire does not melt even after
heating for a long time. This shows that metals have high melting
points.
Q. Practice Question

Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils. Which of the following

properties of aluminium are responsible for the same?
(i) Good heat conductivity
(ii) Good electrical conductivity
(iii) Ductility
(iv) High melting point

A i and ii C ii and iii

B i and iii D i and iv

NCERT Activity Discussion
 Q. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

(i) Will the bulb? What does this indicate?

(i) The bulb glows. This shows that electric current flows through the
metal.

(ii) Why are electric wires coated with PVC?

(i) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or any other rubber like material is used
because they are poor conductors of electricity.
 FUN FACT!

• Gold is the most malleable metal.

• Platinum is the most ductile metal. (Gold according to NCERT)
• Diamond is the best conductor of heat among all elements.
• Silver is the best conductor of heat in case of metals.
• Order of electricity conduction in case of metals will be:
Silver > Copper > Gold > Aluminium
Kya Bolti Public?
 Reaction with oxygen

Reaction with water

How Reactivity Series Reaction with dilute

acids
Was Built?!
Reaction with salt
solutions of other
metals
 True or False

The metal which is more reactive than another metal lose electron(s)
easily.
A. True
B. False
 True or False

The metal which reacts at a lower temperature than the one which
doesn’t react/react slowly is more reactive. Is this true or false?
A. True
B. False

Suppose metal A reacts at lower temperature than metal B, it means A is

a more reactive metal than B.
 True or False

The metal which reacts more vigorously and generates large amount of heat
and light energy than another metal when reacting with a same substance at
same condition is more reactive.
A. True
B. False

At same conditions, two metals A and B react with the same substance C as:
Metal A + Substance C → Product(s) + heat + light
Metal B + Substance C → Product(s) + heat + light
The speed of reaction and amount of energy released in case A > B. It means
A is more reactive metal than B.
 Reaction of Metals with Oxygen

Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides.

Metal Oxygen Metal oxide

On Heating
 Metal Product Colour of Colour of flame
Room temp. or formed product
low heating Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Copper
Silver, Gold
And Platinum
 Metal Product Colour of Colour of flame
Strongly heating formed product
in presence of Potassium
oxygen Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Copper
Silver, Gold
And Platinum
 Conclusion

(i) Potassium and sodium are most reactive but which is more reactive
between both of them.

(ii) Silver, Gold and Platinum are least reactive but which is more
reactive amongst all of them.

(iii) Calcium, Aluminium and Magnesium are reactive metals but which
is more reactive amongst all of them.

(iv) Zinc, Iron, Lead and Copper are less reactive than K, Na, Ca, Mg and
Al. Zinc and iron are more reactive than lead and copper but which is
more reactive between lead and copper.
Jaldi Se Batao Balako!

All metal oxides/hydroxides only basic in nature?

A. Yes
B. No
Q. CBSE 2012

Chose the amphoteric oxide among the following:

Na2O, ZnO, Al2O3, CO2, H2O
Q. CBSE 2015

Give one suitable word for the following:

(i) Metal oxides which show basic as well as acidic behaviour.
(ii) Iodine, a shining non-metal
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 1 Mark

An element with atomic number_____ will form a basic oxide

A 7 (2, 5)

B 17 (2, 8, 7)

C 14 (2, 8, 4)

D 11 (2, 8, 1)
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 1 Mark

An element ‘M' has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3rd shell as in the 2nd
shell. The atomic number of ‘M’ is:

A 10

B 12

C 14

D 18
 Reaction of Metals with Water

Metal Water Metal oxide Hydrogen

Dissolves in Water

Metal hydroxide
Reaction of
Metals with
Cold Water

(i) Evolved hydrogen gas doesn’t catch fire.

(ii) The tiny bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the
calcium, and hence it starts floating on the water.

Conclusion: No other metal except K, Na and Ca reacts with cold water.

Reaction of
Metals with Hot
Water

(i) Evolved hydrogen gas doesn’t catch fire.

(ii) The tiny bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the
magnesium, and hence it starts floating on the water.

