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Pile Wave Analysis by Spreadsheet. - Full Wave Analysis of PDA Data
Pile Wave Analysis by Spreadsheet. - Full Wave Analysis of PDA Data
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• The
one-‐dimensional
wave
model
has
been
used
since
the
1960s
to
represent
the
pile
driving
phenomena.
This
paper
describes
two
different
implementa=ons
of
the
pile
driving
wave
equa=on
in
spreadsheet
form
–
the
Smith[1],[2]
model
represen=ng
the
pile
as
a
series
of
lumped
masses
and
springs
and
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs[7],[8],[9]
which
traces
the
reflec=ons
of
the
stress
wave
up
and
down
the
pile.
– Using
a
spreadsheet
allows
easy
input
and
data
visualiza=on,
especially
in
changing
parameters
for
curve
matching.
– The
ease
of
genera=ng
plots
allows
for
interes=ng
observa=ons
into
the
detailed
workings
of
the
stress
wave.
– Limita=ons
of
the
spreadsheet
model
are
that
the
number
of
pile
segments
is
fixed
as
is
the
total
computa=onal
period.
The
current
version
uses
20
pile
segments
(for
the
Smith
model,
40
for
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
model)
and
a
total
computa=onal
period
of
6L/c.
(i.e.
6
=mes
the
period
required
for
the
wave
to
traverse
the
length
of
the
pile).
– The
speed
of
spreadsheet
computa=on
has
improved
tremendously
since
the
first
implementa=on
in
2004.
Originally,
a
calcula=on
for
a
10
segment
model
took
over
20
seconds,
but
with
Excel
2011,
the
computa=on
=me
has
been
reduced
to
under
2
seconds.
THE
PILE
WAVE
ANALYSIS
(PWA)
SPREADSHEET
– The
Smith
model
is
implemented
into
an
Excel
workbook
consis=ng
of
10
linked
worksheets,
including
2
worksheets
used
to
process
raw
PDA
data
from
.W01
files.
– The
original
Smith
model
has
been
found
to
be
capable
of
genera=ng
surprisingly
good
matches
with
the
PDA
data
in
most
cases.
This
is
in
spite
of
genera=ng
the
plots
completely
using
only
the
computer
model,
without
any
combina=on
with
the
PDA
data.
– Many
refinements
have
been
added,
such
as
soil
unloading
varia=on,
viscous
damping
op=ons,
toe
gap
simula=on,
soil
plug
simula=on
etc.,
but
the
original
basic
Smith
model
has
been
found
to
be
sufficient
for
most
cases.
This
is
a
tribute
to
the
engineering
skill
of
E.A.L.
Smith
who
was
able
to
develop
a
computa=onal
procedure
and
parameters
for
use
in
that
procedure
that
are
s=ll
valid
more
than
50
years
later.
– The
main
PWA
worksheet
used
for
input
and
output
contains
graphs
of
F,
V,
Wup
and
Wdn
plo`ed
against
the
PDA
data.
These
graphs
are
used
for
wave
matching.
All
the
The
Smith
computer
model[2]
input
variables
are
easily
changed
and
the
result
of
the
change
immediately
visible
on
the
same
computer
screen.
Smith
Model
The
hammer
and
pile
are
modeled
as
a
series
of
masses
and
springs.
The
stress
wave
is
generated
by
an
ini=al
ram
velocity,
and
is
calculated
using
the
EAL
Smith
itera=ve
formulas.
(ref.
1)
This
has
from
experience
been
quite
adequate
to
simulate
the
field
measured
PDA
signals.
Hammer
Cushion
Model
The
hammer
cushion
is
simulated
using
the
EAL
Smith
model.
(ref.
1,2)
K
e2
1
K
1
The
cushion
has
a
spring
constant
K
[i.e.
the
slope
at
(a)
and
(d)],
and
a
coefficient
of
res:tu:on
e,
which
modifies
the
slope
at
(b),
(c)
and
(e)
to
become
K/e2.
Soil
Model
The
soil
reac=on
is
calculated
using
the
EAL
Smith
model.
(ref.
