Intergral tank.

An integral tank (often termed a wet wing) is formed by sealing the aircraft wing structure in the
region designated as a fuel cell. An integral tank is generally constructed in an aluminium airframe as
the aluminium alloy does not corrode when immersed in fuel. Adequate sealing of the storage
region in the wing is very important, where every rivet, bolt, nut, fuel line and hose that penetrates
the wing must remain completely sealed. The wing will flex under aerodynamic loading and expand
and contract with ambient temperature changes. The sealing must be able to accommodate this
through the range of operating temperatures and flight envelope. Measures are put in place to limit
the amount the fuel can shift and slosh during manoeuvres as the fuel is free to move about the
wing structure. Baffles and guides are built into the wing to assist with this [Wood, 2022].

Integral tanks are usually lighter than the equivalent rigid metallic tank but may be more difficult to
maintain and repair as the tank cannot be removed or replaced.

Rgulations

1. EU547/2012

OTHER PUMPS.
 1. Vertical Inline Centrifugal Pump Selection
ECO SNL 80-200 vertical inline centrifugal pump by Atex. The pump was modified for an
engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) company based in Tunisia was handling
the upgrade of refuelling equipment at an airport facility. The motor is located above the
pump while the inlet and outlet ports sit in line making the footprint significantly smaller,
saving space and making maintenance a far easier process for engineers.

This pump was fitted with an ABB Atex rated IP65 motor for complete protection and safety on site.
As per the customer’s specific requirements, special ANSI class 150 RF flanges were installed to fit
the existing pipework at the airport (Hazard-ex, 2021). The pump complies with the EU547/2012
regulations.

Specs.

Liquids handled- Clean or slightly contaminated low viscosity liquids without solid & fibrous particles.

Technical data- Discharge Flange DN 40.....DN 150 mm

Capacity up to 350 m³/h

Head up to 100 m

Speed up to 3000 rpm

Design Temperature -10 °C’ to +140 °C

Casing Pressure (Pmax) 10 bar (16 bar

Centrifugal pump explanation.

A centrifugal pump is a dynamic pump which facilitates the movement of fluids by the conversion of
rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy comes
from an engine or electric motor. They are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing
turbo-machinery (Shepherd, 1956).
 Source: https://external-content.duckduckgo.com

Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in the impeller blades, and is whirled
tangentially and radially outward until it leaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller into
the diffuser part of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through the
impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing decelerates the flow and
further increases the pressure.

Critique.

Advantages and disadvantages.

Centrifugal pumps are ideal for fuel transfer applications involving low viscosity and clean liquids
such as petrol, kerosene, diesel, light oils, water, and glycol. Due to the simplicity of design they
often are the most cost effective choice for fuel transfer at high flows, where viscosity is less than
300cst. The back-pull-out design of our compact ECO SNL series allows for the motor to be removed
while the pump is still connected to the pipework, saving engineers time during maintenance.
2. AERO Portapump 24/28V Portable Fueling/De-Fueling Unit.

The Porta-pump unit is a rugged, all weather fuel pump designed for the rapid fueling or
defueling of all types of aircraft or vehicles using Jet Al or diesel with a flash point above 98.6
F (37 C). It is designed to be easily transported by aircraft, helicopter or vehicle. Able to be
carried by a single person, it uses a powerful 24/28 volt DC motor direct coupled to a high
speed pump with phosphor bronze sliding vanes. The power source can be any 24/28 volt
supply such as a portable GPU, vehicle battery or aircraft DC bus. Alternatively, a 110/220
Volt domestic utility supply can be used with a DC voltage converter. A drain tap is fitted to
allow any collected water to be removed daily.
Sliding vane pump.

Reference list.

Hazard-ex, (2021). ATEX Vertical Inline Pump for JET A1 Fuel. Retrieved from
https://www.hazardexonthenet.net/article/183039/ATEX-Vertical-Inline-Pump-for-JET-A1-Fuel.aspx
5 December 2023.

Shepherd, Dennis G (1956). Principles of turbo-machinery. New York, Macmillan 463 p. illus. 24 cm.
TJ267 .S46.

Andrew Wood (2022). A Technical Introduction to Aircraft Fuel Systems. Aero tool box. Accessed
from https://aerotoolbox.com/fuel-system/#vapor-locks on 3 December 2023.