Chapters 1 3

Department of Education
National Capital Region

Schools Division Office of Taguig City and Pateros
TAGUIG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
A. REYES ST., NEW LOWER BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
The Creation of a School Website: Impact on Senior High School

Students of Taguig National High School
Submitted by:
Alviar, Jhesryl P.
Babor, Hugo
Catindoy, Jercen John P.
Lackua, Sheila Mae G.
Lechago, Moleen G.
Lerios, Mary Grace O.
Mabang, Norhana T.
Magpoc, Ian Reine D.
Ragos, Steven Q.
Submitted to:
Ms. Melanie A. Zaragoza
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Websites are the mainstream service of delivering information as well as

entertainment in today’s generation, due to the ease and convenience
websites provide, most people have switched to digital media as their main
source of information. Newspapers, Radios, and Televisions, are all starting to
become obsolete, especially with how easy people can gather and research
information at the press of a button using Google or any other internet search
engine.
According to Emery C., (2022), the idea of the internet started at least
half a century before it became widely known in the 1990s. After a short time,
the use of websites began to be recognized by people, especially with how the
business industry became witness to the potential and significance of websites
in commerce. After a few decades, in 1989, a man named Tim Berners-Lee
outlined his concept of a computer platform that could provide collaboration
among researchers from different parts of the world. This resulted in the
creation of the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) back in 1990, which is
strongly based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language.
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HTML plays a vital role in web development since it allows coders to

build and organize web page layouts. It serves as the foundation upon which
everything else, including the design, is built. But it could not serve a function
without Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), which is used to style the website pages,
and JavaScript, which, on the other hand, is a programming language that is
used to provide the interactivity of many unique website elements (Margaret,
2020).
The first website, info.cern.ch which was produced in August 06, 1991
was dedicated to delivering and gathering information on the world wide web,
and the people saw its potential. This was first invented by Tim Berners-Lee to
deliver information more successfully, accurately, and more conveniently to
the masses, and it had outstanding results.
Tim Berners-Lee first created a browser called the World Wide Web
that could present HTML documents in an easy-to-read format. However,
National Science and Media Museum states that inconvenience issues arise
since the application can only be used on advanced NeXT machines. This
resulted in the creation of a simplified version of it, which was led by Nicola
Pellow, a math student who worked alongside Berners-Lee at CERN.
Marc Andreessen launched a new browser called “Mosaic” back in 1993.
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Due to its simplicity, website development became popular and started to
grow, from 130 in 1993 to over 100,000 at the start of 1996.
Digital Media at this point was widely recognized and changed how
society views information gathering as a whole, encompassing more than 38
million global users, by June 1996 on Netscape Navigator; the most popular
browser at the time (Norr, Henry R, 2017)
As websites grew more and more, so did the creativity of the creators of
it. Websites began to provide more than just information gathering or
researching, but it also provided entertainment that serves its purpose even
now.
But as soon as websites started gaining popularity, many people took
advantage of this and some businesses nowadays are run solely on websites
and digital media. cannot be denied that websites have been serving as a
major information provider all around the globe, allowing people to deliver
and receive information in the blink of an eye or at the press of a button.
Knowing that such thing may be a powerful instrument for improving
information flow, allowing individuals and organizations to quickly and
efficiently communicate information with a large audience.
There are ways that websites can aid in the flow of information,
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including that they are available around the clock, so anyone may access
information at any time of day or night, regardless of their location. It also
allows the handler to reach a far larger audience than traditional techniques
such as print magazines or in-person events. Furthermore, websites provide
quick and easy dissemination. It allows for quick and easy transmission of
information, allowing the student council or the school official to change
content instantaneously and share it with other students and teachers in real-
time. In addition, websites can be interactive, allowing visitors to interact with
the information, leave feedback, and ask questions. Lastly, such things are a
cost-effective way to disseminate information compared to traditional
techniques such as printing and mailing.
Websites revolutionized the flow information, and your researchers will
use this effectively to create a change for making it easier and more
convenient for the Supreme Student Government, teachers, and facilitators to
disseminate the announcements, and information for the betterment of the
school, Taguig National High School.
Background of the Study
Unreliable flow of information can become the cause of chaos,

