Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Topic: Importance of Agriculture In Industry

FARM TOOLS AND QUIPMENT
THE FIVE S’S (5’s) OF THE GOOD HOUSKEEPING
Discussants: Jorge Vasquez III
Kim Angelo Intia
Miguel Allan Masambique
BTVTED ET - 2

Objectives

 Explain the meaning of agriculture

 Describe why agriculture is important.
 Discuss how agriculture has changed.
 Identify the role of systems in agriculture

What is agriculture

 The production and marketing of food and fiber products.

- Crops
- Animals

Two areas of Agriculture

 Production Agriculture Work done on the farm

 Agribusiness work done off the farm.

Production Agriculture

 Also known as farming or ranching.

 Crops are plants that are grown for its products.
 Livestock, Cattle poultry, sheep.
 Less than 1% are involved in production agriculture.

Agribusiness

 25% off all jobs are related to agriculture.

 Getting products from the farm to the consumer.
 This area also consists of professionals such as vets and chemist.

Other areas of Agriculture

 Horticulture
 Forestry
 Natural Resources

Horticulture
 The production of plants for their beauty and usefulness.
 Includes ornamentals and food crops.
 Lettuce. apples. Nuts
Forestry
 The science and art growing trees and making them into products.
 Tree farms is a farm that specializes in growing tress.

Natural resources
 Water
 Minerals
 Wildlife
 Oil
 Air
 Soil

Why is agriculture Important?

 We must have food. clothing. and housing

Food
 The solid and liquid
Material we eat each
Day.
 How much food do
 You eat
 Milk 572lbs.
 Vegetables 244lbs.
 Cereal 189lbs.
 Red meat 163lbs.
 Potatoes 136lbs.
 Fruit 124lbs.
 Poultry 61lbs.
 Fish 15lbs.

Clothing
 The covering we wear on our bodies.
 Fiber is a tiny piece of solid material that is like a thread.
 Fiber comes from animals and plants.

Housing
 Wood is the product of trees.
 Lumber. Plywood, furniture

How has Agriculture Changed?

 Easy settlers lived by hunting and fishing.
 They grew few crops and raised a small number of animals.
 Native Americans played an important part in the success of the early settlers.
 Europe desired products such as cotton. Flax. tea. And rice.

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Identify the different tools and equipment in rice production;
2. Describe the specific uses of each tool and equipment;
3. Perform the proper care and maintenance of each tool and equipment.

HAND TOOLS

1. BOLO – USED FOR CUTTING OF WEEDS.

2. WHEELBARROW – a small cart with a single wheel at the front and two supporting
legs and two handles at the rear.
 3. SICKLE – a short handled farming tool with a semicircular blade, used for cutting grain,
lopping, or trimming.
4. PICK MATTOCK – used for digging, prying, and chopping.
5. RAKE – use in your yard and garden and are designed to work in tight spaces and
close to the surface.
6. SPADE – a tool used for digging straight edged holes or trenches, slicing and lifting
sod, and edging flower beds or lawns.
7. SHOVEL – is a tool used to dig as well as to move loose, granular materials.

FARM IMPLEMENTS

1. PLOWS – These are farm implements used in rice production operations either pulled
by a working animal or a tractor.
2. HARROW – The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and pulled
by a carabao while the disc harrow Is a metal mounted to a tractor.
3. ROTAVATOR – The rotavator is an implement attached to a tractor used for land
preparation.

EQUIPMENT
These are machineries used in farm operations especially in rice production.

1. HAND TRACTOR – it is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a wide area of
land.
2. FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR – it is used to pull disc harrow and rotavator in preparing
much wider area of land.
3. WATER PUMP – This equipment is very important to draw irrigation water from a
source such as deep well, rivers and lakes.
4. COMBINE HARVESTER – This equipment performs the harvesting and threshing at
the same time.
THE FIVE S’s (5’s) OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

5S area 5 Japanese Words

 SEIRI
 SEITON
 SEISO
 SEIKETSU
 SHITSUKE

5S MEANS:

 Seiri – items for keep and items for wastebasket

 Seiton – arranged in order for easy use
 Seiso – cleaning the workplace
 Seiketsu – high standard of housekeeping
 Shitsuke – training and disciplining people to follow 5S

5S: In Japanese, English and Tagalog

 Seiri Sort Suriin

 Seiton Segregate Salansanin
 Seiso Sanitize Simutin
 Seiketsu Standardize Siguruhin
 Shitsuke Self Discipline Sariling kusa
The 5 S’s is the practice of good housekeeping.

SEIRI (Sort)

 Look and see the things of use and not of use.

 Sort useful from useless
 No use: throw away!
 No use: not yours
Not yours: ask whose
Don’t know whose, no
Use: throw away!

Standard of Seiri (Sort)

• Sort items that are useful from items that no longer of use
• Throw away items that are useless
• Useless items that are not yours, return to owner

SEITON (Segregate)
• Means items in proper order for easy use and safekeeping Always in use, near
you
• Less in use, further from you!
• Seldom use, much further
• Put labels, colors
• Fixed place for items
• Items can be seen
• Items can be taken out
• Items can be returned

Standard of SEITON
• Decide which things should be put where:
 Always in use, place near you
 Less in use, place further from you
 Seldom in use, place slightly further away
 Label items and storage areas to identify what is kept and to distinguish them from other
necessary items
 Put labels, colors, numbering, alphabet
 Fixed place for items
 Items can be seen immediately
 items can be taken out immediately
 items can be returned immediately

SEISO (Sanitize)
To clean your work place so that there would be no dust anywhere.

Standard of SEISO
• Don't wait until things get dirty, clean them regularly.
• Put aside 5 minutes of your first and last hour of work to clean your workplace.
• Never throw anything around or dirty any place.
• Organize cleaning responsibilities and procedure.
• Make a cleaning schedule.
SEIKETSU
"Means maintaining high standard of housekeeping:
 No unnecessary items
 No mess
 No dirt
 Daily cleaning
  Monthly Inspections and Evaluations

SEIKETSU: Standards
• Create a maintenance system
• Hold a departmental competition
• Establish continuous improvement programs
• Include 5S in employee's Key Result Areas (KRA)
• Include 5S in performance appraisal of each department and employee

SHITSUKE
 Spontaneous practice of 5S
 No need to be told
 No need to be scolded
 No need to be reminded –
JUST DO IT!
 No complaints

SHITSUKE: self-discipline
• Reflection of personality, habits and attitudes
• A way of life
• Definition of character and life style

SHITSUKE: Standards
• Always remember the value of your housekeeping efforts.
• Treat your workplace as your second home.
• Aside from cleaning, think of how you can beautify your workplace.

5S: Impact
 Efficiency
 Quality
 Safety
 Timeliness
 Profitability
 Longevity
 Cost Effectiveness
 Graceful Lifestyle

Reasons why some people do not practice 5S?

 Because they are lazy!

 Because they were not trained and educated to do so!
 Because they feel degraded when doing so! Because they came from a 3rd class
environment
 Because they have certain hatred in their heart
 Because they thought somebody should do it for them
 Because they were not aware of international standard of good housekeeping

5S

 5S- makes a pleasant workplace

 5S - helps in work efficiency
 5S-leads to better quality of life
 5S-leads to 1" class area
 5S- helps gain respect of others
 5S is high standard of living
 5S- makes people admire you
 5S-Increases customers
 5S - Increases income and profitability
 5S makes you a better person
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Topic: » Observe occupational safety and health at work.

