HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Hiera – bird

1. Prehistoric architecture history refers to the time Ancient Greek

BEFORE written records. Therefore, objects became structures palaestra
the basis or documents of record. T and gymnasium were
2. Stonehenge is located in England. T (Salisbury Plain, prototypes of the
Wiltshire, England) roman THERMAE
3. In ancient classical architecture, a male figure support
in standing position is called an Atlas. F, Telamones Ancient Roman
a. Atlas – male figure support carrying the Amphitheaters were used for gladiatorial combats and is
world in kneeling position ELLIPTICAL in plan
4. The ancient Greek agora is simply a town square. It is
an open air meeting place for the transaction of Structures erected to commemorate victories of emperors and
business and also a marketplace. T generals in Ancient Rome. TRIUMPHAL ARC
5. Thermae in Roman Architecture is a luxurious public
bath with different rooms or parts. Frigidarium is the Greek temples stood on a foundation of three steps named
term used to denote the cooling room, Sudarium is CREPIDOMA
the dry sweating room and Uncutuaria is a place for
oils and perfumes. T
Typical day in Roman “Thermae”

- Enter the Changing Room (A) to strip off. Everyone

needs to be naked
- Work out in the exercise hall
- Rest in the Tepidarium (C- warm room), cover
yourself in oil
- Big swear in the steamy Calidarium (D – hot room)
- Oil and dirty is scaped off by a slave
- Dip in the plunge pool in Frigidarium (E – cold
room) to cool you down

Open or roofed track or arena for chariot and horse racing in

Ancient Greece. HIPPODROME

Quiz
1. Which of these does not describe a basilica?
a. Roman temple for pagan gods
b. Large, enclosed space
c. Originally a courthouse
d. Transformed into a church by Christians
2. Why did early Christians have to meet in secret?
Sneferu’s Pyramids a. Too many people wanted to be Christian
b. Their beliefs were illegal
c. There was no place for religion in rome
d. It was part of their beliefs
3. What were baptistries?
a. An official residence of the bishop
Collapsed Pyramid b. Buildings for large meeting of Christians
c. Site where Christians were baptized
d. Buildings for large meetings of pagans
4. What was the reasoning behind the wealth of the
interior of the church?
Blunt Pyramid a. Kept goods safe
b. Showed the splendor of heaven
c. Showed people where their money was
going
d. Exterior was actually the ornate part of the
church
North Pyramid 5. When did Christians begin worshipping in basilicas?
a. About 500 CE
Androsphinx (human) b. From the very beginning of Christianity
Crio – ram c. After Christianity became legal in 313 CE
 d. Christianity never worshipped in basilicas

Early Christian Architecture

- Early Christians, as roman craftsmen, continued old

roman traditions
- Utilized materials from roman temples which had
become useless for their original purpose
- Considered as the final phase of roman architecture
from 4th to 6th century, primarily in church building
- Influenced by roman art

Important features
- Ribbed vaults, arcades, timber trussed roof

- Used bell tower or

“campanile” in their exterior Examples
- First worship spaces are house churches
- Usually with 3-5 aisles covered by a simple trussed
roof

The Basilican Church

- Built over the burial place of the saint whom the
church was dedicated
- Over burial place (crypt) was the high altar covered
by a “ciborium”
- Ciborium is also known as tabernacle or baldachino
- study parts of a Basilican Church (DK Ching)
- roman basilicas as models
- usually erected over the burial place of the saint to St. Paolo Fuori Le Mura (Rome)
whom it was dedicated - one of Rome’s four major papal basilicas
- purpose was to shelter worshippers - “Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls”
- Burial place of St. Paul
Chapel vs. Church vs. Cathedral vs. Basilica - Now a neoclassical church
a. Chapel – place of worship without congregation and
pastor or priest
b. Church – any place of worship with a permanent
congregation and is run by a pastor or priest
c. Cathedral – principal church in a diocese, area of land
with a bishop’s jurisdiction. Named after “cathedra”
(special chair of the bishop)
d. Basilica – special privileges by the Pope,
recommended to the Vatican

4 Major Basilicas in the world

Church of Nativity (Bethlehem)
- Original church built by Constantine
- Built over the traditional birth of Christ