misunderstanding, and the downfall of a society. The researchers have a role
in improving, supporting, and providing the masses with a more reliable
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source of information that will allow the public to gather information or access
it with ease.
Whilst keeping the introduction in mind, the researchers aim to provide
a more reliable source of information that will benefit both teachers and
students alike, as well as those who are interested in enrolling in our school.
As of now, the flow of information the school has can be considered
unreliable with the lack of a dedicated source of information as well as people
who can host or manage the information and responsibly distribute them to
the student body.
The issues surrounding this unreliable flow of information has reached
the point where information regarding future events or mandatory changes
surrounding the school rules and regulations are unannounced, causing
misunderstandings between the staff and the students.
Regarding digital misinformation or communication in general, Vosloo
(2021) states misinformation or disinformation as a method to deceive others
and cause harm. The rapid spread of these types of information can cause
havoc amongst a community, especially one that does not have a reliable
source of information.
These types of misconduct in delivering information puts both children
and adults at risk when it comes to deception. Although it has been shown
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that technology companies can help prevent these types of misconduct by
providing the public with more reliable information through technological
approaches by prioritizing transparency and plurality of ideas when it comes
to delivering and receiving information.
This extends even to the community of Taguig National High School,
there have been sudden changes that have failed to reach a good amount of
the student body, including the mandatory changes to students' uniform,
making it a requirement to wear gray pants for males, and limiting P.E
shirts/uniforms to only be worn during MAPEH classes or Physical Education
classes.
And as for events, the Sport’s Festival is one of the major events that
have failed to reach a big portion of the student body. Due to this, many of the
students who wanted to participate in it could not do so as they were unaware
of the event.
The Jingle event was announced to some strands with a significant
delay, and many more failed to participate or refused to due to the shorter
time they had to prepare for it compared to other strands.
With this in mind, the researchers wish to make a difference by creating
a website dedicated to Taguig National High School, in hopes of fixing the
unreliable flow of information our school has, and make it more convenient for
students and teachers to access the necessary information, both regarding the
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school and the events/occasions or changes that are going to happen.
Conceptual Framework
Input: Process: Creation of a
Profile of the Students of Website Dedicated to Taguig
Taguig National High National High School
School
Database to store the
information provided Output: Convenience and
Ease of Access to Information
The roles of the students regarding school events or
and information regarding changes in the school system.
the SSG, Clubs
Access to information
about upcoming events or
changes
Teacher Profiles and 8
f b h
This group follows the I-P-O or the Input-Process-Output format for
the conceptual framework. The profile of the students of Taguig National High
School, Database to store the information provided, the roles of the students
and information regarding the Supreme Student Government, Clubs, access to
information about upcoming events or changes, and Teacher profiles and
information about the curriculum are indicated the input. As for the process,
the creation of a website dedicated to the school is included. And for the
output of this framework, the convenience and ease of access to information
regarding school events or changes in the school system is stated.
Theoretical Framework
The humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed the most
famous hypothesis about what humans require in order to achieve their
“pinnacle” — the point at which they decide to engage — in the form of a
“hierarchy of needs.”
Maslow established hierarchy of needs, which represent how and what

individuals prioritize, as well as what they need to appreciate their
environment and achieve personal growth (or “self-actualization”).
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Based on his concept, William Craig, president and the founder of the WebFX,
created one related to Website Development.
Figure 1: The Hierarchy of Website User Needs
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In creating a website that offers quick and accurate information,
accessibility must be given top priority. Users who need assistance can gain
access to the information on the website by making it simple to navigate. In
order that all users can benefit greatly from accessibility features like
alternative text for images, appropriate heading structure, and keyboard
navigation. Therefore, it is advised that accessibility is given top priority by
website designers to make sure that all users can quickly and accurately
access the information they require.
The relevance and the efficiency of this website is expected to remain

consistent overtime as it can be a way to deliver fast, and reliable information
that can be helpful to students. However, the usefulness of using such a
website could be unstable because of external factors such as, changes in
technology or changes to the academic environment may affect the stability
and the usefulness of using a website. But the overall stability of websites
should be considered for the smooth and hassle-free flow of information.
Making a website that offers students with quick access to information

can have several benefits. It can improve student-faculty contact, improve the
flow of information among the students of Taguig National High School
through online tools and resources, and lastly it promotes accessibility for
students.
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A website’s reliability is also important to guarantee the information
that the students are getting. It also prevents misinformation and confusion
among the students because the information provided are up to date. Making
a website that regularly updates contribute to the reliability of the flow of
information.
By giving them timely and relevant information, websites can allow the
visitors such as the students, school heads, faculty members, alumni, and other
trusted people who can access the site to be updated. Such a website can
also build a stronger connection amongst the heads and students as it allows
them to give feedbacks with regards to their actions, and other things or
events that the students suggest to be changed for the betterment of the
school.
The website offers a flexible means of gaining quick access to reliable
information. Also, it enables users to conduct quick and simple searches for
specific information. Moreover, users can easily access information at any time
thanks to the website’s constant accessibility. The website is additionally
frequently updated to guarantee that the data offered is accurate and current.
Overall, this theory helps the website with its design and functionality
by finding theoretical frameworks and concepts to help the researchers obtain
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significant insights about user behavior cognitive processes and interaction.
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Figure 2: Theoretical Framework for Medical Tourism Website Evaluation
The authors of the framework in Figure 2 have concluded that website
usability is meant to fulfill all four dimensions in the diagram, mentioning that
it is one of the most effective ways to cover all four dimensions with its
effective communication and accessibility for feedback.
Due to the necessities in the medical business, Batraga and Rutitis
(2012) mentioned to simultaneously take care of all the following: corporate
communication, patient service culture, corporate culture, marketing activities,
and communication over digital channels, a proper evaluation of the website is
necessary to ensure that it will support the users in their decision-making, and
also provide support for the managers as well.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of
a website to further improve the reliability of information amongst Taguig
National High School Students.
1.What is the profile of the participant in terms of:
1.1 Student’s Profile
1.1.1 Learner’s Reference Number
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1.1.2 Specialization / Course
1.1.3 Highest or Current Level of Education Attainment
2. Is information among Taguig National High School Students being