» Discuss the history of agriculture.
» Discuss the relevance of the agriculture to the present.
Group 2 discussants: BANZUELA, JAMES LLOYD

BUDIIT, AARON, V.

SATUITO, ARVEY, O.

Course & Year: BTVTED-ET 2A

INSTRUCTOR: MRS. FERDELIZA RAGUAL

OBSERVE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

» Workplace health and safety is important for every organization, no matter how big or small. Employers have
legal and moral obligations to keep their employees safe. But workplace safety is everyone’s responsibility.
Communicating safety tips at the workplace to employees can help to ensure everyone is safe.

TOP 10 SAFETY TIPS FOR THE WORKPLACE

» These are ten of the most important safety tips for the workplace to create a safe environment. These work
safety tips should be communicated with your employees regularly, for example by pop-up notifications using
Desk Alerts, to create a culture of safety:

1. UNDERSTAND RISK

» Every work environment is different and these will vary from industry to industry and from job site to job site.
It’s critical that employees understand the inherent risks that come with a particular job so they can take the
proper steps necessary to avoid injury. Particularly if working with dangerous equipment or in a hazardous
environment.

2. BE AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS AT ALL TIME

» This builds on the previous point of understanding risks – but requires employees to always be aware of what
is going on around them and to look for hazards constantly.

3. KNOW WHERE THE FIRST AID KIT/OFFICERS ARE

» If someone requires first aid, do your employees know how to access it in the workplace? Ensure your staff
know where the first aid kit is and if you have a designated first aid officer, ensure they know who that person is
so they can get assistance should they need it.

4. TAKING REGULAR BREAKS

» Many workplace injuries happen as a result of an employee being tired or burned out. By taking regular
breaks, employees can stay fresh on the job.

5. ALWAYS USING EQUIPMENT PROPERLY

» When machines and tools are used in the workplace, employees should always take proper precautions, never
take shortcuts and never use the equipment for purposes other than what is intended. By doing so, the risk of
workplace injury is greatly reduced.

6. PAY ATTENTION TO SIGNAGE

» Signage is placed to indicate that there could be a potential hazard in the area and includes important
information about maintaining a safe work environment.

7. KNOW WHERE EMERGENCY EXITS ARE

» All employees should understand where they should safely exit the workplace in the event of an evacuation.

8. KEEP EMERGENCY EXISTS ACCESSIBLE

» Because employees need to access exits quickly in the event of an emergency, it is imperative that these be
kept clear. Nothing should be placed in front of the exits that would block them or impede them from opening.

9. REPORTING UNSAFE CONDITIONS

» Employees should know how to report unsafe conditions so management can quickly address any safety risks
or hazards.

10. WEAR CORRECT SAFETY EQUIPMENT

» Every employee has a responsibility to ensure they are wearing proper protective equipment that will enable
them to safely carry out their job.

DISCUSS THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

» Agricultural communities developed approximately 10,000 years ago when humans began to domesticate
plants and animals. By establishing domesticity, families and larger groups were able to build communities and
transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle dependent on foraging and hunting for survival.

» Agriculture, the cultivation of food and goods through farming, produces the vast majority of the world’s food
supply. It is thought to have been practiced sporadically for the past 13,000 years, and widely established for
only 7,000 years. In the long view of human history, this is just a flash in the pan compared to the nearly 200,000
years our ancestors spent gathering, hunting, and scavenging in the wild.

DISCUSS THE RELEVANCE OF THE AGRICULTURE TO THE PRESENT

» Farmers no longer have to apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides uniformly across entire fields. Instead, they
can use the minimum quantities required and target very specific areas, or even treat individual plants
differently. Benefits include: Higher crop productivity.

» Agricultural mechanization practices have improved land reclamation, reduced soil erosion, and made
irrigation systems more efficient. The cultivators attached to tractors help to smooth out the soil, fill in ditches
and remove weeds, which all help to increase the amount of land used and prevent soil from eroding.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

ITLE 112: Introduction to Agriculture and Fisheries

BTVTED-ET 2A

Discussant:

 Pj Payson
 Paul James Velarde
 Ann joline Camasis

Instructor:

AGRICULTURE
Agriculture, also known as farming, is the production of food, fiber, animal feed, and other goods by harvesting
plants and animals. Agriculture is now practice throughout the world and is an essential part of human
civilizations.

Agriculture over time

9000 BCE (Agriculture is Born)

Due to its temperate climate and rich soil, hunter-gatherers began to settle in small communities in the "Fertile
Crescent," the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. They learned to produce their own food as
farmors began to plant harvest grains.

8700 BCE (Corn is farmed in Central America)

The earliest known ancestor of corn is a variety of Mexican wild grass called teosinte. By suppressing the
number of branching stalks in the species, farmers were able to grow larger ears with more kernels that more
closely resembles corn today.

7000 BCE (Chinese farmers begin to grow rice)

Rice farming transformed nomadic cultures. More so than any crop, rice drove societies and economies, and
spawned some of the first urban centers, empires and dynasties.

6700-6500 BCE (Sheep are farmed in Mesopotamia)

As wild game populations became depleted, sheep, goats and pigs were increasingly raised for food production.
Consistent exposure to human settlements caused the animals to grow more tame and become an accessible
food source.

5000 BCE (Farmers harvest potatoes in Central America)

Because the tuber of wild potatoes contain poisonous alkaloids, one of the first steps ancient farmers made
toward developing the potato we know today was to replant a variety with a lower alkaloid content. Farmers
also chose to plant larger specimens due to the naturally small size of wild potatoes.

3500 BCE(Squash and beans domesticated in Central America)

Developing a new crop through plant breeding would often take centuries, if not millennia, to complete.
However, squash became domesticated quickly, selected based on traits like edibility, seed size and rind
thickness. Beans were chosen for grain size and seed coat thickness.
300 BCE (Ancient Greeks develop new plant breeding process)

The Greeks develop grafting, a plant breeding process that joins parts from two different plants to produce a
new plant, and apply the innovation to crops. Grafting made the farming of woody plants, such as apples, pears
and plums, possible.

THE EARLY SCIENTIFIC AGE

The Renaissance created the foundation of today's scientific method, the experimentation process researchers
still follow Loday. This helped to reignite experimentation- and innovation. in food production. During this
period, cross-breeding, the process of breeding two different varieties of plants or animals to develop an
improved variety, took off. Access to better, more reliable food sources helped save billions from hunger and
improve food security for many around the world.

1760-1795 (Farmers breed sheep for their size and wool)

English farmer Robert Bakewell revolutionized sheep and cattle farming by methodically breeding animals,
based on the traits he saw in them, for better meat and wool production.

1859 (Charles Darwin publishes on the Origins of Species)

He writes, "We can not suppose that all the breeds were suddenly as perfect and as useful as we see them
now... Nature gives successive variations; man adds them up in certain directions useful to him. In this sense he
may be said to make for himself and useful breeds."

1865 (New discoveries about genetic traks and inheritance)

Friar Gregor Mendel proposes his "principles of inheritance", the result of his experiments on pea plants,
showing how traits are passed down over generations.

1903-1933(Horticulturists develop stronger, better varieties of crops)

Through continued experimentation, scientists are able to advance cross- breeding practices. By 1933, hybrid
corn varieties were widely available on the commercial market.

1944 (Scientists combat global hunger with dwarf wheat)

Norman Borlaug uses cross-breeding to develop dwarf wheat varieties in Mexico, which were high- yielding and
disease- resistant. By expanding access to food, his work in Mexico and India saved a billion lives. His research
improved food security in these nations and launched the Green Revolution.