Conclusion: No other metal except K, Na, Ca and Mg reacts with hot water.
Reaction of
Metals with
Steam

Pb, Cu, Ag and Au don’t react with cold water, hot water and steam

Conclusion: We can only arrange those metals that react with cold
or hot water in decreasing order of their reactivity which is: K > Na >
Ca > Mg
Reaction of
Metals with
Steam
Give a Thought

Why sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene/mineral oil?

Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals and react with air
(oxygen/moisture) and catches fire. To prevent the supply of air they
are kept in kerosene/mineral oil.
 Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids

The more reactive metals do not react with the same vigour with acids and it
can be understood in terms of the rate of the effervescence of hydrogen gas.
Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids

We can also identify the most reactive metal by placing a

thermometer. The one in which maximum rise in temperature is seen
is giving the reaction at a faster rate in the same amount of time.
The order of amount of heat released will be:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb
 Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids

What happens if the reaction takes place in presence of dilute nitric

acid?

Metal (Mg and Mn) + dilute nitric acid -> Salt + Hydrogen gas

Other Metals + dilute nitric acid ->

Aqua Regia

Aqua regia, which in Latin means ‘royal water’ is a mixture of

concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in the ratio of 1:3 by
volume. It is a highly corrosive and fuming liquid.
It is one of the few reagents that can dissolve gold and platinum.
 Reaction of Metals with Solutions of Other
Metals

Metal A + Salt Solution of Metal B → Salt Solution of Metal A + Metal B

 Reaction of Metals with Solutions of Other
Metals

(i) Ag (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) → No Reaction

(ii) Au (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) → No Reaction
Reactivity/Activity Series of Metals
Reactivity/Activity Series of Metals
 Reaction of Non-metals with Oxygen and Water

Non-metal Oxygen Non-metal oxide

Non-metal Oxide Water Acid

Give a Thought

Are non-metal oxides only acidic in nature?

A. Yes
B. No
 Ionic compound contains
ionic bond which is a type of
a chemical bond formed by
the complete transfer of
Ionic Compound and Its electron(s) from metal to

Properties
non-metal resulting in the
formation of cation and
anion.
 Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Element Atomic Number Number of Electronic

(Z) Electrons Configuration
Sodium 11 11 2, 8, 1
Chlorine 17 17 2, 8, 7
 Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)

Element Atomic Number Number of Electronic

(Z) Electrons Configuration
Magnesium 12 12 2, 8, 2
Chlorine 17 17 2, 8, 7
 Sodium oxide (Na2O)

Element Atomic Number Number of Electronic

(Z) Electrons Configuration
Sodium 11 11 2, 8, 1
Oxygen 8 8 2, 6
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 1 Mark

Which one of the following correctly represents Sodium oxide?

 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 3 Marks

An element ‘M’ with electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 combines separately with Cl- , SO42-
anions. Write the chemical formulae of the compounds formed. Predict with the suitable
reason the nature of the bond formed by element ‘M’ in general. How will the electrical
conductivity of the compounds formed vary with respect to ‘M’?
NCERT Activity Discussion
 Q. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

(i) What is the physical state of salt taken.

All the salts taken are found in solid state.

(ii) Did the samples impart any colour to the flame on heating?
Each salt impart a characteristic colour to the flame.
Metallurgy
Give a Thought

The metals obtained from seawater are in:

A. Elemental form
B. Compound form
 Give a Thought

Metals like gold and platinum are always found in:

A. Elemental form
B. Compound form

Free State/Native State/Pure

Elemental Form
State
Metals

Combined Form Compound Form

 Conclusion

The major source of metals (whether in the free state or the combined
state) is the Earth’s crust. Some metals (Na, K etc.) which form soluble
salts are also found to occur in the seawater in the form of their
soluble salts.
Conclusion
 Minerals and Ores

Metals occur naturally in the form of elements or compounds in the

earth’s crust or seawater and are called minerals.

The earthly and rocky impurities that are associated with the mineral
are called gangue or matrix.
BACCHA LOGG BE LIKE

GANGUE BE LIKE
 Minerals and Ores

Let us consider two minerals:

- Clay (contains Aluminium)
- Bauxite (contains Aluminium)
 Minerals and Ores

Let us consider two minerals:

- Clay (contains Aluminium)
- Bauxite (contains Aluminium) – Extraction is done from this only!
 Minerals and Ores

Metals are extracted from some minerals only because:

- process of extraction of metal from that mineral is not economical

- there are certain impurities that are difficult to remove.