delivered accurately and properly?
3. Are the Educational Sectors supportive in terms of implementing a
website meant for information delivery for the school of Taguig
National High School?
4. What are the perceptions of students, teachers, and other key
informants concerning the capabilities to provide a better flow of
information amongst students, teachers, and other key roles in the
school.
Significance of the Study
This research study will provide significant importance to the following:
Taguig National High School. The school will be able to roll out
information faster and better among its students and will be provided with a
website that will allow future or returning students to enroll with ease and also
represent what the school has to offer for the students.
Students. Students will be able to use this reliable flow of information
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to disseminate information quicker if they are part of a higher power, similar to
the Supreme Student Government, and also receive this if they are one of the
students who are willing to participate in events or read the announcements
regarding the changes or updates to the school system or future events. As
well as enabling them with the opportunity of sending (anonymous) feedbacks
to changes they wish to see in the school system.
Teachers. Teachers, similar to the students will be able to disseminate
information faster about changes in schedules, changes in the events, and also
other updates that may be relevant to the students.
Future Students. Future enrollees or future students will be able to look
at what the school has to offer, in hopes to provide them with necessary and
detailed information about the school and see the wonders of Taguig National
High School.
Parents and Alumni. They will be able to check on the students, the
state of the school as it is now and will also be updated on the different issues
or changes that may concern them.
Future Researchers. This study will provide them with more evidence
regarding the efficiency of using websites to provide fast and reliable
information.
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Scope and Limitation
This study aims to help the students, teachers, and staff of Taguig
National High School. Due to the complaints regarding the absence or
delaying of information being received, both in the past and in recent times,
this study hopes to provide an effective solution to this problem, as well as
garner the cooperation of the student body by creating a website that will
allow us to unite the students of Taguig National High School and create a
platform where the students and teachers will have an easy way to access and
deliver information while utilizing technology in a non-destructive manner.
The implementation of this research will begin once it has received the
approval of the teachers and panelists, and will most likely have an indefinite
timeframe due to the nature of websites needing constant updates and
management.
This study is limited to students, teachers, and staff of Taguig National
High School, as well as those who are interested in enrolling to this school, as
it will provide them with ease of access to information regarding the school
and a much more efficient way to enroll, as the website will provide them with
the necessary details and steps in doing so, as well as the strands and
specialties that are available.
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Definition of Terms
Alumni. Refers to the former students of an educational institution.
Database. This is where all sorts of information or data will be stored for
future use.
Flow of Information. This is the step-by-step process of how
information is being transferred from one place to another.
LRN. This is the Learner’s Reference Number meant to give the students
a proper way to uniquely display themselves on a database.
Portal. Are web-based platforms that collect information and allow
other users to access this information.
UI. This refers to the layout, or “User Interface” that the person using
the website will see and use.
User-Generated Content. This refers to any sort of content voluntarily
created by the users.
Website. Refers to a combination of webpages designed to form a “web”
of information that can be displayed on the internet.
Website Development. It is commonly known as web development. It is
the process of building or creating multiple website pages and combined it in
a one program for easier access.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter will include information that will help the reader become
familiarized with the provided information relevant to the study being
conducted at ¬¬present time. It will include ideas, finished thesis,
generalizations, conclusions, methodologies, and others.
Related Literature
Foreign Literature
According to Emery (2022), the platform we now know as the internet
was not always how it was today. It took a great deal of efforts and different
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graphical interpretations for it to pick up the audience and evolve into the
world wide web. The concept of it had been around for much longer than we
know, and once the general public had picked it up and concerned it a viable
method of information travel, big and strong tech companies, along with the
government provided a bigger role in the development of the internet, and
eventually it became the main channel for telecommunications in the modern
age we live in now.
The usage of digital learning tools provides students and teachers with
better engagement and improved facilitation in terms of the personalized
learning of the students, (ISTE 2020). It has also helped in building the skills of
the students in regards to what is necessary in the 21st century.
Technological tools similar to and including Virtual classrooms, videos,
websites, and many more have provided our educational systems with a much
livelier environment where collaboration is encouraged and inquisitiveness is
praised, enabling the students and teachers to collect accurate data with the
use of these technological advancements.
Moreover, technology allows students and teachers to communicate
with each other in their own home, allowing them to have fun, collaborative
learning experiences where they solve problems and improve their skills with
the use of the internet and the digital tools it has provided us with. Due to
technology’s nature of being easy to access, they can seek help on the
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internet regarding difficult topics or questions and have an easier time
learning the subject or finishing their homework.
However, it is important to mention that technology in itself is not an
end to education. It is merely a tool to help propagate education in the right
direction and help improve the system that we have now by using it to
support the needs of the student body.
In acknowledgement of UNESCO (2023), if teachers are trained to
become digitally literate and trained to use ICT tools effectively in teaching
their students, it can and will lead to the students getting an increase in their
creative thinking skills and allow them a platform or a method to express their