THE DNA AGE

Agricultural innovation was transformed as scientists began to better understand genes and DNA. Using this
knowledge, they were able to make precise changes to plants and animals' genetic code, to develop stronger,
healthier varieties. These discoveries paved the way for the agricultural innovations of today. By continuing to
cultivate a better understanding of nature, scientists can find more sustainable solutions to tomorrow's
problems.

1953 (Scientists discover DNA's double helix structure)

Drawing on Rosalind Franklin's research, Francis Crick and James Watson discover DNA'S double helix structure.
Their discovery showed how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. It also paved the way
for ongoing discoveries in the field of molecular biology.

1953-1999(Advances in genetic understanding of plants and animals)

Researchers worldwide further explore the genetic code of plants and animals, making future innovations
possible.

2000 (First plant genome sequenced)

Scientists sequence the first genome sequencing of a flowering plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains more
than 25,000 genes, helping to clarify the specific functions different genes play. By better understanding
genomes, plant scientists can more efficiently develop new varieties.
2003 (The billionth acre of genetically modified crops is planted)

Scientists developed these crops by making minor changes to their genetic code to make them resistant to
disease discovered, s, pests and more.

2012 (CRISPR is changing the gene editing landscape)

Scientists publish a landmark paper describing CRISPR, an enzyme that can edit an organism's DNA, to turn on
and off certain genes. The discovery opens the door to exciting innovations in plant and animal breeding.

IMPORTANCE OF GARDINING
Gardening holds immense significance on multiple levels, making it an activity of great importance in today's
society. Beyond the aesthetic appeal and the therapeutic benefits it offers, gardening plays a crucial role in
addressing environmental concerns, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring food security.. Moreover,
engaging in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits empowers individuals to take control of their food supply
chain, reducing reliance on industrial agriculture and enhancing food sovereignty.

COMMON GARDENING TOOLS AND THEIR USE

Hand Trowel

 A small hand held tool

 Led to ig small hole vegetable seedings.

Garden Gloves

 Used to protect hands cuts, blisters, calluses,abrasions and dirt Pruning Shears
 Use for cutting a 1 Essential for har vegetables.

Rake

 A long handled tool used to - create a fine tiltand level seeds - break soil clumps and spread fertilizer or
compost.

Digging Shovel

 A highly versatile and widely used garden tool

 used to dig large holds and transport heavier materials such as wet soil and rocks
 its sharp edges can cut the roots a well as break up compacted soil.

Garden Spade

 a long handled tool traditionally used for digging, shoveling soil and compost, moving shrubs plant.

Garden Hoe

 use out of our hoe in the spring when we're preparing the garden for planting. The blade is perfect for
weeding, easily chopping through unwanted growth and and clearing it out of your garden beds.

Wheelbarrow

 used for transportation of seedings, planting materials, growing media as well as other small loads.

Loppers

 Loppers are perfect for keeping your hedges under control or removing diseased branches.

Hose + Spray Nozzles

 These not only help you control the water so you aren't wasting any water between your garden beds,
but they also help you control the way the water is delivered.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Explain the importance of crop rotation

Discuss the important of crop production on in industry
Discustant:
Harold Blanqueza
Edu Avila
Niño sedutan
BTVTED - ET ||A
Instructor
Mrs.Ferdeliza Ragual

What is crop rotation?

Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil
health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure.For example, say a farmer has planted
a field of corn. When the corn harvest is finished, he might plant beans, since corn consumes a lot of nitrogen
and beans return nitrogen to the soil.A simple rotation might involve two or three crops, and complex rotations
might incorporate a dozen or more.

Importance of crop rotation

Crop Rotation involves growing various plants in a set order on the same land in contrast with monocropping.
The number of plants might range from two or three in simple rotations to twelve or more in complex ones. The

average crop rotation cycle takes up to 8 years .

Crop rotation is the process of gradually switching the crops that are cultivated in a field to improve soil fertility,
manage pests and diseases, and increase yields. By rotating crops, soil health and production are preserved,
nutrient depletion is reduced, pests and diseases are disrupted, and soil health is increased. For several reasons,
sustainable agricultural practices are crucial. Through resource conservation, pollution abatement, and climate
change mitigation, they lessen their negative impact on the environment. These techniques maintain the fertility
and health of the soil, assuring long-term productivity. They combat water scarcity and advance effective water
management by conserving water. Additionally, it strengthens farming systems’ resilience, improves food
security, and supports farmers’ livelihoods, resulting in a more sustainable and resilient food system for both the
present and the future.

Crop rotation is therefore a potent weapon in your toolbox, whether you’re looking to increase the productivity
of your farm, cut back on your dependency on synthetic inputs, or just create a greener and healthier ecology.

 Improves soil workability

 Reduce soil crust
  Improve yield
 Reduce erosion and deposition
 Recycle phytonutrients in the soil
 Improve work distribution by using different crops, planting dates, and harvest periods
 Reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides
 Improves plant emergence, growth, and health
 Reduce financial risk by using multiple cultures
 Avoid the problem of overproduction
 Improves air quality
 Reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use

Importance of crop production in industry

Crop production is one of the fundamental branches of agriculture. Crop production is the basis for providing the livestock
industry with feed, and the population with food. Also, crop products are used in many industries as raw materials of plant
origin, such as food, textile, pharmaceutical, fuel and others.

Crop production is a branch of agriculture, which includes the cultivation of crops in field cultivation, vegetable growing,
fruit growing, etc. This industry gives necessary food. Consumer goods manufacturing and food industries gets raw
materials. Livestock industry, in turn, uses by-products such as straw, silage, and food industry waste.

Agricultural enterprises have a powerful production potential, despite the difficult conditions of production, caused by high
prices for production resources, low attractiveness of rural areas, and difficulties in obtaining loans.In difficult conditions,
domestic agricultural enterprises are forced to introduce innovations to improve the efficiency of organization of
production.As practice shows, the products of domestic agricultural enterprises are in demand among the population, even
despite higher prices, due to high costs than foreign producers offer.

This is mainly explained by the fact that domestic producers produce environmentally friendly products, while the
production of products uses a minimum amount of preservatives. These circumstances create a demand for agricultural
products. Moreover, now the demand for farm agricultural products, as products produced in natural conditions, is
growing.In modern rapidly changing socio-political and economic conditions, the economy faces the task of ensuring not
only self-survival, but also the expansion of production.

Thus, the transition to sustainable economic growth and further improvement of the organization of crop production is
impossible without promoting the use of science, technology and innovations. For an individual choice of the necessary
implementations, an in-depth study of the actual processes of production of the product, its nature, orientation and
dynamics, is necessary.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

IMPORTANCE OF CROP NUTRITION

Crop nutrition is of paramount importance in agriculture and has a direct impact on crop yield,
quality, and overall sustainability of farming systems. Here are some key reasons why crop

nutrition is crucial:

Maximizing Crop Yield: Nutrient availability in the soil directly influences a crop's growth and
productivity. Adequate nutrition ensures that plants can achieve their full genetic
potential,resulting in higher yields per unit area.
Maximizing Crop Yield: Nutrient availability in the soil directly influences a crop's growth and
productivity. Adequate nutrition ensures that plants can achieve their full genetic potential,

resulting in higher yields per unit area .