1,2)
The
pile
segment
displacement
is
used
to
calculate
the
soil
response.
Reac:on
Soil
Movement
Q
Ru
Cs.Q
Reac:on
Displacement
UN.Ru
Soil
Movement
Qt
(1+UN)Cs.Q
Soil
Movement
+
Q
-‐
(1+UN)Cs.Q
Rut
Velocity
Displacement
Force,
Velocity
and
Displacement
at
each
segment
plo`ed
against
=me
Total,
Sta=c
and
Dynamic
Soil
Reac=on
at
each
segment
plo`ed
against
=me
Waveform
Along
Pile
Of
par=cular
interest
is
this
plot
of
force
along
the
pile
at
different
instances
in
=me.
By
highligh=ng
successive
individual
curves,
it
can
be
seen
how
the
force
wave
moves
down
and
is
reflected
back
and
forth
along
the
pile.
The
maximum
and
minimum
force
at
each
point
along
the
pile
are
also
easily
pinpointed.
THE
STRESS
WAVE
ANALYSIS
(SWA)
SPREADSHEET
– The
Smith
method
of
analysis
which
we
have
been
using
simulates
the
pile
as
a
series
of
masses
and
springs.
The
original
Smith
model
has
been
surprisingly
good
at
simula=ng
the
stress
waves
measured
in
the
PDA
tests.
– However,
the
Smith
method
has
the
disadvantage
that
the
force
is
calculated
at
the
spring
loca=on,
while
the
velocity
is
at
the
mass
loca=on,
which
is
not
the
same
point.
(half
a
segment
length
difference)
– Since
PDA
signals
are
taken
at
the
same
point
in
the
pile,
there
is
an
inherent
inaccuracy
in
the
Smith
simula=on
when
used
for
wave
matching.
– There
is
another
method
of
wave
analysis
–
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
-‐
which
treats
the
pile
as
a
con=nuous
media
in
which
the
wave
is
being
transmi`ed.
– The
pile
is
divided
into
segments,
each
with
uniform
cross
sec=on,
and
the
soil
resistance
is
assumed
to
act
as
concentrated
loads
in
between
segments.
The
stress
wave
is
assumed
to
be
transmi`ed
unchanged
through
the
individual
segment
and
is
modified
by
the
soil
resistance
/
change
in
pile
sec=on
at
the
junc=on
between
segments.
– This
method
has
the
advantage
that
the
force
and
velocity
are
calculated
at
the
same
point
in
the
pile,
and
is
thus
be`er
suited
for
wave
matching.
It
also
gives
twice
the
number
of
data
points
along
the
pile
compared
to
the
Smith
model
for
the
same
=me
interval.
– The
limita=on
of
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
is
that
the
length
of
the
elements
being
simulated
must
be
in
mul=ples
of
the
=me
interval
mul=plied
by
the
wave
propaga=on
velocity,
and
is
therefore
not
ideal
for
simula=ng
hammer
and
cushion
parameters.
It
is
much
more
convenient
to
represent
the
cushion
as
a
spring
rather
than
a
fic==ous
piece
of
material
with
its
length
limited
to
mul=ples
of
the
=me
period
=mes
the
wave
speed
in
that
material.
Similarly,
a
helmet
is
be`er
represented
as
a
point
mass.
The
SWA
Model
• A
hybrid
computa=onal
model
has
been
developed
which
incorporates
the
best
features
of
the
Smith
method
and
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
.
• The
Smith
model
is
used
to
represent
the
hammer
and
the
soil
whereas
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
is
used
to
track
the
stress
wave
in
the
pile.
– The
soil
and
hammer
cushion
proper=es
are
modeled
using
the
algorithms
developed
for
the
Smith
model.
This
representa=on
has
been
well
proven
in
the
past.
– A
mul=ple
mass-‐spring
model
of
the
ram
has
been
implemented
to
give
be`er
control
of
the
wave
shape
for
full
wave
matching.
• The
Method
of
Characteris=cs
has
been
implemented
to
track
the
stress
wave
transmission
through
the
pile.
– The
new
model
(SWA.xls)
gives
a
more
accurate
determina=on
of
the
stress
wave
moving
through
the
pile.