feelings or thoughts freely and find an answer to those, and provide better
understandings,
Impressive websites tend to help us in our day-to-day lives, it is not so
limited that it can only provide help when it comes to education, but it also
helps students and people in general to have contact with their parents. The
use of technology and social media have created a platform where
communication is encouraged from their very home, and is accessible virtually
anywhere in the world. Parents and their children can stay connected
regardless of their location, allowing them to have better mutual
understanding regarding the situation of each side.
Furthermore, if websites are encouraged for every school, there is a
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variety of new features that every student can access and use. For example, it
can provide a better learning experience since students will be able to access
what lessons they will tackle for their classes, enabling them to study at their
convenience and access learning materials on the given website.
Alongside a better learning experience, communication of new content
(events, festivals, etc.) can be done more efficiently with the use of the
dedicated portal(s) a website will provide. It can also update existing materials
for the students and alert them whenever a change is made.
A website with a beautiful design may also have the possibility of
attracting potential new students, as it can be the “front page” of the school in
digital media, and if the potential students explore more and find the details
fitting what they are looking for, then it will have been a successful website.
With the increased use of social media, websites, videos, etc. It is
evident that digital concepts have become more and more popular, which can
cause students and teachers to prefer a platform similar to the social media
considered popular nowadays, since it will allow parents to be reached, and
establish the credibility of an institution. Therefore, schools should look into
creating dedicated websites for expanding their domain and enabling a much
better approach to parents and students.
In accordance to the literature review conducted by Statista (2023),
various online websites have been tracked overtime to tally their visits, and in
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the first place, the most visited website is shown to be Google.com with over
88.4 billion monthly websites. Some other websites or famous platforms like
YouTube and other sites have proven to have close numbers as well, with 74.8
billion on YouTube.
Data provided have shown that the numbers are close to each other in
terms of the amount, but what this information tells us is that the difference in
how information is gathered, received, or delivered are much different from
the past.
With testament to the data provided, since Social Media Platforms are
becoming more and more modernized and used by the majority of the people
in the world, promoting the use of websites will help the current generation to
adapt much faster, since internet adoption has become a common trait to
have and will provide them with ease of use and access due to their nature of
adapting to the digital world.
Adding on, a literature review by Singh (2023), the availability and
usage of the internet not only affects education, but also several other fields
including marketing, sales pitching, planning, development, language learning,
and so on and so forth.
It states that positive use of internet and technology will become
mandatory for students, as the amount of growth and development it
supplements them with is substantial and necessary for the improvement of
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their various skillsets.
Alongside this, higher education systems are becoming more and more
absorbed by technology and has become a crucial part of learning and
creating research. Technology has taken all over the educational field and in
turn has increased the amount of knowledge an average person could supply
themselves with.
It has reached the point in time where our dependency on our internet
technology has made it more difficult to think of a future or a timeline where
there is no Internet at all, simply because it has become part of our nature as a
human being to use technology for supplementing our needs.
Internet technology and education are co-related, with education being
a means of transferring knowledge to students who wish to learn, the
existence of internet technology simply amplifies it much better, allowing
students to link themselves to the knowledge of the entire world with the use
of the internet, and absorb as much knowledge as they need, since the
internet is available to everyone who has access to a network, it allows them
to discuss and learn about any topic they want. Having next to no limitations
for what they can find in the internet.
Not only that, but it also offers students a wide variety of multimedia or
methods they can use to learn more efficiently, since not every student is the
same, this allows them to find the method that truly works best for them.
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Multimedia sources including animation, videos, songs, and much more are
some of the things that the internet provides students and teachers with.
Moreover, with books becoming less used in educational fields, it also
means that there is a reduced cost when it came to the materials needed for a
certain school. Since most students will not have to spend any more money on
books due to the internet allowing them to access whichever book they want
to in a single search, it will help low-class families and also propagate the
concept of having the accumulation of human knowledge all accessible by the
public.
Of course, this is not only limited to students, as it also allows the
teachers to access the best methods or multimedia sources for the lecture or
discussion that they are going to be teaching.
It allows them to set up more engaging activities for the students to
learn faster, as well as give them ease of convenience when it came to
uploading their assignments, asking for help from their fellow students, or
maybe even uploading or sending their notes to each other.
In another field, particularly business, Kaplan (2022) discussed how the
online presence of a business in any industry can affect the sales and
effectiveness of their products and business management.
The quality of the website is very important, but before that, having a
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website alone can help increase the chances of making your business stand
out from the rest – the digital presence of the content, products, and services
your company provides can be the defining factor in what makes or breaks
your business.
Although some companies have considered the issues that may come
with creation of websites, price for example, it has been shown that a
significant online presence is worth the price that websites may come with.
One of the main reasons why companies in these modern times should
have a website is to increase their credibility. Being able to showcase that