2.Quality Improvement:
Proper nutrient management contributes to the quality of harvested crops. For example,
nutrient balance affects the sugar content in fruits, protein
content in grains, and the overall taste and appearance of produce.
3.Resistance to Stress and Diseases:
Well-nourished plants are better equipped to with stand environmental stressors such as
drought, extreme temperatures, and pests. Adequate nutrients also enhance a plant's natural
defenses against diseases.

4.Efficient Resource Use: Efficient nutrient management reduces resource wastage. When
crops receive the right nutrients in the right quantities, there is less leaching of excess
nutrients into groundwater, minimizing pollution.
5.Environmental Sustainability: Sustainable agriculture practices aim to reduce the
negative environmental impact of farming. Proper nutrient management helps prevent soil
degradation, erosion, and the loss of biodiversity.
6.Energy Efficiency: Nutrient-efficient crops require less energy to grow, as they can
photosynthesize more efficiently. This is especially important in an era of increasing energy
costs and concerns about climate change.7.Food Security: As the global population continues
to grow, the importance of crop
nutrition becomes even more significant. To meet the food demands of the future, it's
essential to optimize crop nutrition to produce more food from limited agricultural land.
8.Economic Viability: Crop nutrition directly affects a farmer's economic bottom line. By
optimizing nutrient management, farmers can reduce input costs, increase yields, and
achieve higher profits.
9.Soil Health: Proper nutrient management is essential for maintaining soil fertility.
Balanced nutrition helps prevent soil depletion, erosion, and nutrient imbalances, ensuring
that the land remains productive for future generations.10.Regulatory Compliance: In many
regions, there are regulations and guidelines regarding
nutrient management to prevent environmental pollution. Farmers must adhere to these
regulations to avoid legal issues and maintain a positive public image.
11.Precision Agriculture: Advances in technology, such as soil testing, remote sensing, and
precision application methods, allow for more precise nutrient management. This can
reduce over-application of fertilizers and minimize environmental impacts.
In summary, crop nutrition is a fundamental aspect of modern agriculture. Proper
management of nutrients is essential not only for increasing crop yields and quality but
also for promoting environmental sustainability, economic viability, and global food
security. Farmers, researchers, and policymakers continue to work together to develop and
promote sustainable nutrient management practices to meet the challenges of feeding growing
world population while minimizing environmental impacts.

DIFFERENT ELEMENTSNEEDED INPLANT NUTRITION

Plant nutrition involves the acquisition and utilization of various elements essential for a
plant's growth, development, and overall health. These elements are divided into two main
categories: macronutrients and micronutrients, each playing a distinct role in the plant's
physiology. Here's an overview of the different elements needed in plant nutrition:
Macronutrients: These are the primary nutrients required by plants in relatively large
quantities. They play crucial roles in plant structure, energy production, and overall
growth.
1.Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is a key component of proteins, enzymes, and chlorophyll. It's
essential for plant growth, leaf development, and overall photosynthesis. Lack of
nitrogen results in stunted growth and yellowing of leaves.
2.Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is vital for energy transfer within the plant, as well as for
DNA and RNA synthesis. It promotes root development, flower formation, and fruiting.
3. Potassium(K): Potassium helps in maintaining water balance, regulating stomatal
openings, and improving overall plant vigor. It's crucial for flower and fruit development.
4.Calcium (Ca): Calcium is integral to cell wall structure, helping in cell division and
elongation. It also supports root development and nutrient uptake.
5.Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium is a central component of
chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis and energy production.
6.Sulfur (S): Sulfur is a constituent of amino acids, vitamins,
and enzymes. It aids in nitrogen utilization and
overall plant metabolism.
Micronutrients: Also known as trace elements, micronutrients are required in smaller
quantities, but they are equally important for plant health.
1.Iron (Fe): Iron is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis and overall energy transfer. It's
involved in electron transport during photosynthesis.
2.Manganese (Mn): Manganese is essential for various enzyme reactions, including those
related to photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism.
3. Zinc (Zn): Zinc plays a role in enzyme activation, auxin synthesis, and overall growth
regulation.
4. Copper (Cu): Copper is involved in electron transport processes and lignin synthesis. It's
important for overall plant strength and disease resistance.5.Boron (B): Boron aids in cell wall
formation, pollen development, and overall nutrient
transport.
6.Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is necessary for nitrogen fixation and enzyme reactions
related to nitrogen metabolism.
7.Chlorine (Cl): Chlorine is involved in osmotic balance, photosynthesis, and ion transport.
8.Nickel (Ni): While needed in very small amounts, nickel is essential for certain enzyme
functions and iron metabolism.
Sufficient availability of these nutrients is crucial for maintaining healthy plant growth.
Nutrient deficiencies or imbalances can lead to various issues such as poor growth,
yellowing of leaves (chlorosis), reduced flower and fruit production, and increased
susceptibility to diseases. Soil testing and proper fertilization practices are important for
ensuring that plants receive the required nutrients in appropriate amounts.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF FERTILIZERS

What are Fertilisers?
Fertilisers are additional substances
supplied to the crops to increase their
productivity. These are used by the
farmers daily to increase the crop yield.
These fertilisers contain essential
nutrients required by the plants,
including nitrogen, potassium, and
phosphorus. They also enhance the
water retention capacity of the soil and
increase its fertility.
Types Of Fertilizers
Fertilizers are mainly classified into two main types, organic and inorganic fertilisers.
Organic Fertilizers
Natural fertilisers derived from plants and animals are known as organic fertilisers. By
adding carbonic molecules necessary for plant growth, it enriches the soil. Organic
fertilisers boost the amount of organic matter in the soil, encourage microbial
reproduction, and alter the physical and chemical composition of the soil. It is regarded as
one of the essential elements for foods that are green.
Organic fertilizers can be obtained from the following products:
Agricultural Waste
Livestock Manure
Industrial Waste
Municipal SludgeInorganic Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers generated by chemical techniques that contain nutrients for crop
growth are known as inorganic fertilizers. The inorganic fertilizers are of the following
types:
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Nitrogen fertilizers contain nitrogen necessary for the development of crops. Nitrogen, a
key constituent of chlorophyll, helps main balance in the process of photosynthesis. It is
also a part of amino acids in plants and contains protein. Nitrogen fertilisers improve the
production and quality of agricultural products.
Phosphorus Fertilizer
In a phosphorus fertilizer, phosphorus is the principal nutrient. The effective phosphorus
concentration, fertilization techniques, soil characteristics, and crop strains all affect how
successful a fertilizer is. The protoplasm of the cell contains phosphorus, which is crucial
for cell growth and proliferation. The growth of the plants’ roots is aided by the phosphorus
fertilizer.Advantages Of Fertilisers
Easy to transport, store, and apply
For supplying a specific nutrient we can select a specific fertiliser due to its nutrient
specific nature
Water-soluble and can easily dissolve in the soil. Hence, they are easily absorbed by the
plants
They have a rapid effect on the crops
Increase the crop yield and provide enough food to feed the large population
Predictable and reliable
Disadvantages Of Fertilisers
Expensive
The ingredients in the fertilizers are toxic to the skin and respiratory system
Excessive use of fertilisers damages the plants and reduces soil fertility
Excessive use of fertilisers damages the plants and reduces soil fertility
Leaching occurs and the fertilisers reach the rivers causing eutrophication
Long term use reduces the microbial activity and disturbs the pH of the soil
Uses Of Fertilisers
Used to provide additional nutrients to the plants
They are added to improve the yield of the crops
Nitrogen-rich fertilisers are used for the greening of lawns
Organic fertilisers improve the texture and fertility of the soil
Gardeners use fertilisers to address certain needs of the plants such as nutritional needs
Fertilisers are added to potted plants to replace the lost nutrients
Importance Of Fertilisers
With such limited resources, it is quite challenging to meet the demands of the expanding
population. Agriculture output has declined due to pests, a shortage of fertilisers, and
declining soil fertility. The significance of fertilisers in agriculture has expanded as a result.
Fertilisers can be essential to plants in the following ways:
Fertilisers make plants more resistant to pests. As a result, they are using fewer
insecticides and herbicides, which results in healthier crops. Hence, fewer illnesses are
present, giving the crops an aesthetic value.The potassium content present in the fertilisers
strengthens the straws and stalks of
the plants.
The phosphorus present in the fertilisers helps in faster development of roots and
formation of seeds in plants.
Nitrogen in the fertilisers promotes plant growth, which is seen in the green colour of
the plants
Since chemical fertilisers adversely affect soil fertility, biofertilizers were brought into
use. These are substances that contain living or latent cells, and even micro-organisms.
They provide the soil with the necessary nutrients and microbes for the growth of the
plants. They help the soil to retain its fertility. They are environment-friendly and also
destroy pathogenic components responsible for causing disease in plants. Acetobacter
and Rhizobium are two such widely used biofertilisers.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