 Conclusion

The minerals from which metals can be extracted economically and

conveniently are called ores.
Thus, all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.

Note: It is interesting to note that the ores of most of the metals exist
as oxides. This is because oxygen is a very reactive element and is
abundantly found in the earth’s crust.
Ores of Some
Common
Metals
Step I: Crushing and Grinding of Ore
Step II: Concentration/Benefaction/Dressing of Ore

Importance

Before extracting the metal, it is important to remove gangue

or matrix!

Principle of separation of gangue from ore: The differences

between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and
the ore.
 Step II: Concentration/Benefaction/Dressing of Ore

Principle of separation of gangue from ore: The differences between

the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and the ore.

One such method is magnetic

separation!
 Step III: Extraction of Metal from Concentrated Ore

(i) Extraction of low reactivity metals (At low in the reactivity series of
metals)
(ii) Extraction of medium reactivity metals ( At middle in the reactivity
series of metals)
(iii) Extraction of high reactivity metals (At top in the reactivity series of
metals)

Note: Least reactivity metals like Gold and Platinum are

found in the free/native state.
 Step III: Extraction of Metal from Concentrated Ore
(Metals of Low Reactivity)

Cu, Hg and Ag are metals of low reactivity. Let’s discuss how Copper
and Mercury are extracted from their most common ores, i.e. sulphide
ores.

Copper Mercury

Ore
 Give a Thought

It is easy to extract metal from its oxide or its carbonate and sulphide?

It is easy to extract a metal from its oxide rather than sulphide or

carbonate. So, carbonate or sulphide ores are first converted into
oxides.
 Extraction of Low Reactivity Metals

Roasting: Strongly heating the sulphide ore in excess of air below

melting point of metal.
In case of metals of low reactivity the metal oxide automatically
reduces to metal on action of heat.
 Extraction of Low Reactivity Metals – Copper (Cu)

Step I and II: Crushing and Grinding of Ore; Concentration of Ore

Step III: Roasting

Step IV: Auto-reduction

Step V: Refining of Metal

Q. CBSE 2013

How is Cu obtained from Cu2S. Give reactions.

 Extraction of Low Reactivity Metals – Mercury (Hg)

Step I and II: Crushing and Grinding of Ore; Concentration of Ore

Step III: Roasting

Step IV: Auto-reduction

Step V: Refining of Metal

Q. CBSE 2013

Name the ore of mercury. How it is being extracted from its ore?
 Summary of All Steps – Metals of Low Reactivity

Step I
Crushing and Grinding of Ore

Step V
Step II
Refining/Purification of Metal
Concentration of Ore

Step IV
Step III
Auto-reduction
Roasting (Sulphide Ore)
(Conversion of metal oxide to metal)
CBSE Teachers to Warriors
 Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

Zn, Fe and Pb are metals of medium reactivity which are found in the
form of their oxides, sulphides or carbonates.

Will the first two steps be the same in this case as well?
A. Yes
B. No
 Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

Zn, Fe and Pb are metals of medium reactivity which are found in the
form of their oxides, sulphides or carbonates.

Ab btao sulphide or carbonate ko phle oxide bnaenge ya

nhi?
Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals
Roasting
(i) Used for sulphide ore.
(ii) Sulphide ore is strongly heated
in excess of air below the melting
point of metal.
(iii) Metal sulphide + Oxygen ->
Metal oxide + Sulphur dioxide gas
(iv) Sulphur dioxide gas is
evolved.
Calcination
(i) Used for carbonate ore.
(ii) Carbonate ore is strongly
heated in absence of air below
the melting point of metal.
(iii) Metal carbonate -> Metal
oxide + Carbon dioxide gas
(iv) Carbon dioxide gas is evolved.
Q. CBSE 2013

Differentiate between roasting and calcination.

Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals – Zinc (Zn)

Let’s analyse the case of zinc!

Ore

Roasting
 Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals – Zinc (Zn)

Let’s analyse the case of zinc!

Ore

Calcination
Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

After roasting or calcination we get metal oxide. Now, what

next?!