your products and services are legitimate, as well as providing the necessary
communication between consumer and employee, it helps in proving the
legitimacy of your business and increasing the satisfaction of current and
potential customers in the future. It gives the public the sense of comfort that
shows your business is legitimate.
In addition, the branding of your company can be established; following
the same concept of a major digital presence, websites can help in
establishing the identity of your business; what you can provide to your
consumers, what you stand for, what you represent in the industry, and so on.
It helps set you apart from the rest of your competitors, as websites are
unique to the content it provides, and without one, it may prove to be
challenging for your customers to find the information they need, whether it
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be your products or your business itself.
Moreover, one of the best opportunities that a website can provide a
business is the increased chances of getting connections and leads from the
customers you will service. Once people find you online and become
interested in your business, you may be able to retain contact with them, and
in the future help in expanding your business and spreading your name, given
that you have a positive relationship with them.
If done right, while websites may be pricy to manage and create, most
of the times they will have a high return on investment (ROI).
Of course, it is not only the customers that will receive benefits from a
company website, but also the employees. A company without a website may
receive significantly more calls due to the lack of information their business
may have online. Creating a website will not only help the customers in easily
finding answers to their questions, it will also reduce the stress on the
employees, as they will need to manage less variables regarding their business.
Following this, since websites are run 24/7, a business may also be able
to post updates as well as announcements regarding their new products and
services, or any changes that may happen in their company that will affect
either employee or customer.
All of this proves why the creation of websites and having a digital
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presence in the marketing industry has become essential in modern times.
Local Literature
A literature review conducted by Kemp (2022) has proven that the
amount of new internet users has skyrocketed in the Philippines at the
beginning of 2022.
Later studies show that the increase of internet users in the Philippines
was only a 2.8 percent increase between the year 2021 and 2022, however,
In the beginning of January 2022, the number of Filipinos accessing the
internet was at sixty-eight (68) percent of the overall population. This shows
that the population of Filipinos who were offline at the time were ranging at
around 35.77 million. But in 2022, all of these Filipinos have garnered access
to the internet and have started to use it regularly for use in their day-to-day
life.
A survey conducted by Lalu 3 years ago (2020), almost half of the
Filipino Adults nationwide have begun to use the internet, most likely due to
the emergence of the pandemic caused by a disease called Covid-19.
In their December 2019 survey, it proved that 45 percent of Filipino
adults had access to the internet, and 98 percent (or 29.4million) of these
Filipino adults use Facebook to read more information about their peers or
information regarding the world around them, having active Facebook
accounts and all.
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The same survey showed results that proved that 24 percent (or 15.7
million) of the 66.2 million adults use Facebook to access and read about the
daily news about the events occurring around them.
Although these statistics are still low and are inferior to the number of
Filipinos using television as their primary source of information, it has shown
that social media is slowly but surely starting to become an upward trend in
terms of accessing information and being a medium of information in the
global world.
Moreover, a literature review conducted by OOSGA (2023) among
countries located in the south east, out of all the countries here, the
Philippines has the most active population in social media.
With 94 million active social media users who access the internet by the
use of mobile devices. It is also worth noting that the social media tendencies
of Filipinos have a significant difference to the global average of roughly 2
hours. The sources show that the average Filipino spends at least 4.1 hours a
day on their respective social media platforms.
In addition to all of this, the R.A or Republic Act No, 10173 – Data
Privacy Act was meant to ensure that the visitors or users of different websites
are provided with the privacy regarding different variables.
These users, in accordance to the republic act, can and will have a
fundamental right of privacy in how their information, both personal and
public are processed.
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Including who they give the right to control their information or process
it, or what equipment will be used for the responsible act of ensuring the
rights of an individual to their privacy.
Related Studies
Foreign Studies
According to Toqeer & Arslan (2021), the usage of ICT resources further
increases the availability, accessibility, adequacy, and user ability of the
students to make greater use of technology for different activities. This is
proven as some institutions promote the usage of ICT tools and have been
shown to bring fruitful results in the learning process of students.
Studies conducted by Al-Ansi et al. (2019) show that the use of ICT
tools was proven to have a significantly positive effect on the learning
processes of undergraduates, postgraduates, and high school individuals. It
has been proven to improve the techniques and methods used in higher
education, and also show that the effectiveness of using ICT tools is relative to
the level of education, since the higher the level of education, the more
effective their usage of ICT tools were, providing many variables such as:
policies of learning, difference of abilities, capacity of absorption, specification
of studies, extend of need and complexity.
With the globalization of modern digital tools, and the growing trend of
openness and sharing, it has enabled the widespread use of digital
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technologies all over the world. Although there still exists some countries that
differ in terms of allowing and using digital technology for learning, their
understanding that technological advancements can improve and better the
understanding of students using online learning as a higher form of education
as a response to Covid-19.
Moreover, according to the experience of the students, it has confirmed
the use of official digital resources such as websites dedicated to educational
purposes and materials, similar to online library resources, but it has also
shown that students use a variety of non-official digital resources as well,
including websites created voluntarily with user-generated content, YouTube,