• ESTIMATE AND CALCULATE THE FERTILIZER NEEDED

• EXPLAIN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT NUTRITION

Discussants: Jerome S. Seva

Manuelito S . Segui
Lean Mar R. Sepato

To supply a certain amount of plant nutrients, determine the amount of fertilizer to be applied per hectare based on
the composition of the fertilizer materials to be used.
Usually we compute for NPK kg
N – Nitrogen
P – Phosphorous
K – Potassium

The fertilizer recommendation is expressed in:

Kilograms N (Nitrogen)
Kilograms P205 (Phosphorus)
Kilograms K2O5 (Potassium)

Example:
Recommended Rate (RR) = 90-60-30 kg/ha
90 kg N
60 kg P2O5
30 kg K2O5

Formula:
Weight of FM = RR X 100
% Nutrient of FM
Where:
FM = Fertilizer Material
RR = Recommended Rate

Sample Computations:
1. Recommended Rate: 90-60-30 NPK/ha
Available Fertilizer Materials:
a. Urea (46-0-0)
b. Ordinary Superphosphate (0-20-0)
c. Muriate of Potash (0-0-60)

Formula: Weight of FM = RR X 100

% Nutrient of FM

Use this guide in computing:

a. Urea
RR : 90 – 60 – 30
FM : 46 – 0 – 0
Formula: Weight of FM = RR X 100
% Nutrient of FM
= 90 x 100
46
= 9000
46
 = 195.65 kg

b. Ordinary Superphosphate
RR : 90 – 60 – 30
FM : 0 – 20 – 0
Formula; Weight of FM = RR x 100
% Nutrient of FM
= 60 x 100
20
= 6000
20
= 300 kg

c. Muriate of Potash
RR : 90 – 60 – 30
FM : 0 – 0 – 60

Formula: Weight of FM = RR x 100

% Nutrient of FM
= 30 × 100
60
= 3000
60
= 50 kg

2. Recommended Rate (RR): 100-60-60 NPK/ha

Available Fertilizer Materials (FM):

a. Complete Fertilizer (CF) (14-14-14)

b. Urea (46-0-0)

Step 1. Compute the amount of Complete

Fertilizer (CF) (14-14-14) needed. Use this as a guide

RR : 100 - 60 - 60
FM : 14 - 14 - 14

Since the NPK of FM are all of the same rate, start computing based from the lowest RR which is “60”,
and since there are two, either of them can be used.

Formula: Weight of FM = RR X 100

% Nutrient of FM
= 60 x 100
14
= 6000
14
= 428.57 kg

From this 428.57kg of Complete Fertilizer, 60kg each of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium
(K2O) were already satisfied.

However, the recommendation for Nitrogen is 100 kg, therefore, it is short of 40kg. This remaining amount
will be supplied by Urea which contains 46% nitrogen (46 -0-0)

100 - 60 - 60 RR
–
60 - 60 - 60 amount of NPK of CF (14-14-14)
40 - 0 - 0

New RR in computing the amount of Urea

Step 2. Compute the remaining amount of 40kg nitrogen which will be taken from Urea (46-0- 0).

Weight of Urea = 40 x 100

46
= 86.96 kg

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Plant physiology is a branch of study in Botany dealing with the physiological processes or functions of
plants. Precisely, it is a descriptive study of variation and structure of plants at the molecular and cellular level,
resulting in ecological, physiological and biochemistry related aspects of plant exploration.

Physiology of Plant Parts

LEAVES
Leaves are an important organ of the plant. They can grow in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are the
primary centre of photosynthesis.

STEM
The stem provides support and structure to the plant. They perform many important functions such as plant growth,
compete and survive in different environments, etc. The structure of the stem differs in different species.

ROOTS
The roots are an underground part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. That is why
they are an important part of the plant.

XYLEM AND PHLOEM

These form the vascular tissues of the plant. These are also known as sap. They transport water, sugars
and other important substances between the roots, stem and leaves.

FUNCTIONS OF PLANT
Transportation In Plants
Plants have a distinct vascular system (xylem and phloem) which helps in transporting nutrients and water
from roots to all the parts of the plant through translocation.

Mineral Nutrition
Plant nutrition is an important aspect instrumental in the growth of plants. It gives an insight into the
methods used to identify essential elements for the development of plants, the role of these elements, criteria to
identify their essentiality, deficiency symptoms and mechanism of absorption of these elements. It also conveys
the importance of nitrogen fixation.
Macro and micronutrients present in plants carry out essential processes such as cell-membrane permeability,
osmotic concentration of cell sap and its maintenance, enzyme activity and so on.

Photosynthesis In Higher Plants

Plants synthesize their own food through photosynthesis and hence are called autotrophs.
Photosynthesis is important since it is the primary source of food for all living entities on earth and it releases
oxygen in the atmosphere which we inhale to breathe.

Respiration In Plants
Food that is required for life processes comes from photosynthesis. Cellular respiration results in the
release of energy used for the synthesis of ATP which involves glycolysis.
Aerobic respiration leads to complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen, which is
common in higher organisms.
To release and utilize the energy stored in molecules, they undergo the following steps: electron transport
system and oxidative phosphorylation.

