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Gamma and Beta Functions
Gamma and Beta Functions
Madas
GAMMA
FUNCTION
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
∞
Γ( x) ≡
0
t x −1 e −t dt ,
where x ≠ ... − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0 .
• Γ ( x + 1) ≡ x Γ ( x ) x∈»
• Γ ( n + 1) ≡ n ! , n ∈ » or Γ ( n ) ≡ ( n − 1)! , n ∈ »
•
2( )
Γ (1) = 1 , Γ ( 2 ) = 1 , Γ 1 = π
π
• Γ ( z ) Γ (1 − z ) ≡ , z ∈»
sin π z
∞
•
1
Γ′ ( x ) = Γ ( x ) −γ + +
x k =1
1
−
1
k x + k
Γ( x)
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
Evaluate each of the following expressions, leaving the final answer in exact
simplified form.
3Γ ( 6 )
a) .
Γ ( 4)
( )
b) Γ 3 .
2
∞
c)
0
x7 e − x dx .
V , 60 , 1 π , 7! = 5040
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 2
Evaluate each of the following expressions, leaving the final answer in exact
simplified form.
60Γ ( 5 )
a) .
Γ (7)
( )
b) Γ 5 .
2
∞
c)
0
2 x 4 e1− x dx .
V , 2 , 3 π , 48e
4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
Evaluate each of the following expressions, leaving the final answer in exact
simplified form.
a)
Γ −1 ( )
2 .
Γ 1
2 ( )
( )
b) Γ − 3 .
2
∞
c)
0
x3 e−4 x dx .
V , −2 , 4 π , 3
3 128
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 4
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the value of
− 12 x 2
x3 e dx .
0
V , MM3-B , 2
Question 5
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the value of
0
x e− x dx .
V, 4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 6
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the value of
( ln x )3 dx .
x2
1
V, 6
Question 7
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the exact value of
2
2 x e − x dx .
0
( )
V, Γ 3
4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 8
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the exact value of
2
x 6 e −4 x dx .
0
15 π
V,
2048
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 9
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, find the exact value of
a −1
1
ln x dx ,
0
where a ≠ 1, 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, ...
V , MM3-A , Γ ( a )
Question 10
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, show that
[ln x ]n n
dx = ( −1) n ! , n ∈ » .
0
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 11
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, show that
− k2
e σ 3 π
6
dσ = 5 , k ≠ 0.
σ 8k 2
0
proof
Question 12
Γ ( x + 1) ≡ x Γ ( x ) , x ≠ 0 , x ∉ − » .
Γ ( n + 1) ≡ n ! , n ∈ » .
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 13
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, show that
∞
(
Γ mn+1 ).
0
m − ax n
x e dx = m+1
na n
proof
Question 14
By using techniques involving the Gamma function, show that
e ax
n
dx = eak a n−1 Γ (1 − n ) , 0 < n < 1 .
−∞
(k − x)
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 15
The gamma function is defined as
∞
Γ( x) =
0
e−t t x −1 dt , x ≠ 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, ...
Γ ( x + 1) = x Γ ( x ) .
s
I (s) = e− p dp , s >0,
0
lim I ( s ) = 1 .
s →∞
1 1
I (s) = Γ
s s
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 16
( −1)n
n!
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 17
∞ ∞
2 2
I =2 e − x dx and I =2 e− y dy .
0 0
( )
Γ 1 = π.
2
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 18
It is given that the following integral converges
− 12
ln x dx .
0
( )
Γ 1 = π.
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 19
It is given that the following integral converges
0
( x ln x )n dx , n ∈ » .
MM3-E ,
( −1)n n!
( n + 1)n+1
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 20
It is given that the following integral converges
− 12 t
e ln t dt .
0
Evaluate the above integral by introducing a new parametric term in the integrand and
carrying out a suitable differentiation under the integral sign.
∞
1
Γ′ ( x ) = Γ ( x ) −γ + +
x k =1
1
−
1
.
k x + k
2 ( −γ + ln 2 )
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 21
Prove the validity of Legendre’s duplication formula for the Gamma function, which
states that
Γ ( 2n ) π
(2 )
Γ n + 1 ≡ 2 n−1
2 Γ ( n)
, n∈».
MM3-C , proof
Question 22
Legendre’s duplication formula for the Gamma function, states that
Γ ( 2m ) π
( 2 2
)
Γ m + 1 ≡ 2 m−1
Γ (m)
, m∈» .
Show that
( 2 m )! π , m ∈ »
(
Γ m + 1 ≡ 2m
2 )
2 m!
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 23
∞
I (λ, x) =
0
e −λt t x−1 ln t dt .
I ( λ , x ) = λ − x Γ′ ( x ) − Γ ( x ) ln λ .
