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Applying: Ethics To Information Technology Issues
Applying: Ethics To Information Technology Issues
Mason
Applying
Ethics to Information Technology Issues
The articles in this special section express a com- Knowing their technology-based actions will inter-
mon theme: the use of information technology in cede in the course of human affairs, how should they
society is creating a rather unique set of ethical direct them? The crucial point occurs when a moral
issues that requires the making of new moral choic- agent—one that by definition has choices—decides
es on the part of society and has spawned special to change the state of information or information
implications for its members. Technology itself is technology in a human system. Changes in hardware,
not the only, nor necessarily the most responsible, software, information content, information flow,
cause of these issues. All ethical questions arise ini- knowledge-based jobs, and the rules and regulations
tially out of human agency. Technology, due to its affecting information are among the many things
capability to augment mental and physical powers of agents do that affect others. I call these crucial junc-
human beings, does stand in the role of a coconspir- ture points moments-of-truth. If those of us who make
ator. The lure of power-enhancing capabilities decisions in any of these areas are to behave ethically,
makes technology an inducer of sorts, a necessary we must be able to identify the significant moments-
but not sufficient underpinning to many of the ethi- of-truth in which we participate and be able to reflect
cal issues we face today. on the effects of our actions. We must use our moral
An ethical issue is said to arise whenever one imagination to guide our choices so that we can con-
party in pursuit of its goals engages in behavior that tribute positively toward making the kind of ethical
materially affects the ability of another party to pur- world in which we want to live and want to bequeath
sue its goals. When the effect is helpful—good, to our future generations.
right, just—we say the behavior is praiseworthy or How can we do this? The ACM Code of Ethics [1],
exemplary. When, however, the effect is harmful— as well as the schemes and other articles in this spe-
bad, wrong, unjust—the behavior is unethical. This cial section provide initial grist for the mill. More fun-
purposeful theory of ethics is reflected in the issues damental, however, is our conscience, aided by our
discussed in these articles. For example, email and understanding and expertise in information technol-
being online are applications of information tech- ogy. If we have an inkling our behavior as informa-
nology, the lure of which is based on their ability to tion professionals might in some way harm others, we
expand the scope, range, speed, and ease of inter- probably should examine our decisions a little more
personal and corporate communications. carefully and from an ethical point-of-view.
Useful as they are, the schemes and the manifold
of issues addressed leave one question unanswered: Getting the Morally Relevant Facts
What moral guidance can be provided to the agents The facts of an ethical situation can be summarized
whose behavior create these issues? And, this ques- by four factors. The first factor is to clearly identify
tion leads to others: How should the many knowl- the moral agent. Whose actions will bring about the
edge workers, systems analysts, programmers, technology-induced change? The frameworks and
hardware designers, authors, executives, and so discussions presented here will be helpful because
forth, who set in motion the actions which bring they point to a variety of possible forms of agency.
these issues to the fore, guide their own behavior? The next factor is the set of alternative courses-of-