Plant Growth And Development

The process of plant development starts right from germination under favourable environmental conditions.
 Generally, plant growth is indeterminate as they retain their capacity to grow throughout their lives because
of the presence of meristems. The growth of plants is, however measurable through parameters such as – dry
weight, increase in fresh weight, length, area, volume, cell number etc.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

select appropriate tools and equipment used in plumbing works

practice occupational safety & health at work

Workplace safety is an important part of any job and requires that everyone in the company adhere to
the safety guidelines and policies in place. Carefully following appropriate safety guidelines can go a
long way toward preventing workplace injuries. Here are some ways you can work to stay safe on the
job.
Be Aware
Always be alert to what's happening in your surroundings; remember that your safety is your
responsibility. Understand the particular hazards related to your job or workplace, and keep clear of
potentially hazardous areas or situations. Be awake and attentive on the job, and be particularly aware
of machinery.
Maintain Correct Posture
Use correct posture to protect your back while at work. If you sit at a desk, keep your shoulders and
hips in line and avoid hunching over. Use correct form when lifting objects and avoid twisting and
stooping. The following tips provide information about lifting correctly:
• Use both hands to lift or carry a heavy object.
• Adopt a proper lifting stance by putting the strain on your legs, keeping your back straight and not
bending at the waist.
• Wear a back brace for heavy work.
• Test the weight before picking up the item.
• Lift items smoothly and slowly.
• Move your feet instead of your back when traveling or turning with a heavy object.
• Hold the load close to your body.
• Ask for help to move loads that are too heavy for you.
Take Breaks Regularly
Feeling tired and burned out makes you less likely to be aware of your surroundings and is a common
cause of workplace injuries. Regular breaks help you stay fresh and alert on the job. It is particularly
important to take short breaks when you have a task that requires repetitive movements over a long
period of time.
Use Equipment Properly
Always take the proper precautions when operating machinery or using tools. Taking shortcuts is a
leading cause of workplace injuries. Use the appropriate tool for the job, and use it in the right way.
When using tools and machinery, put safety first with the following tips:
Only use machinery you are trained and authorized to use.
Keep tools clean and in good working order.
• Organize tools and always return them to their proper place.
• Make sure the machine operator sees you, don't approach from a blind spot or from behind.
• Only perform tasks you have been properly trained to perform.
• Never leave machinery unattended while it is running.
• Always obey operating instructions.
• Never remove or tamper with safety guards.
• If something seems wrong, immediately stop the machine and get assistance.
• Communicate with those around you.
• Never walk in front of heavy equipment.
• Read and follow all labels and instructions.
• Don't tamper with hazardous items, including cords, switches and electric controls.
• Wear appropriate and compact clothing; loose, billowing clothing and accessories can easily get
caught in moving parts.
• Never place fingers or other objects into moving machinery.
Turn off equipment before moving, cleaning, adjusting, oiling or un-jamming.
Locate Emergency Exits
Always know where emergency exits are located and keep the path to them clear. You should also
have clear access to emergency shutoffs on machinery.
Report Safety Concerns
If you notice a potential safety hazard or risk, report it to your supervisor immediately so they can
address the situation.
Practice Effective Housekeeping
Maintain a clean and organized workplace environment. Make housekeeping an ongoing project that
everyone is involved in and keep these tips in mind:
• Prevent trips, slips and falls by keeping all floors clean and dry.
Eliminate fire hazards by removing combustible materials and storing flammable materials away from
sources of ignition.
• Control dust accumulation.
• Avoid tracking materials and cross contamination by keeping mats clean and having separate
cleaning protocols for different areas.
• Use appropriate procedures to prevent falling objects.
Keep the workplace clutter free.
• Store all materials and equipment properly.
Regularly inspect tools and personal protective equipment to make sure they are in good working
order.
Make Use of Mechanical Aids
Take the extra time to obtain a wheelbarrow, crank, conveyor belt, forklift or other mechanical aid to
assist you in lifting heavy objects. Attempting to lift something that is too heavy can cause injuries that
could have been avoided.
Reduce Workplace Stress
Stress can contribute to difficulty concentrating and depression, which make it hard to be alert at work.
There are many causes of stress at work including conflicts with others, heavy workloads, long hours
and job insecurity. If you are experiencing workplace stress, talk to your supervisor about ways to
address your concerns.
Use Appropriate Safety Equipment
It is important to use the proper safety equipment for a task to help protect yourself from injury:
• Wear appropriate clothing and shoes for your job.
• Know the location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits.
• Use a hard hat if there is a risk of falling objects.
• Wear gloves when handling toxic substances or sharp objects.
• Wear goggles when there is a hazard to your eyes.
• Use safety harnesses if there is a danger of falling.
• Wear non-skid shoes when working on slippery surfaces or lifting heavy objects.
• Wear a breathing mask.
• Use all protective equipment intended for your task including seat belts, protective headgear or
clothing and safety glasses.
Creating an environment that is safe is the responsibility of everyone; do your part by following safety
guidelines and policies. If you are injured on the job, notify your supervisor immediately and get
assistance. Avoid taking risks when it comes to safety, be aware and do your part to maintain a safe
workplace environment. If you've been injured on the job, call to schedule an appointment to see how
our team of specialists can help to get you feeling better and back to work!.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Topic: Non-Moral Standards

Prepared by : John Michael Sembrano
Micoh Quindo
Ryan Macida
BTVTED ET - 2A

Harvesting - agriculture is the science, which mainly deals with the diverse process or strategies used for the
development various of plants and animals cultivation or animals farming based on human necessities. At the
point when plants of a similar variety are developed on a large scale, they are called crops.

1. Kharif Crops : these crops are planted in the early season, which is generally different by crop and
region of cultivation.
2. Rabi Crops : these crops are planted in winter and after the monsoon, which is between the month
of October and November.

Harvesting : when the crops matures, it is cut for further process. This is known as harvesting, it is
done by labor and with the sickle, mechanical harvesting is used these days. Machines such as combine
harvesters are used. Harvesting depends on many factors like season, crop variety, maturity period,
etc.

METHODS OF HARVESTING
Manual Harvesting - is a technique for manually or by hand picking grains, fruits, vegetables, leaves,
etc.
Harvesting with Hand Tools - crops are harvested by farmers using a few tools. Harvesting using hand
tools includes using a little axe, a big axe, a darat, a gandasa, a small sickle, etc.
Machine Harvesting - machine harvesting is the practice of gathering large quantities of grains with the
aid of contemporary harvesters.

HARVESTING PROCESS STAGES

1. Reaping : is the process of removing mature panicles and straws that have grown above the ground.
2. Threshing : is the process of separating the food grains - such as paddy, wheat, etc. - from the rest of
the cut crop.
3. Cleaning : is a crucial step in the harvesting process and it largely entails figuring out how to get
immature and non-grain particles, dust, and other contaminants out of edible food grains.
4. Stacking/Piling : is a technique for piling or stacking harvested crops for storage.
5. Bagging : the final step in the harvesting process is bagging for storage and transportation the
threshed grains are kept in gunny bags.
6. Storage : small-scale farmers use the harvested crops for their own.

PRINCIPLES FOR HARVESTING

Farmers observe the following principles when harvesting :
-using a sharp to slice sharp edge.
-rough serrated edge to tear.
-high-velocity impact on a single element with sharp or dull edges.
-two element shearing or scissor type cutting.

IMPORTANCE
-utilizing cutting-edge technology to harvest crops decreases gain waste and improves grain quality and
quantity.
-to preserve the quality of the fruits and ensure that the tools being used do not harm the plant, the
direction in which fruits, grains, and vegetables are chopped during harvest is crucial.
-the quality of grains or seed protection is enhanced by harvesting at the proper time.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED

Sickle - is a hand tool consisting of a sharp blade and a handle. It is primarily used for harvesting crops.
Knife - a knife may not seem like much of a tool, but it is actually very useful when it comes to
harvesting crops.
Nut Wizard - is a tool used for harvesting nuts and other crops. This device rolls over a nut or fruit and
gathers it.
Grape and Tomato Shears - easily reach around vining fruit to snip stems.
Needle Nose Shears - high quality shears preferred hy professional flower growers.
Harvest Bucket - efficiently harvest delicate crops without damage.
Joey's Apron - perfect for harvesting vegetables, weeding, deadheading, or collecting anything that
needs to be put away.
Tapioca Harvester - is a machine used to harvest cassava.
Harvester - is an agriculture worker that operates a combine or forage harvester and other equipment
to harvest crops.
Baby Leaf Harvester - for harvesting green leafy vegetables such as baby leaf, rocket, spinach, beets
both in open field and under greenhouse.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Topic: Enumerate the different harvest.and post harvest deceases and their causes.
Manage harvest and post harvest complications.