Reduction of metal oxide to metal

Reducing agents like carbon, aluminium etc.

are used.
Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

Reduction of metal oxide by carbon (coke) - Smelting

Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

Reduction of metal oxide by aluminium - Aluminothermy

 Give a Thought

Why carbon is not used in case of Mn and Cr?

Aluminium is more reactive than Mn. It means it can easily displace

them and forms aluminium oxide. Doing the same cannot be
satisfactorily done with carbon.
Extraction of Medium Reactivity Metals

Reduction of metal oxide by aluminium - Aluminothermy

The reaction is therefore used for welding the broken parts of

iron machinery, railway tracks etc. The reaction is known as
thermite reaction.
Thermite reaction is a type of displacement, exothermic and
redox reaction.
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 3 Marks

The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract the metals like Iron
and Manganese.
MnO₂ (s) + Al(s) → Mn(l) + Al₂O₃(s) + Heat
(a) Give reason why the above reaction is known as a thermite reaction.
(b) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the above reaction.
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions
 Summary of All Steps – Metals of Medium
Reactivity
Step IV
Step I Reduction to metal
Crushing and oxide to metal
Step III
Grinding of Ore (Using reducing
Roasting (Sulphide
Ore) agent)

Step II
Concentration of (Oxide Ore) Metal oxide
Ore
Step III
Calcination
(Carbonate Ore) Step V
Refining/Purification
of metal
 Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al are metals of high reactivity. Let’s discuss how
they are extracted from halides or oxides.

Sodium Aluminium

Ore
Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

After concentration of ore, can we use reduction of metal oxide

through reducing agents like carbon?

No

The oxides/halides of highly reactive metals are quite

stable, cannot be reduced by any reducing agent.
They have more affinity for oxygen/halogen.
 Extraction of High Reactivity Metals

A special reduction process, i.e. electrolytic reduction is used for highly

reactive metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al.

Electrolytic
Reduction

The electrolytic reduction is a type of electrolysis. The oxides and

chlorides of metals in fused/molten state are electrically reduced
by using this method.
Electrolytic
Reduction
 Give a Thought

Will the same products be obtained if we do electrolysis of aqueous

sodium chloride?
A. YES
B. NO
Summary of All Steps – Metals of High
Reactivity

Step I
Crushing and Grinding of Ore

Step II
Concentration of Ore

Step III
Electrolytic Reduction
Refining/Purification of Metals

Metals obtained after extraction still contains some

impurities which are removed by:

(i) Electrolytic refining

(ii) Distillation

(iii) Liquefaction

(iv) Vapour phase refining

(v) Zone refining

 Electrolytic Refining

(i) The set-up consists of an electrolytic tank that contains copper

sulphate solution.
(ii) Copper sulphate acts as an electrolyte here, i.e. it breaks into ions.
(iii) Metal salt here CuSO4 is taken because refining of Cu is being done
here.
 Electrolytic Refining

(ii) A thick block of impure copper metal is connected to the positive

terminal, i.e. it will behave as anode.
 Electrolytic Refining

(ii) A thin strip of pure copper metal is connected to the negative

terminal, i.e. it will behave as cathode.
Electrolytic Refining
 Give a Thought

What happens to the impurities then?

Soluble Impurities Insoluble Impurities

Fe will oxidise (lose Ag and Au won’t

electrons) and will dissolve into electrolyte
jump into solution as and will deposit below
Fe2+ and Fe3+. anode as anode mud.
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 3 Marks

A reddish-brown metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black compound ‘Y’, which when
heated in presence of H₂ gas gives ‘X’ back.
‘X’ is refined by the process of electrolysis; this refined form of ‘X’ is used in electrical
wiring. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Draw a well-labeled diagram to represent the process of
refining ‘X’.
Corrosion, Its Types and
Ways to Prevent It
 Corrosion

It is a surface deterioration process of metals in which they convert to a

more stable form, i.e. oxides, sulphides, carbonates and more, due to
the attack of atmospheric gases.
Corrosion and Its Types
 Give a Thought

Can rusting happen without having any one factor, i.e. oxygen or
water-vapour?
A. Yes
B. No

For rusting of iron to happen both factors, i.e. oxygen and water-
vapour/water are required.
Let’s Analyse

Will rusting happens in this case?