and open-source websites similar to Wikipedia. Therefore, schools and
universities need to consider these resources if they ever incorporate digital
technologies in improving their teaching and learnings. Moreover, they have
also noted that digital technologies will continue to develop alongside the
different learning methods that it provides the users with, and have shown to
be integral to the future of the existing schools, universities and academic
challenges that the students will face in adapting to the technology-assisted
learning. (Cohen, et al. (2022)).
Adding on, Chua & Luyun (2019), gadgets have become a common day
-to-day object and has even reached the point where it is indispensable, it is
almost necessary for every aspect of life to have at least one mobile device on
31
hand at all times.
Devices that can access the internet or network have become a
companion that will help us in achieving our long-term and short-term goals.
This study conducted by the aforementioned authors, Chua & Luyun,
have shown that there are many different benefits and effects that are
brought about by social media, and these can vastly affect the values of
teenagers and young adults.
Moreover, this study has showcased that most students do not believe
that their day is complete without accessing their common social media
platforms at least once.
Overall, social media has created many benefits for everyone and
promoting it will only provide better and easier access for everyone if websites
were implemented for the content they wish to access or interact with.
Another research study by Martini et al. (2022), had the purpose of
investigating how the population utilizes websites as a medium for
communication and branding the content in their company.
Telecommunication industries in Indonesia have been found to use
websites as their main source of strategizing their online branding, with
different indicators meant for website content, website ease of use, and
website interactivity, creation of the website meant for their company aimed
to increase and maximize each of these indicators as well as improve their
32
medium of communication with one another.
This study shows that many people, both clients and workers or
employees in telecommunication companies use websites as a medium for
communication.
Web usability is always needed in a website, as allowing users to find
information easily is one of the main benefits that websites all around the
world will provide to the benefactors who access it.
In this study, they evaluated the experiences and capabilities of
students to use a website by evaluating their performance in using the
websites in University of Cagliari through the use of eye tracking data and
different qualitative and quantitative methods.
The performances of two different groups of students were determined
by their ability to complete 10 different tasks, and compared it by using their
time of completion as a medium.
After the analysis of the gathered data, it has proved that students of
the University of Caliagri, regardless of their experience or aptitude in using a
website, have the same or little to no difference in the time needed to
accomplish the major ta
This study shows that websites, as long as they are usable and efficient,
are proven to provide convenience and ease of access for the users who will
access them, since if they are easy to use, the experiences of the user won’t
33
matter as they will be able to navigate the website easily and gather the
necessary information to complete the tasks fast and accurately.
Castigilia & Marco (2022) have also added in with their special issue
“Strategies and Evidence in Health Communication: Evidence and
Perspectives.”
The idea behind their book was the identification of the significant
difficulties faced by the health care industry when attempting to create
messages that will significantly alter the behavior of large populations of
people.
Despite the fact that theoretical and experimental research has helped
to increase knowledge and evidence about the importance of communication
in healthcare.
In recent times, public institutions have been trying to find different,
unique, and more creative ways for conveying health-related results and
quickly relay this information to the individuals that are affected or will be
affected by this information.
In particular, ICT or Information Communication and Technologies is
seen as the first option when it comes to improving the issues mentioned
before. It will help them reach to different demographic segments and
improve the health conditions for everyone.
34
Digital health has earned the name of e-health after a while of
accelerating their use of the internet or digital media to process information
and send it to the affected population. And not only has it become more
popular, it has actually become a need after the outbreak of the pandemic
caused by Covid-19.
The data gathered from previous studies has shown that the use of
Internet Communication and Technology skills will eventually help in
developing and improving the communication skills required in the healthcare
industry, where proper and effective communication is immediately
advantageous to both professional and patients.
Okitani et al. (2022) led a study in Lampung Province where they
analyzed the growth of the website in the smart village by letting it play a key
role in the growth of the village in this concept. The finest feasible public
services and information must be offered to the community by village
administrations, according to Law Number 6 of 2014 respecting Villages and
Government Regulation Number 34 of 2014.
The village website is growing well in the Pesawaran District, as
domains listed as desa.id were registered by 58 villages in 2018 and 133 of the
148 villages in 2020.
Using this domain, 30 villages already have functioning websites meant
to develop and improve the communication amongst the inhabitants of this
35
village, as well as provide initiatives and regulations and improve the
cooperation of various parties in running the website.
After the conducting of interviews, observations, and documentation
searches, it has been found that the Pesawaran Office of Communication and
Information, village website operators, villagers, and outside parties are all
involved in the development of the village website model in the district.
The Office of Kominfo Pesawaran, which participates in the entire sequence of
processes for developing village websites, from the socialization process to
licensing, management, monitoring, and evaluation of village websites, serves
as an external agent of change and becomes the focal point of the
relationship pattern in the model.
The Ministry of Communication and Information’s ASN actively engages
in socialization and consultation using a variety of media. There hasn’t been
much involvement from other outside parties. The sustainability of the website
is mostly determined by internal agents of change, such as the village head,
operators, and residents, however, it is not ideal. The creation of websites are
proven to increase the development and boost the cooperation, engagement
and activity of the inhabitants, but some challenges still exist.