Prepared by:Juri Segubiense

Rainer Abila
Brando Braga

Botrytis Rot:
Cause: Fungus Botrytis cinerea
Conditions: High humidity and poor ventilation during storage.
Anthracnose:
Cause: Fungal pathogens, often Colletotrichum species.
Conditions: Warm and humid environments.
Bacterial Soft Rot:
Cause: Bacteria, such as Pectobacterium and Erwinia species.
Conditions: Wet conditions, wounds during harvesting.
Powdery Mildew
Cause: Fungi like Podosphaera spp.
Conditions: High humidity, moderate temperatures.
Black Sigatoka (Banana):
Cause: Fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis.
Conditions: Warm and humid tropical climates.
Gray Mold:
Cause: Botrytis cinerea fungus.
Conditions: Cool and humid conditions.
Fusarium Wilt:
Cause: Fusarium oxysporum fungus.
Conditions: Soil-borne, affecting plant vascular systems.
Post-Harvest Physiological Disorders:
Cause: Environmental stress, improper storage.
Examples: Chilling injury, water loss, etc.
Storage Rots:
Cause: Various fungi and bacteria.
Conditions: Poor storage hygiene and ventilation.
Citrus Canker (Post-Harvest):
Cause: Bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis.
Conditions: Warm and wet conditions.
It's important to implement proper agricultural practices, hygiene, and storage conditions to minimize
the risk of these diseases during both the harvest and post-harvest stages.
Preventive Practices:
Implement good agricultural practices (GAP) during cultivation to reduce the likelihood of diseases.
Choose disease-resistant crop varieties.
Ensure proper spacing between plants for adequate ventilation.
Harvesting Practices:
Harvest crops at the right maturity to minimize susceptibility to diseases.
Use clean and sharp harvesting tools to avoid unnecessary wounds.
Harvest during dry weather to reduce moisture-related issues.
Hygienic Handling:
Train harvesters on proper handling techniques to minimize physical damage.
Provide clean containers for harvesting and transportation.
Avoid dragging or throwing harvested produce to prevent bruising.
Post-Harvest Cleaning:
Clean and sanitize storage and processing equipment regularly.
Remove plant debris from storage areas to reduce disease reservoirs.
Proper Storage Conditions:
Maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels for each crop in storage.
Use proper ventilation systems to prevent the buildup of moisture.
Regularly inspect stored produce for signs of diseases and remove affected items promptly.
Temperature Management:
Implement controlled atmosphere storage for certain crops to slow down ripening and reduce disease
development.
Use refrigeration to control temperature-sensitive diseases.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
Implement IPM strategies to control pests that may contribute to disease spread.
Use biological control methods, such as introducing beneficial insects.
Monitoring and Early Detection:
Regularly monitor stored produce for any signs of diseases or spoilage.
Implement a system for early detection and isolation of infected items.
Post-Harvest Treatments:
Apply appropriate post-harvest treatments, such as fungicides or biocontrol agents, as recommended
for specific crops.
Record Keeping:
Maintain detailed records of harvest and post-harvest activities.
Track disease occurrences and treatment outcomes to improve future management strategies.

By combining these practices, you can develop a comprehensive strategy to manage harvest and post-
harvest complications, reducing the risk of diseases and ensuring the quality and safety of your
produce.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Introduction of fishing and flourishing morphology

Fish and Fisheries are integral part of most societies and make important contributions to economic
and social health and well-being in many countries and areas. It has been estimated that approximately
12.5 million people are employed in fisheries related activities, and in recent years global production
from capture fisheries has tended to vary between approximately 85 and 90 million tones.

DEFINITION
The term fishery is frequently used interchangeably by many authors. We consider the term fisheries
under three basic contexts...,
i. Part or type of water body where fishing is carried out. For instance, an inshore fishery and a lake
fishery refer to the fishing and related activities carried out in the inshore waters of the oceans and in a
lake respectively.
ii. Fishing in which definite types of gear or crafts or catching methods are applied with some regularity
(e.g, a gill-net fishery denotes fishing in which the gill net is the principal gear in use; canoe, while
fishing method in use is trawler).
iii. fishing in which a particular specie or a group of species of fish are selectively exploited with some
regularity, e.g sardinella fishery implies that the fishing is directed principally towards the catching of a
species of sardinella in the given area. Similarly, we can talk of tuna fishery, bonga fishery, oysters
fishery etc.
Fish shape and anatomy helps us discover information about how a fish moves, where and how the fish
lives, and how it has adapted to its environment. By studying the morphology of living things, humans
have learned how to better design machines such as submarines, torpedoes, airplanes and
automobiles. Body shape, mouth location and size, tail shape and color all give indication of how fish
live and function. For example, we know by the shape and color of a flounder that it lives on the sea
bed floor and swims like a flying bird. Because its top is brown, it blends in with the ocean floor.
Advertising Pattern‐ A pattern or coloration that signals that the fish may have something wanted by
other fish. Anatomy ‐ The separation of the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their position,
relationship, structure and function. Camouflage‐ Colors and patterns that help an object blend in with
surroundings. Compressiform‐ Flat from side to side looks tall and thin when viewed from the front.
Depressiform‐ Shaped flat like a pancake. Disruptive Coloration‐ Colors that help an object break up
and distract from its true form. Filiform‐ Long, skinny tube shape. Fusiform‐ streamlined oval shape.
Lunate‐ Crescent or quarter‐moon shape. Mimicry‐ Coloration or shape of an object that imitates
something it is not. Morphology ‐ The study of structure or form and overall shape. Truncate‐ A short,
square or slightly rounded shape. Warning Coloration‐ Bright colors that caution they possess great
danger Advertising Pattern‐ A pattern or coloration that signals that the fish may have something
wanted by other fish. Anatomy ‐ The separation of the parts of an organism in order to ascertain their
position, relationship, structure and function. Camouflage‐ Colors and patterns that help an object
blend in with surroundings. Compressiform‐ Flat from side to side looks tall and thin when viewed from
the front. Depressiform‐ Shaped flat like a pancake. Disruptive Coloration‐ Colors that help an object
break up and distract from its true form. Filiform‐ Long, skinny tube shape. Fusiform‐ streamlined oval
shape. Lunate‐ Crescent or quarter‐moon shape. Mimicry‐ Coloration or shape of an object that
imitates something it is not. Morphology ‐ The study of structure or form and overall shape.
Truncate‐ A short, square or slightly rounded shape. Warning Coloration‐ Bright colors that caution
they possess great danger
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Topic: Classify kinds of Garden

Estimate bills of materials in garden
Discussants: Mark Jordan Ocampo
Vincent B. Luis
Darius Roaring
BTVTED ET – 2A

What is Gardening and its importance?

-Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture. Importance
of gardening to the environment. Gardens provide us with fresh produce, clean air and create
habitat for wildlife. They also help reduce food miles and carbon emissions.