∞
′
1
You may assume that Γ ( x ) = Γ ( x ) −γ + +
x k =1
1
−
1
.
k x + k
1 1
MM3-D , I ( λ ,1) = − [γ + ln λ ] , I ( λ , 2 ) = [1 − γ − ln λ ] ,
λ λ2
1
I ( λ ,3) = [3 − 2γ − 2ln λ ]
λ3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 24
By considering standard power series expansions and using Gamma functions, show
∞
( −1)r −1
1
0
x x
dx =
r =1
r
r
.
MM3F , proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 25
By considering standard power series expansions and using Gamma functions, show
1 1 1 1 1
dx = 1 + 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ + ...
0 x x
2 3 4 55
MM3J , proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 26
∞
( ln x )3
I=
1 x 2 ( x − 1)
dx .
−1
I = −6 +
0
(
u 3 e −u 1 − e −u ) du ,
π4
and hence show that I= −6.
15
∞
ζ ( 4) =
r =1
1
r 4 =
π4
90
.
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 27
By using the substitution u = x + u x in the integral definition of Γ ( x + 1) , show that
for large values of n
n + 12
n! ≈ 2π e− n n , n∈».
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
BETA FUNCTION
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
n −1
B ( m, n ) ≡ x m−1 (1 − x ) dx .
0
2
B ( m, n ) ≡ 2 sin 2m−1 θ cos 2 n−1 θ dθ .
0
x m−1
B ( m, n ) ≡ dx
0 ( x + 1)m+n
• B ( m, n ) ≡ B ( n, m )
Γ ( m) Γ ( n) ( m − 1)!( n − 1)! ,
• B ( m, n ) ≡ , or B ( m, n ) ≡ m∈» , n∈»
Γ ( m + n) ( m + n + 1)!
or B ( m, n ) ≡
( m − 1)( n − 1) B m − 1, n − 1
( )
( m + n − 1)( m + n − 2 )
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 1
Show clearly that
2
B ( m, n ) = 2 ( sin θ )2m−1 ( sin θ )2n−1 dθ .
0
proof
Question 2
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
4
7 x5 (1 − x ) dx .
0
1
180
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 3
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2
sin 5 θ cos 4 θ dθ .
0
8
315
Question 4
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
0
x 4 1 − x 2 dx .
π
32
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 5
2
sin x dx .
0
Express the value of the above integral in terms of Gamma functions, in their simplest
form
( )
Γ 3 π
4
( )
2Γ 5
4
Question 6
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2
sin 7 θ dθ .
0
8
35
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 7
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
x3
dx .
0
4− x
4096
35
Question 8
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
4
sin 2 2 x cos 4 2 x dx .
0
1
35
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 9
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
4
dx .
4
0 1 − x4
π 2
Question 10
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
0
( ) ( )
sin 5 1 x cos 2 1 x dx .
2 2
16
105
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 11
p −1 1 m
0
(
x m−1 1 − x n ) dx = B , p , n ≠ 0 .
n n
2
0
(
x 5 1 − x3 ) dx .
1
24
Question 12
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
0
11
1 − 3 x dx .
1331
1564
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 13
n
In = (1 − x ) dx .
0
2
In = .
( n + 2 )( n + 1)
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 14
1
x 2 a − x dx .
0
Find an exact simplified value for the integral above, by using a suitable substitution
to transform into a Beta function.
1 π a2
8
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 15
2
I m ,n = sin m θ cos n θ dθ , m ∈ » , n ∈ » .
0
m −1
I m, n = I m−2, n
m+n
B ( m, n ) =
( m − 1)( n − 1) B m − 1, n − 1 .
( )
( m + n − 1)( m + n − 2 )
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 16
Show clearly that
Γ ( m) Γ ( n)
B ( m, n ) = .
Γ ( m + n)
proof
Question 17
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2
tan θ dθ .
0
π
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 18
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
0
x 2 16 − x 2 dx .
16π
Question 19
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
0
16x 2 − x 6 dx .
2π
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 20
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
3
0 x 2 − x3
2π
3
Question 21
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2 1 7
( sin θ ) 2 ( cosθ ) 2 dx .
0
5π 2
64
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 22
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
5
( 2x − x 2 ) 2
dx .
0
5π
16
Question 23
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
(
7
4− x )
2 2
dx .
0
35π
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 24
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1+ x
dx .
1− x
−1
Question 25
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
0 1 + x2
π
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 26
Use the substitution x 2 = sin θ to show that
2
1
( )
Γ 1
dx =
4
1
.
1 − x4 32π
0
proof
Question 27
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
3
2( )
sin 3 x 8sin 3 x dx .
0
2
π
3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 28
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2− x
dx .
2+ x
−2
2π
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 29
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
(
x3
dx .
3 2
0 1 + 8x )
π
MM3-A ,
72 3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 30
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
2
( x − 2 )( 4 − x )
Question 31
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2π
0
cos 4 θ + sin 6 θ dθ .
11π
4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 32
By using techniques involving the Beta function, show that
2
5 ( )
2 Γ 1
1
4 ( 5 − x )( x − 1) dx = 4 .
3 π
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 33
n −1
B ( m, n ) ≡ x m−1 (1 − x ) dx .