In addition, results of the data gathering conducted by Kushniruk
(2022), websites that are found to be straightforward, uncluttered, pleasant,
and simple to use are much better for the majority of the population.
36
However, 30 minor issues regarding the usability of the websites, for
example, the navigation, the understanding of images, icons, and tabs,
comprehension of content, and misalignment with users’ expectations were
reported.
Besides the given issues, the majority found the website to be
extremely helpful and simple to use, rewarding the users with ease of access
and comfort in navigating the information they wanted to access and finding
the easiest and most convenient path for accessing this information.
Although there were some minor issues regarding the
misunderstanding of the website’s content and icons, in the end, the website
served a major positive impact regarding the user’s experience, especially
when it came to accessing the information they needed at the time.
In addition to this information, it is not only healthcare related
industries that are changing due to the expansion of digital media and tools,
because according to a study conducted by Fraccastoro (2021), marketing,
particularly sales marketing has been receiving a major change in how it
communicates with the clients or with co-workers.
The study revolves around a grounded-theory approach based on how
companies all around the world can use social media to effectively boost the
impact of their sales by providing a more engaging method of communication
from business-to-business (B2B), which in addition also helps them in
37
becoming more persuasive regarding how they will communicate more
efficiently with their peers and clients.
After conducting several in-depth interviews with small and medium
sized enterprises while following qualitative methods, and the results show
that most companies use social media tools for various things.
Firstly, to identify new business opportunities. To do so, they have
begun to rely on social media as it is a more efficient method of discovering
these opportunities, and also helps in taking advantage of these opportunities.
Secondly, persuasion has been boosted by a significant amount after
they have begun to adopt social media and digital tools into their company by
providing more engaging conversations with the customers, which leads us to
the third factor:
Relationship management. It is easier to have contact with each other
and conduct reviews regarding the products the customers have received as
well as the customer service they will be provided with, and in turn both sides
will be happy, as the employees will be able to assess the customer
satisfaction, read and receive their reviews and work on any possible
suggestions that the clients may have.
The client as well will be able to provide the reviews that the company
may need in the future, and if this business relationship between customer
38
and employee is managed successfully, it can prove to be beneficial in the
future, with the company attaining returning customers and the clients
knowing that the company is reliable for the services or products that they
require.
This proves that websites are flexible and can achieve more positive
effects in any industry they are introduced to, providing nothing but more
convenient access to information they need, business-to-business
communication, and quick, fast navigation of the content they are browsing.
Similarly, in the field of education, a study by Fernández-Gutiérrez
(2020) on the impact of ICT tools on educational achievements has shown
positive results with the adoption of digital media and ICT tools in different,
more specific fields of education.
Policy makers and major researchers have taken interest in this, and
have therefore started investing in making sure that these tools are spread
into the public and provide great use to the majority of students and teachers
in the field of education.
After conducting research based on their empirical strategy of
calculating the average use of ICT tools in each school community at different
periods of time.
By doing so, they have shown results that show the use of ICT tools,
39
particularly in the mathematical, scientific, and linguistic fields and have
proven that students who use ICT tools show much higher capabilities in
obtaining academical achievements, scoring higher in exams for example.
Although there is not enough scientific evidence that shows that ICT
tools are purely beneficial, the study mentions that teaching practices have
changed significantly once ICT tools started affecting the educational
outcomes of the students.
In yet another field, particularly tourism, a study conducted by Benevolo
& Spinelli (2019) was meant to tackle the use and quality of websites
regarding the experience of the users when it came to accessing tourist ports
and providing information and services to actual and potential customers.
After analyzing 129 tourist ports websites from ten different countries,
the findings reveal that while these websites are not only beautiful and well-
managed, they also provide clarity when it comes to delivering information
and presenting them to the audience, showing clear links and images of the
location, as well as offering some interaction between website and user.
Although some sample websites fail to give all of the expected
information and services that the users might expect, it is still in the interest of
researchers in the field of tourism to use such a tool, since it will help in
managing the information regarding the location and services that these
tourist spots might provide, and help improve customer satisfaction.
40
Local Studies
The study of Nueva C. (2019) reveals that technology is widely used in
the classroom for accessing and referencing information, requesting
instructional support, as well as communicating and collaborating with each
other on a platform. However, teachers seemed to have experienced
inequality in terms of the ability and competency in using these digital
platforms, and have discovered that the efficiency of using these digital
technologies are in relation to the technological capacity of the user in
understanding and learning the platform.
A study conducted by Begonia (2022) that investigated the
understudied minority group of Filipino-Americans high mortality rates caused
by chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
The study believes that often times, there are barriers surrounding them
and culturally appropriate health resources, showing that they use the
Internet most of the time for accessing information related to their health. For
example, searching about the symptoms of certain diseases or their cures and
where to buy medicine for them.
Therefore, this study aims to help the cause of accessing health-related
information by using websites as a means of a more effective medium aimed
for helping the causes of the health industry.
41
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47
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This chapter will be discussing the different methods and steps that the
researchers will be taking to ensure that the necessary data will be gathered