KINDS OF GARDEN
1. Vegetable Garden: These gardens are dedicated to growing edible plants such as
vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They can range from small backyard plots to larger
community gardens.
2. Flower Garden: Flower gardens focus on cultivating ornamental plants, including
various types of flowers, shrubs, and sometimes trees, for aesthetic purposes. They can
be designed for specific colors, themes, or seasonal blooms.
3. Herb Garden: Herb gardens are designed for growing a variety of herbs used for
culinary, medicinal, and aromatic purposes. They can be as small as a few potted plants
or more elaborate arrangements.
4. Rock Garden: Also known as an alpine garden, rock gardens feature rocky terrain with
carefully selected plants that thrive in such environments. These gardens emphasize
hardy plants and natural-looking rock formations.
5. Water Garden: Water gardens incorporate aquatic elements like ponds, fountains,
waterfalls, and water plants such as water lilies. Formal Garden: Formal gardens are
characterized by structured designs, geometric shapes, and precise patterns. They
often include symmetrical arrangements of plants, hedges, and pathways.
6. Informal Garden: Unlike formal gardens, informal gardens have a more natural and
relaxed layout. They often mimic natural landscapes and feature curved pathways,
irregular plant placements, and a less structured overall design.

Estimate bills of materials in garden

What is the meaning of material cost estimator? ~ A Material Cost Estimator is a person
who counts the materials and compute what will it cost of a project. What a Material
Cost Estimator does? -A Material Cost Estimator does is to make Costing, Bill of
Materials (BOM) and Bidding. What is Costing Estimate the price of a project. What is
BOM? -List of the raw material in a project. What is Quotation/Bidding? -A formal
statement setting out the estimated cost for a particular job or services.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Classify kinds of garden”

“Estimate bills of materials in garden”
What is Gardening and its importance?

~Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture.

~Importance of gardening to the environment. Gardens provide us with fresh produce, clean air and create habitat for
wildlife. They also help reduce food miles and carbon emissions.

*Classify kinds of garden

1. Vegetable Garden: These gardens are dedicated to growing edible plants such as vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They
can range from small backyard plots to larger community gardens.

2. Flower Garden: Flower gardens focus on cultivating ornamental plants, including various types of flowers, shrubs,
and sometimes trees, for aesthetic purposes. They can be designed for specific colors, themes, or seasonal blooms.

3. Herb Garden: Herb gardens are designed for growing a variety of herbs used for culinary, medicinal, and aromatic
purposes. They can be as small as a few potted plants or more elaborate arrangements.

4. Rock Garden: Also known as an alpine garden, rock gardens feature rocky terrain with carefully selected plants that
thrive in such environments. These gardens emphasize hardy plants and natural-looking rock formations.

5. Water Garden: Water gardens incorporate aquatic elements like ponds, fountains, waterfalls, and water plants such
as water lilies.

6. Formal Garden: Formal gardens are characterized by structured designs, geometric shapes, and precise patterns.
They often include symmetrical arrangements of plants, hedges, and pathways.

7. Informal Garden: Unlike formal gardens, informal gardens have a more natural and relaxed layout. They often
mimic natural landscapes and feature curved pathways, irregular plant placements, and a less structured overall design.

*Estimate bills of materials in garden

What is the meaning of material cost estimator?

~ A Material Cost Estimator is a person who counts the materials and compute what will it cost of a project.

What a Material Cost Estimator does?

~A Material Cost Estimator does is to make Costing, Bill of Materials (BOM) and Bidding.

What is Costing?

~Estimate the price of a project.

What is BOM?

~List of the raw material in a project.

What is Quotation/Bidding?

~A formal statement setting out the estimated cost for a particular job or services.
 Republic of the Philippines
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
Region V - Bicol
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
AY : 2023 - 2024

Group12

Discussants:

AndreB.Reolo,JuneCJReptin,Dominickbagasala

Harvesting
1.Gathering a mature crop from the fields is the procedure of harvesting.

2.Reaping is the act of harvesting grain or pulses by cutting them with a scythe,sickle,or reaper.

3.Harvesting is the most labor-intensive task of the growing season on smaller farms with little

equipment.

4.The four steps of harvesting are reaping,threshing,cleaning,and transporting.

5.Utilizing cutting-edge technology to harvest crops is crucial since it decreases grain waste

And improves grain quality and quantity.

6.Reaping is the act of harvesting grain or pulses by cutting them solutions

7.Harvesting is the most labor-intensive task of the growing season on smaller farms with little

equipment.

8.Threshing is the term for the process of removing the grains from the plants.

9.By eliminating food leftovers,grease,and grime by hand,cleaning is accomplished.

10.Rinsing,cleaning with the proper cleaner(such as detergent or degrease),sanitizing with

Hot water,or a chemical sanitizer.

11.Delivering agricultural products from farms to markets and citie throughout the world is the

Primary function of transportation

Recognizing fisheries involves understanding the industry,practices,and management related

To capturing,cultivating,and processing fish for various purposes.This recognition is crucial

Due to the significant role fisheries playing our society and environment.

1.Food Security and Nutrition:Fisheries are a major source of protein and essential nutrients for

A significant portion of the global population.Fish is a crucial part of the diet in many cultures

And provides necessary nutrients likeomega-3fattyacids,

Fisheries Vital Role2. Economic Importance:Fisheries contribute to the economy by generating employment,

Supporting livelihoods for fishermen,processors,traders,and others involved in the supply

chain.It' s a vital industry for both developed and developing countries.It

3.Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health:Recognizing fisheries helps in managing and conserving

biodiversity.Sustainable fishing practices are necessary to prevent over fishing and maintain

Balance in aquatic ecosystems.A decline in fish populations can disrupt the food chain and
Harm the ecosystem.

4.Cultural Significance:Fishing has deep -rooted cultural and traditional importance in many

societies.It is often intertwined with local customs,celebrations,and traditional practices,

Adding to its significance beyond just economic aspects.

5.Tourism and Recreation:Fisheries and the marine environment attract tourists for recreational

Activities like fishing,diving,and wild life viewing.This boosts tourism and local economies,

Promoting conservation efforts to sustain these activities.

6.Climate Change Mitigation:Recognizing the role of fisheries in climate change is vital.Oceans

And coastal areas are important carbon sinks,and sustainable fishing practices can contribute

To mitigating climate change impacts by preserving these environments.

7.Research and Technology:Understanding fisheries leads to advancements in fishing

technologies,aquaculturepractices,and sustainable management strategies.Research helps

Identify threats to fish populations and ecosystems,enabling effective conservation measures.

8.Global Trade and Food Supply Chain:Fishery products are traded internationally,contributing

To global food security and supply chains,Recognizing and managing this trade is crucial to

Ensure fair practices,sustainability,and foodsafety.

Overall,recognizing fisheries involves acknowledging their multifaceted importance for human

well-being,economies,ecosystems,and the environment.Sustainable management and

Responsible consumption are key for a balanced approach that ensures the longevity and

Benefits of this vital industry

Discuss the history of Fishery distinguish branches of fishery

A fishery Is an area where fish caught for commercial or recreational purposes.It can be a

Defined body of water or a collection of fishing activity that have been agreed upon by countries

And fishers.

Fisheries and aquaculture provide food for billions of people around the world,and play an

Important role in the local economy of coastal communities in many countries.

Why is it important to know and understand the importance of fishery branches?Because it is Sustainable,
productive fisheriesandaquacultureImprovefoodandnutritionsecurity,increase

Income and improve livelihoods,promote economic growth and protector environment and

Natural resources.

Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or,

More commonly,the site where such enterprise takes place.Commercial fisheries include wild

Fisheries and fish farms,both in fresh water water bodies and the oceans.