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)
- Original church of the burial of Christ
- Sepulchre: small room or monument cut in stone in
which a person is buried
Terminologies
 Ambulatory – passageway around the apse of the
church
 Basilica – long rectangular hall used by Romans as
public meeting places
 Bema – stage reserved for the clergy
 Chevet – the apse, ambulatory, and radiating terminal
of the church
 Clerestory – upper stage in the church with windows
above the adjacent roof
 Dais – raised platform for the seating of speakers or
dignitaries
 Transept – portion crossing the main axis at the right
angle and forming a cruciform plan
 Triforium – roof over the aisles below the clerestory
Byzantine Architecture
1. How did the dome of Hagia Sophia float higher than
any previous dome?
a. Using pendentives
b. Building flying buttresses
c. Using clerestory and mosaics to give the
sense that dome is higher than it actually is
d. Including vaulting, which had no previously
been attempted
2. What does the design of the Greek or eastern cross
have in common with the design of byzantine central-
plan churches?
a. Both Greek
b. Both cross shaped
c. Both popular in western Europe
d. Both as wide as they are long
3. Which of the following features is NOT common to
both Byzantine and Early Christian churches?
a. Use of clerestory to bring in light from high
windows
b. Important position of the apse
c. Use of mosaic for decoration
d. Linear basilica style
Byzantine Architecture
- Rome ruled much of Europe around Mediterranean
over 1000 years
- Inner workings of Roman empire began to decline
because it struggled under the weight of its own giant
empire
- 285 – 293 AD, empire split into Eastern and Western
Empires
- Constantine the Great (converted Christian) changed
capital of Empire from Rome to Constantinople
- Western Empire (Rome) collapsed in 476 AD
- Eastern Empire (Constantinople) lasted 1000 more
years and known as Byzantine empire
Byzantines
- Remnants of Eastern Roman empire who survived
from 5th CE until the fall of Constantinople
- We can ignore term “Byzantine” and call them
“Romans”
Different “Roman”
- Capital in Constantinopole
- Language: Greek
- Religion: Eastern Orthodox Christian
Architecture
- Architecture of Eastern Roman Empire
- Developed from Early Christian
- First buildings were churches
- Dumped early Christian style for new domical
byzantine style
- Simplicity in external design (clay and rubble),
richness in internal treatment (marble)
- Characterized by large pendentives supported domes
-
- Grouping of small domes or semi-domes around large
central dome
- Extensive use of mosaic decoration
 - Ornaments in religious character
o Symbolic figures
o Saints
o Peacock
o Endless knot
o Sacred monograms of Christ
o Symbol of eternal life

3. Why did Romanesque architects start building more

piers as supports within buildings as compared to
columns?
a. Easier to carve sculptures into piers than
columns
Dome Types b. Piers were considered to be more elegant
1. Simple than columns
- Dome and pendentives were part of the same sphere c. Piers provided stronger support to vaulted
o Pendentive: construction element (triangular ceilings than columns
d. Architects found that too many columns
segments of sphere) allows dome to be
could be distracting
placed over square of rectangular spaces
4. Leaning tower of pisa is an example of:
- Galla Placidia Dome (Ravenna, Italy)
a. Apse
2. Compound b. Narthex
- Dome rises independently from the pendentives
c. Campanile
o Hagia Sophia – church of the “Holy
d. Tympanum
Wisdom” 5. What is the definition of tracery as used in gothic
3. Melon – shaped architecture?
- Curved flutings which avoid the necessity of a. A means for connecting and supporting
pendentives stained glass windows
- Katholikon Hosios Lukas (Greece) b. A means for replicating older designs onto
newer structures
Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey) c. A means for creating designs on designs on
- “Holy Wisdom” thin stone walls
- Built as Greek orthodox Christian church (under d. A means for transferring images to stained
Justinian I) glass windows
- Became a mosque, museum, and currently a mosque 6. Which of the following were elements of
(2020) Romanesque architecture?
- Built for 5 years and 10 months a. Delicate tracery, stone work, and timber
- ArchitecT: Anthemius of Tralles & Isodorus of ceilings
Milletus b. Barrel vaults, piers, round arches
- Unesco WHS, 1985 (check this out!!!!) c. Flying buttresses, fortifications, and pointed
- Most important church in Constantinopole arches
- Perfection of Byzantine style d. Rowas of arches, stained glass, and towering
- Largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand spires
years, until Seville Cathedral (1507) 7. Which of the following were elements of Gothic
architecture?
Monastery of the Pantocrator (Istanbul, Turkey) a. Flying buttresses and pointed arches
- Second largest byzantine religious building b. Delicate stone walls and few windows
c. Barrel vaults and heavy stone walls
Romanesque Architecture d. Rounded arches and a variety of little
windows
1. Which of the ff decorations could NOT be found on 8. Which of the following groups of buildings emerged
the exterior of Romanesque churches? during Romanesque (feudalism) period?
a. Fountains a. Arenas, churches, colosseums
b. Arcades b. Domed churches, forts, palaces
c. Towers c. Cathedrals, monasteries, moats
d. Decorative sculpture d. Castles, cathedrals, monasteries
2. Which of the following is an example of a ribbed 9. Renaissance architecture is identified by the presence
vault? (C) of:
a. Symmetry and harmony
b. Chaos and discord
c. Linear and rigid elements
 d. Bland decorative elements
10. New feats in engineering during the period of
Renaissance architecture led to the appearance of:
a. Domes
b. Double walls
c. Pyramids
d. Underground tunnels