0
y
a) Use the substitution x = to show that
y +1
y m−1
B ( m, n ) ≡ m+ n
dy .
0 ( y + 1)
(
x3
6
dx .
0 4 + x)
1
320
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 34
( b − x )m−1 ( x − a )n−1 m + n −1
dx = ( b − a ) B ( m, n ) .
a
5− x
dx .
3 x −3
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 35
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
3 3
0 (1 + x )
10π
27 3
Question 36
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
x2
dx .
−∞ 1 + x4
π
MM3-B ,
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 37
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
0 1 + x6
π
3
Question 38
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
4
dx .
0 ( 2 + x2 )
5π 2
512
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 39
O x
x = 8cos3 t , y = sin 3 t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 π .
2
The finite region bounded by the curve and the coordinate axes is revolved fully about
the x axis, forming a solid of revolution S .
21
MM3-C , x =
16
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 40
By using techniques involving the Beta function, show that
1 π
1 n
dx = .
0
n
1− x n sin πn
( )
proof
Question 41
By using techniques involving the Beta function, show that
1 π π
n
dx = cosec .
0
x +1 n n
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 42
n −1
B ( m, n ) ≡ x m−1 (1 − x ) dx .
0
y
a) Use the substitution x = to show that
y +1
y m−1
B ( m, n ) ≡ m+ n
dy .
0 ( y + 1)
x
dx .
0
16 + x 2
π 2
4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 43
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2 tan x
2
dx .
0 ( cos x + sin x )
π
MM3-D ,
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 44
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
2
dx .
1
x x −1
π
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 45
−1
n
I= (1 − x2 ) dx , n ∈ » .
2
22 n+1 ( n!)
I = .
( 2n + 1)!
MM3-E , proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 46
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
1
dx .
0
( x + 1) x
MM3-C , π
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 47
By using techniques involving the Beta function, find the exact value of
2 tan x
dx .
0
cos x + 4sin 2 x
2
π
4
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 48
2
e−u u 2 x −1 du .
0
b) Show that
1π
2
c) Use the results of part (a) and (b) to show further that
Γ( x)Γ( y)
B ( x, y ) = .
Γ( x + y)
1π
2
2n π
( cos θ )2n dθ = 2 n+1 .
0 n 2
1 Γ( x)
2
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 49
a) By using techniques involving the Beta function and the Gamma function,
show that
2 2 k +1 ( k !)2 22k .
( cosθ ) dθ =
0
( 2k + 1)!
2
( sin θ )2k +1 dθ .
0
π π
( k !)2 22k
2 2 k +1 2 2 k +1
( sin θ ) dθ = ( cosθ ) dθ =
0 0 ( 2k + 1)!
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 50
z p −1
f (z) = , z ∈» , p∈ » , 0 < p <1.
z +1
x p −1 π
dx = .
0
1+ x sin ( pπ )
−x
Γ ( x ) Γ (1 − x ) = u x −1 (1 − u ) du .
0
t
c) Use the substitution u = to deduce that
t +1
π
Γ ( x ) Γ (1 − x ) = , 0 < x < 1.
sin (π x )
V , MM3P , proof
[solution overleaf]
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 51
n −1
B ( m, n ) ≡ x m−1 (1 − x ) dx .
0
1
B(k, k ) = 2 k −1 (1 + u )k −1 (1 − u )k −1 du .
2 −1
Γ ( 2k ) π
(
Γ k + 1 = 2 k −1
2 2
)
Γ(k )
.
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 52
x −1
1 1 2
I ( x) ≡ 4 (
− t − )
2
dt .
0
b) By considering the symmetry of the integrand about the line t = 1 and using
2
2
( )
the substitution y = 4 t − 1 , show that
2
( )
Γ ( x ) Γ x + 1 = 21−2 x π Γ ( 2k ) .
2
Γ( x) Γ( x)
I ( x) =
Γ (2x)
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 53
∞
I (α ) =
0
( ) dx ,
arctan xα α < −1 .
π
I (α ) = 1 π sec
2 2α
1 1 1 1 1
(
= 2 B 2 − 2α , 2 + 2α . )
∞
x p −1
π
You may assume that dx = , 0 < p <1.
0 ( x + 1) sin pπ
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 54
It is given that for any real constants x and y
Γ ( x + 1) Γ ( y + 1)
B ( x + 1, y + 1) = .
Γ ( x + y + 2)
n x n!
Γ ( x ) = lim .
n→∞ x ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ... ( x + n − 1)( x + n )
b) Hence show
∞
1
Γ′ ( x ) = Γ ( x ) −γ − +
x k =1
x .
k (x + k)
proof
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 55
1
1− x
1
I= xy (1 − x − y ) 2 dydx .
0
0
16
945
Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas
Question 56
A finite region R defined by the inequalities
x3 + y 3 + z 3 ≤ 1 , x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , z ≥ 0 .
k
( )
1 Γ 1 ,
k k
k =3
Created by T. Madas