For
the
same
=me
interval,
it
yields
twice
the
number
of
data
points
along
the
pile
as
the
Smith
model.
– It has been verified against the Smith model (PWA.xls) and found to give very similar results.
– The
biggest
benefit
of
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs
is
that
the
data
for
Force
and
Velocity
are
computed
at
the
same
point
on
the
pile,
whereas
for
the
Smith
method,
they
occur
at
different
points.
This
allows
for
be`er
matching
with
PDA
data.
Hybrid
Model
Wr5
Wr4
The
model
used
in
SWA
is
a
hybrid
of
the
Smith
and
Method
of
Wr V Characteris=cs
models.
It
u=lizes
the
best
features
of
each
model
to
V Wr3
represent
the
hammer
and
pile
systems.
Wr2
K1 The
hammer
and
cushion
are
modeled
as
discrete
masses
and
springs
Wr1
(Smith
Model)
whereas
the
pile
is
modeled
as
a
con=nuous
wave
K1
Wh transmission
medium
(Method
of
Characteris=cs).
Wh
K2
K2
Pile
The
pile
is
treated
as
a
one-‐dimensional
wave
propaga=ng
medium.
The
pile
is
divided
into
segments
∆l
long,
with
∆l
being
the
distance
travelled
by
the
wave
over
a
chosen
=me
interval
∆t.
Time
à
Depth à
From Ref. 8
The
hammer
is
modeled
as
a
series
of
masses
represen=ng
the
Wr4
ram
and
helmet,
and
springs
represen=ng
the
cushion
and
the
V Wr incomplete
contact
between
the
helmet
and
pile
top.
V Wr3
This
has
from
experience
been
quite
adequate
to
simulate
the
field
Wr2
K1 measured
PDA
signals.
Wh
Wr1
There
is
an
op=on
to
use
up
to
5
masses
and
4
springs
to
represent
K2 K1
the
ram.
This
allows
more
fine
control
of
the
shape
of
the
Wh
Pile downward
wave
generated
by
the
hammer.
K2
Pile
The
stress
wave
is
generated
by
an
ini=al
ram
velocity,
and
is
calculated
using
the
EAL
Smith
itera=ve
formulas.
(ref.
1)
Pile
Model
• Procedure
for
calcula=ng
stress
wave
transmission
in
the
pile
Wr 1. The
procedure
requires
a
constant
=me
interval
∆t
to
be
used
throughout.
Time
à
2. The
pile
is
divided
into
numerous
segments.
Each
segment
is
s=pulated
to
have
Wh @t=0
@t=∆t
uniform
proper=es
and
each
segment
length
∆l
is
determined
by
the
=me
interval
∆t
divided
by
the
wave
speed
C.
The
downward
and
upward
travelling
components
of
Pile the
stress
wave
Fdn
and
Fup
are
assumed
to
be
constant
over
the
=me
interval
and
Depth
à
Soil
Movement
Q
Ru
Cs.Q
Reac:on
Displacement
UN.Ru
Soil
Movement
Qt
(1+UN)Cs.Q
Soil
Movement
+
Q
-‐
(1+UN)Cs.Q
Rut
Fdn,
Fup
HAMMER
MODEL
The
PWA
and
SWA
spreadsheets
include
a
processor
to
accept
input
data
imorted
from
PDA
measurements.
• CAPWAP
(ref.[5])
can
be
simulated
by
inpunng
the
PDA
Wdn
signal
directly
into
the
Fdn
sheet
at
the
level
that
the
instruments
are
mounted.
– The
rest
of
the
model
input
is
iden=cal
to
the
normal
program.
The
por=on
above
the
PDA
input
(i.e.
hammer
parameters)
have
no
more
effect
on
the
results.
Only
the
pile-‐soil
por=on
below
the
PDA
sensor
level
affects
the
computa=on.
• Very
good
match
was
obtained
using
the
Smith[2]
soil
model.
Extended
soil
parameters
such
as
unloading
and
unloading
quake
can
be
input
if
necessary,
but
these
have
only
a
small
effect
and
are
normally
not
required.