Romanesque Architecture
- Roman and byzantine combination, or basically
Roman in style
- Period of rise of religious orders Gothic Architecture
- Papacy had great power and influence - Style ogivale
- Christianity resulted into erection of churches - Progressive lightening and heightening of structure
- Happened during the middle ages (flying buttress)
- Establishment of the “feudal system” - Use of pointed arch and ribbed vault
- Richly decorated fenestration
- Before this, architecture was functional. Now
architecture became beautiful
o Downspout? Gargoyle
- Abbey Church of Saint – Denis

- Landlords built “castle” to separate them and protect

from peasants
- New religious enthusiasm
- Crusades were conducted against the muslims
o Series of religious wars between Christians
and Muslims started primarily to secure
control of holy sites considered sacred by
both groups
o Both Abraham-based
- Known in England as Norman architecture
- Heavy articulated masonry, with narrow openings,
round arches, barrel vaults, sparse ornament
- Sober and dignified
- Developed in Italy, France, Germany, England

Cathedral Complex of Pisa

Characteristics Notable Examples

 Height  Abbey church of
 Vaulted ceiling saint denis
 Cathedral – large and principal church of a  Flying buttresses  Chartres cathedral
diocese (district under pastoral care of a bishop)  Light, airy interior  Amiens cathedral
 Baptistery – space containing a font where  Pointed arch  Reims cathedral
baptism takes place  Gargoyles
 Campanile – bell tower, freestanding or attached  Ornate decoration
 Camposanto – cemetery surrounded by a
colonnade
  Rouen

Basilica Church of Saint Denis

- Heralded change from Romanesque architecture to
Gothic architecture
- Before the term “Gothic” came into use, it was
known as “French Style” (Opus Francigenum)
- Gothic was coined only after Renaissance
o St Denis was a third century martyr and first
bishop of Paris, beheaded, picked up his
head and gave a sermon
Cathedrals in France
 Notre dame
Rib or ribbed vault
- Constructed of structural arched stone
- Members or ribs with an infill of masonry

 Chartres

Gothic compound pier

- Colonettes facing the nave continue upward to reach
all the way to the vault, whereas colonettes on inside
become part of the ribs of the vaults in the side aisles
 Amiens
[Parts of a rib vault replay it]

English gothic

 Reims
 - Rusticated masonry
- Dome on a drum
- Dignity and formality through symmetry

Periods
a. Early renaissance
b. High renaissance (proto baroque)
c. Baroque

Early Renaissance
- Period of learning
- Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of
Romanesque architecture

Flippo Bruneslleschi
1. Early English
- Also known as Lancet, First Pointedm or early
Plantagenet
- Lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery
2. Decorated style
- Geometrical and curvilinear middle pointed,
Edwardian, Later Plantagenet
3. Perpendicular
- Rectilinear, late pointed, or Lancastrian
- Riccardi Palace (example of the massive rusticated
- Perpendicular tracery (lacework of vertical glazing
buildings with heavy crowning cornice)
bars), intricate stonework
- The Duomo (dome of Florence cathedral)
French gothic
- Linear Perspective