Yes, rusting will happen.

 Let’s Analyse

Will rusting happens in this case?

(i) Air from above: (i) Air from above:

(ii) Normal water: (ii) Boiled water:

Let’s Analyse

Will rusting happens in this case?

No, rusting won’t happen.

Corrosion and Its Types
 Give a Thought

You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with
lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why these sour substances are
effective in cleaning the vessels.

Lemon juice (contains citric and ascorbic acid) and tamarind (contains
tartaric acid).
Copper carbonate hydroxide formed on copper is basic in nature and
hence, a neutralisation reaction occurs and a soluble salt along with
water is formed.
In this way a copper vessel is being cleaned.
Corrosion and Its Types
 Pros and Cons of Corrosion

Pros of Corrosion – Patina

Patina seems to be helpful for some of the metals like Copper (Cu), which on
oxidation forms an impervious protective layer that protects further corrosion
(here tarnishing) of metal.
 Pros and Cons of Corrosion

Cons of Corrosion – Rusting

Rust is a flaky (non-sticky) layer that is very brittle and peels-off. It then exposes
the fresh iron layer to moisture and oxygen. This continuous cycle makes iron
objects weak and can collapse buildings and bridges, break oil pipelines and
more.
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

The below methods are used to prevent the rusting of iron:

(a) Barrier Protection
(b) Sacrificial Protection
(c) Alloying
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

(a) Barrier Protection: In this a layer is introduced between iron and

factors that cause rusting, i.e. oxygen and water vapour.
Some of the ways are:
(i) Painting
(ii) Applying oil or grease
Give a Thought

Are painting and greasing permanent solutions to prevent rusting?

A. Yes
B. No
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

(b) Sacrificial Protection: In this a layer of more reactive metal is placed

on a less reactive. The more reactive prevents oxygen and water to come
in contact with iron and gets corroded in place of iron.
One such way is galvanisation.
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

The galvanized iron sheets are used to make:

(i) Buckets
(ii) Drums
(iii) Sheds
 Give a Thought

Is galavanisation a permanent solution to prevent rusting?

A. Yes
B. No
Give a Thought

If the layer of Zinc breaks on iron. Will iron rust or zinc?

 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

(c) Alloying: In alloying, two or more than two metals or metals

along with small amount of non-metals are mixed.
It is a permanent solution to prevent corrosion.
 Objectives of Alloying

(i) To increase hardness.

(ii) To increase tensile strength.
(iii) To reduce melting point.
(iv) To increase resistance to corrosion.
(v) To decrease electrical conductivity.
 Ways to Prevent Corrosion – Rusting of Iron

More to Know:
Stainless Steel: Iron + Chromium + Nickel

-Provides hardness.

-Not prone to rusting. -Resistance to corrosion.

-Used to create utensils. -Prevents from getting stains.
Q. CBSE 2012

How do properties of iron change when:

(i) a small quantity of carbon is mixed into it.
(ii) nickel and chromium are mixed into it.
 Extra!

Pure gold is 24 carat which is soft and hence, it is not used to make
jewellery.
In India, 22 carat gold is ornamental gold. This means 22 parts by weight
of gold is alloyed with 2 parts by weight of either copper or silver.
Q. Practice Question

Platinum, gold and silver are preferred to make jewellery because:

(i) they are precious or royal metals
(ii) they are lustrous
(iii) Maintain their lustre for a long period of time as they are unreactive.
(iv) they are cheap metals

A i, ii and iv C i, ii and iii

B i and iv D ii and iv
 Common Alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Important Uses

(i) Brass Copper (80%) and Malleable, strong, Utensils, screws

Zinc (20%) resists corrosion etc.
(ii) Bronze Copper (90%) and Strong and resists Coins, bells etc.
Tin (10%) corrosion
(iii) German Copper (60%), Zinc Shines like silver, Electroplating
silver (20%) and Nickel resistant to
(20%) corrosion
(iv) Solder Lead (50%) and Tin Lower melting For joining
(50%) point than lead electrical wires
and tin together.

Fact: Alnico is an alloy of Aluminium (Al), Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co).
Common Alloys

Note: The alloys of mercury with any other metal is called amalgam.
Thank
You
Keep Fighting Warriors…