• Several
different
methods
of
inpunng
the
PDA
signal
were
tried,
including
using
the
resistance
sheet
to
input.
The
best
results
were
obtained
by
copying
the
PDA
Wdn
signal
directly
into
the
Fdn
sheet
at
the
level
of
the
PDA
sensors.
All
other
aspects
of
the
model
remain
unchanged.
FULL
WAVE
MATCHING
Complete
simulaEon
of
the
stress
wave
Full
Wave
Matching
• CAPWAP
is
a
par=al
wave
matching
procedure.
– Only
the
por=on
of
the
pile
below
the
sensors
and
the
soil
are
represented
in
the
computer
model.
– The
hammer,
cushion,
and
the
por=on
of
the
pile
above
the
sensors
are
ignored
are
leo
out
of
the
CAPWAP
model.
– The
measured
downward
wave
is
input
into
the
computer
model
and
the
computed
upward
wave
is
matched
against
the
measured
upward
wave
by
varying
the
soil
parameters.
– The
concept
of
full
wave
matching
(FWM)
is
fundamentally
different
from
that
used
in
CAPWAP.
Whereas
CAPWAP
starts
with
one
measured
PDA
signal
as
an
input
into
the
computer
model
and
a`empts
to
match
the
other
measured
PDA
signal
by
varying
the
pile
and
soil
parameters,
FWM
uses
the
PDA
data
only
for
comparison
and
a`empts
to
completely
generate
the
Force,
Velocity,
Wave
up
and
Wave
down
signal
streams
using
the
computer
model.
Thus
not
only
soil
and
pile
parameters,
but
also
hammer
and
driving
parameters
are
varied
for
the
best
match.
– CAPWAP
matches
the
Wup
curve
only,
whereas
in
FWM,
even
though
the
Wup
curve
matching
is
emphasized,
all
the
curves
are
taken
into
considera=on.
There
are
cases
where
the
Wup
record
matches
well,
but
not
the
Wdn,
F
and
V
records.
– FWM
can
verify
total
pile
length
and
sensor
to
pile
=p
length
whereas
CAPWAP
cannot.
We
have
seen
cases
where
pile
lengths
have
been
erroneously
reported.
– FWM
is
a
more
complete
simula=on
of
pile
driving.
It
requires
finng
addi=onal
parameters
for
the
pile
driving
system
upstream
of
the
sensor
loca=on,
i.e.
the
ram,
capblock,
cushion,
and
pile
top
proper=es.
Thus
it
can
be
used
to
check
important
parameters
in
the
pile
driving
system.
– FWM
therefore
can
check
and
verify
hammer
and
driving
accessories
performance
in
detail.
Matching
Hammer
CharacterisBcs
Vo W1
K1
W2
K2
Z • Full
Wave
Matching
requires
finng
addi=onal
parameters
for
the
pile
driving
system
upstream
of
the
sensor
loca=on,
i.e.
the
ram,
capblock,
helmet,
cushion,
and
pile
top
proper=es.
Theore=cal
Model
– This
match
of
hammer
parameters
is
actually
not
difficult
to
achieve
as
the
first
part
of
the
downward
wave
is
only
affected
by
the
hammer
and
piletop
characteris=cs.
Vo
– Theore=cal
formula=ons
of
the
stress
wave
caused
by
hammer
impact
have
been
developed[6]
which
help
us
to
understand
how
the
waveform
is
affected.
• The
force
wave
is
generally
of
the
form
F(t)
=
Z*Vo*e-‐Z/W1*t
*{1
+
G(t)}
– Looking
at
the
exponen=al
func=on
Z*Vo*e-‐Z/W1*t,
1. the
height
of
the
force
wave
is
determined
by
Z
and
Vo.
K2
Steel Pipe Pile End of Drive Steel Pipe Pile ReDrive Concrete Spun Pile Driven With Follower
– The spreadsheet can be used as both a WEAP pile driving program and as a wave matching program for analyzing PDA data.
– Use of the spreadsheet allows quick and easy wave matching to determine soil resistances.