Books
The Ten Books of Architecture
- By Marcus Vitruvius Polio
- Dedicated to Caesar Augustus as a guide for building
projects
- Oldest research on architecture
- Divided into ten sections or “books”
o Town planning
o Building materials
1. A lancettes o Temples and orders
- Pointed arches, geometric traceried windows o Continuation of book 3
2. Rayonnant o Civil buildings
- Circular windows, wheel tracery o Domestic buildings
- Rose windows o Pavements and decorative plasterwork
3. Flamboyant o Water supplies
- Flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery o Sciences
o Use and construction of machines
Renaissance Architecture
- Increased understanding of science and the arts,  Durability – Firmitas
medicine and astronomy  Utility – Utilitas
- Attempt to understand the ancient world, values,
 Beauty – Venustas
literacy, artistic forms and architectural forms
- Renaissance man: holistic individual
On the Art of Building
- “Rebirth” of roman classical arts
- Leon battista alberti
- Renaissance had its birth in FLORENCE
- Largely dependent on Vitruvius
- Reintroduction of (5) classical roman orders
- First Italian renaissance theoretical book on the
o Tuscan
subject
o Doric
- Tells how buildings should be built
o Ionic - Includes other literary sources (e.g. Plato, Aristotle)
o Corinthian o Lineaments
o Composite o Materials
- Standardized by renowned architects (Palladio, o Construction
Vignola)
 o Public works - Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
o Works of individuals knowledge
o Ornament -
o Ornament to sacred buildings Villa Rotonda
o Public secular buildings -Andrea Palladio
o Private buildings - Transforming house into a classical temple
o Restoration of buildings - Four books of Architecture emphasized systemization of
ground plan and relationship to section and elevation of
the building
All the Works of Architecture and Perspective
- Sebastiano serlio
Gesu Church
- Eight books
- Giacomo Barozzi da
- First five books cover seraglio’s works on geometry,
Vignola (5 Orders of Arch)
perspective, roman antiquiry, orders, and church
- The Jesuit mother church in
design
Rome
- Six book: domestic designs (from peasant huts to
- Sant andrea, two small
royal palaces)
cupolas at St. Peter
- Sevent book: range of common design problems
ignored by past theorists
Farnese Palace
- Eighth book: part fantasy and part archeology, unlike
- Michaelangelo
other practical works
Buonarotti, famous
sculptor and painter of
Five Orders of Architecture
the roof ot he Sistine
- Giacomo Barozi Da Vignola
Chapel in Vatican
- Tackles the five orders in separate sections
- Finished the palace &
- Subdivided in 5 parts on colonnade, arcade, arcade
carried out Dome of St. Peter
with pedestal, individual pedestals, entablatures and
capitals
- More practical than philosophical

I Quattro Libri Dell’Architettura

- Andrea palladio (father of modern picture books)
- Palladio’s own designs
- Celebrates purity and simplicity of classical
architecture
- Extensive woodcut illustrations
- Figures and scales are used to indicate proportions
and to provide a sense of the absolute dimensions of
each building
St. Peter’s cathedral
- Officially the Basiilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
- Architects increased the importance of the dome by
lifting it boldy from its substructure and placing it on
a “drum”

High Renaissance (Proto – Baroque)

- Became an individual style in its own right
- Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held
in high respect

Donato Bramante
- Martyrium, place
of martyrdom or
shine with relics
- site where St.
Peter to have been 12 Architects of the Vatican
crucified
- considered one Synopsis of history
of the first high - Bramante, the original architect, formulated a design
renaissance in the form of a Greek cross with entrances at East
buildings in Rome end
- Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo, Raphael were
entrusted with superintendence; altering plan to Latin
Baroque cross
- Peruzzi went back to Bramante’s plan
- Antonio da Sangallo the younger proposed a central
dome and logy campanili
- Michaelangelo restored design to Greek cross
 - Dela Porta technical execution of Michaelangelo’s Mathematically precise Emphases on large masses,
plans ratios, symmetry, arches, domes, bold spaces
- Vignola added cupolas on either side of the great domes
home Naturalism, religious Groups of figures, dynamic
- Carlo Madema lengthened the nave to form a latin themes, syncretistic movement, energy of human
cross and erected present façade influences forms
- Bernini erected the fourfold colonnades enclosing the
piazza and erected baldachino

Church Architecture Styles

Early Christian Byzantine

Western Europe (Rome)
300 to 700 CE
Separation between church
and state
Latin
Basilican(Latin Cross) Plan
East Europe (Byzantium, /
Constantinopole)
330 to 1453 CE
Union between church and
state
Greek
Central (Greek Cross) Plan