for this study to be conducted properly. It will reveal the Research Method,
Research Design, the Participants & Criteria, the Sampling Method used, the
Research Instrument(s) used, and the Data Gathering Process.
Research Method
The research method that this study will be utilizing is the qualitative
research method.
This research method is defined by Bhandari (2020) as the collection of
non-numerical data, particularly the experiences and opinions of other people,
as well as their interpretations on different situations. It is mainly used to
gather in-depth insights regarding certain problems and use this data to
create new ideas for their research.
According to Olive (2015), qualitative research was first coined by the
founding father, Paul Felix Lazersfield. This research method in particular was
48
meant to act as a framework to understand the different interpretations of
human behavior, conscious, subconscious, or unconscious, and aim to answer
the question of “why?”
The reason the researchers chose this method is because the qualitative
method fits more into the type of study they will be conducting, as it aims to
improve the experiences of other people, and to do so, the researchers must
gather information regarding their previous experiences and aim to improve
them with the qualitative research method, considering that the focus of it is
in the necessary area for this type of study to be conducted well.
Research Design
The researchers have decided to use the Phenomenological Design to
conduct this study.
According to Spiegelberg, Biernel (2023) The goal of phenomenological
research is to use how individuals perceive things to illuminate their true
nature. In other words, it's the study of the significance that these objects (or
phenomena) have in the minds of the audience you're researching. The phrase
literally translates as the "study of phenomena.”
The German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), who wanted to
make philosophy "a rigorous science" by bringing philosophy's focus "to the
49
things themselves" (zu den Sachen selbst), is regarded as the modern creator
of phenomenology.
Phenomenological study enables us to comprehend what it feels like to
go through a certain circumstance or event in life. Your study can get to the
heart of what it was really like by explaining the experiences of people who
actually went through it and their perspectives of them.
The qualitative phenomenological technique offers a theoretical tool for
educational research because it enables adaptable activities that may be used
to explain and aid in the understanding of complicated phenomena, such as
many facets of social experience in humans, which is the reason the
researchers decided to go with this design in particular. It will help in trying to
find where the problem lies and by gathering in-depth insight from the
participants, the researchers will be able to practically implement this study
with the gathered data.
Participants & Criteria
In this study, a wide range of participants from different backgrounds,
ages, and experiences were examined by the researchers. The relevance,
accuracy, and currency of the selection criteria for participants were given
careful consideration.
50
First, they made sure that the participants had a clear connection to the
study's subject, lining up their insights and experiences with its goals. They
were able to gather information using this relevance criterion that directly
addressed the research questions.
Second, accuracy was crucial in choosing participants, with a focus on
those who could offer accurate and trustworthy information. It sought to
preserve the integrity of the study results by confirming their reliability and
making sure they were willing to divulge accurate information.
Finally, they gave priority to participants who were aware about current
events and trends that were important to the study. The requirement of
currency made sure that the data offered by the participants was up-to-date
and representative of the most recent findings in the field.
The goal of the researchers was to improve the quality and validity of
the findings from their study by following to these standards of relevance,
accuracy, and currency.
Sampling Method
This study utilized a non-probability sampling method, the snowball
sampling procedure, to obtain information from the senior high school
participants at Taguig National High School.
51
According to Simkus (2023), snowball sampling is a non-probability
sampling method where research participants help recruit future subjects that
are fit for the study.
This method was developed by Coleman (1958–1959) and Goodman
(1961) as a means for studying the structure of social networks (Heckathorn,
2014).
The researchers chose this method due to its relevance and
convenience. The process is simple: the current chosen participant suggests
other potential subjects that will satisfy the factors or criteria to be considered
as research subjects. By doing so, the conductors of the study will be able to
find people who are suited for the interview that will be conducted.
Research Instrument
The researchers will use interviews as their main research instrument.
The interviews were done with a structured format, with several sets of open-
ended questions designed to generate detailed information regarding the
research problem.
The interview serves as a full research tool, allowing the researchers to
dig deeply into the point of view and experiences of the participants. This
approach ensured the collection of accurate and reliable data for analysis
52
through the use of active listening & methods with a planned yet flexible
approach.
Interviews as a method of gathering information originated in 1921
when Thomas Edison invented it due to the lack of knowledge the college
student applicants had. This was a means to test their general knowledge
regarding certain topics and ensure that they were qualified for the job.
(Workopolis 2017)
Data Gathering Procedure
Before beginning the interview, the researchers will first request
approval from their respected teacher before reaching out to the Senior High
School students to collaborate with us.
The data gathering process will begin as soon as we have their
permission. After one interview is completed, the researchers then ask the
participant to recommend someone for our next interview before proceeding.
53

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Department of Education

National Capital Region

The Creation of a School Website: Impact on Senior High School

Websites are the mainstream service of delivering information as well as

HTML plays a vital role in web development since it allows coders to

Unreliable flow of information can become the cause of chaos,

Maslow established hierarchy of needs, which represent how and what

Figure 1: The Hierarchy of Website User Needs

The relevance and the efficiency of this website is expected to remain

Making a website that offers students with quick access to information

1.1 Student’s Profile

1.1.1 Learner’s Reference Number

1.1.3 Highest or Current Level of Education Attainment

2. Is information among Taguig National High School Students being

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