– The
spreadsheet
allows
input
the
F
or
V
data
directly
into
the
computer
model
and
do
F,
V
or
Wup
matching
exactly
as
CAPWAP,
but
we
have
found
this
to
be
a
less
efficient
method,
as
matching
is
more
difficult
and
important
driving
parameters
such
as
hammer
and
cushion
characteris=cs
are
not
simulated.
2. A
method
of
full
wave
matching
has
been
developed,
which
gives
a
complete
picture
of
all
parameters
involved
in
pile
driving.
– The
Force,
Velocity,
Wave
up
and
Wave
down
signals
are
completely
generated
by
the
computer
model
and
then
matched
with
the
measured
PDA
signals;
they
are
not
in
any
way
filtered,
mixed
or
diluted
by
the
measured
signals.
– Compared
to
CAPWAP,
an
addi=onal
matching
of
hammer
driving
parameters
is
required,
but
this
step
is
rela=vely
easy
to
do
as
the
ini=al
por=on
of
the
impact
pulse
is
affected
by
the
hammer
driving
parameters
only.
– Full
wave
matching
therefore
reveals
all
the
pile
driving
hammer
parameters
as
well
as
the
soil
parameters,
and
gives
a
more
complete
picture
of
what
is
happening
during
pile
driving.
– By
considering
both
the
PDA
measured
curves
(Force
and
Velocity)
as
well
as
the
Wave
up
and
Wave
down
curves,
a
be`er
match
can
be
made
compared
to
just
matching
the
Wave
up
curve.
– Experience
with
full
wave
matching
has
been
quite
good.
Reasonable
matches
have
been
achieved
with
the
basic
Smith
model
in
all
cases
analyzed
so
far,
even
for
very
different
looking
wave
shapes.
References
Smith
Method
1. Smith,
E.A.L.,
(1955),
“Impact
and
Longitudinal
Wave
Transmission”,
ASME,
TransacEons
of
the
ASME.
2. Smith,
E.A.L.,
(1960),
“Pile
Driving
Analysis
by
the
Wave
Equa=on”,
ASCE,
Journal
of
the
Soil
Mechanics
and
FoundaEons
Division,
86.
3. Hussein,
M.,
and
Likins,
G.,
(1995),
“Dynamic
Tes=ng
of
Pile
Founda=ons
During
Construc=on”,
ASCE
Structural
Division,
Proceeding
of
Structures
Congress
XIII.
PDA,
CAPWAP,
Analy:cal
Modeling
1. “PDA-‐W
Manual
of
Opera=on”,
(Feb.
2009),
Pile
Dynamics,
Inc.
2. Rausche,
F.,
Likins,
G.,
Liang,
L.,
and
Hussein,
M.,
(2010),
“Sta=c
and
Dynamic
Models
for
CAPWAP
Signal
Matching”,
The
Art
of
FoundaEon
Engineering
PracEce,
pp.
534-‐553.
3. Deeks,
A.J.
and
Randolph,
M.F.,
(1993),
“Analy=cal
Modeling
Of
Hammer
Impact
For
Pile
Driving”,
Int.
Journal
of
Num.
and
Anal.
Methods
in
Geomechanics,
17:279-‐302.
Method
of
Characteris:cs
1. Van
Hamme
et
al,
(1974),
“Hydroblok
and
Improved
Pile
Driving
Analysis”,
De
Ingeneur,
nr
8,
Vol.
86.
2. Middendorp,
P.,
(2004),
“ Thirty
Years
Experience
with
the
Wave
Equa=on
Solu=on
Based
on
the
Method
of
Characteris=cs”,
7th
InternaEonal
Conference
on
the
ApplicaEon
of
Stress
Wave
Theory
to
Piles,
K.L.,
Malaysia
2004.
3. Rausche,
F.,
(1983)
“CAPWAP
Analysis
Using
the
Characteris=cs
Approach”,
PDA
Users
Day,
Philadelphia,
PA.,
1983
4. Loh,
A.,
(2013)
“StressWave
Analysis
Implementa=on
–
Method
of
Characteris=cs”,
ALC
Powerpoint
PresentaEon,
Singapore