A lot of these differences have to do with European history

during the middle ages.
Technology was advancing and people were able to build
larger more graceful buildings during the Gothic period.
Romanesque Gothic
6th to 12th century 13th to 16th century
Round arches Pointed arches

Renaissance Baroque
Origin Florence Origin Rome
15th to 16th centuries, After 16th century
transition from Middle
ages to Modernity
Naturalistic and realistic Exuberant details, grandeur
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Quiz
1. Early Christian architecture is considered the final
phase of Roman architecture, primarily in church
building (TRUE)
2. Early Christian architecture is basically Greek and
Egyptian in character (FALSE, basically ROMAN)
3. Like the Greek and roman temples, the purpose of
basilica churches is to shelter the worshippers
(FALSE, Greek and Roman temples sheltered gods)
4. The first buildings constructed during the byzantine
period were churches (TRUE)
5. The rheims cathedral, amiens cathedral, and milan
cathedral are examples of gothic cathedrals (TRUE)
11. In gothic architecture, waterspout projecting from the
roof gutter of a building, often carded grotesquely is
called a gargoyle.
12. The birthplace of Renaissance Is the city of Florence
13. Architect Frei Otto is a seminal figure in the
development of tensile architecture. He veered away
from simple geometric solutions and built organic
free forms that could respond to complex planning
and structural requirements

6. Partly built starting 1145, then reconstructed over 26
year period after 1194 fire. The church marks the
high point of French Gothic art (A Chartres
Cathedral, see photo)
14.
Dymaxion House – Dynamic MAXimum tension by
Buckminster Fuller
15. The statement “nothing that is not practical can be
beautiful” can be attributed to Otto Wagner (father of
modernism in Austria)

7. The St. Peter’s Basilica architect who completed the Contemporary Architecture Styles
dome in 1590 1. Arts and crafts
a. Donato 2. Bauhaus
Bramante 3. Art noveau
b. Raphael 4. Art deco
Santi 5. Modernism
c. Michaelangel 6. Post modernism
o 7. International style
d. Domenico
Fontana Industrial Revolution
- Change from agrarian and handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine manufacturing
8. The 19th century greek and Greco-roman revival in o First industrial revolution (1760-1830_ -
England is known as: confined to Britain; driven by steam engine
a. Elizabethan and mass production
b. Early Victorian o Second industrial revolution (late 19th and
c. Late Victorian 20th centuries) – primarily in UK, Germany,
d. High Victorian and United States; also in France, Italy,
9. A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters Japan; large scale iron and steel production,
and architects. It abolishes all styles and liberates art machinery, electrification
from representation and individual expression.
a. Classicism
b. Deo-classicism
c. Realism
d. De stijl
10. An architect and designer who studied in Bauhaus
and became the director of the school’s furniture Arts and Crafts Bauhaus
department in 1924. He is best known for his design
of the tubular Wassily chair. IR has made man less Art at the service of
a. Marcel Breur creative, crafts removed from industry
b. Walter Gropius process
c. Mies Van de Rohe
1860s-1920s response to 1919-1933, refused to
d. Peter Behrens
social changes
William Morris, Philip Webb
-Belief in craftsmanship
-Importance of nature as
inspiration
-Value of simplicity, unity,
beauty
Flourished in 1860 onward
Fine craftsmanship as
opposed to mass-produced
items
Attempt to reform design and
decoration
Reaction against a perceived
decline in standards
associated with machinery
Art Nouveau
Before WW1
First style to stop looking
backwards in history for
ideas, taking inspiration from
what is around us
1890-1910
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(Scotland)
Victor Horta (Belgium)
Henvy Van de Velde
(Belgium)
Hector Guimard (France)
Antonio Gaudi (Barcelona)
-Use of long, sinuous organic
lines
-Craftsmanship over
industrialization
-Materials like ironwork,
glass, ceramic, brickwork
Germany: jugenstil
Austria: sezession
Italy: stile floreale / liberty
Spain: modernism /
modernista
work with Nazis, school
closed by faculty vote
Walter Gropius
-No border between artist
and craftsman
-No distinction between
applied and fine arts
-Favored function and
mass production
School and movement in
Germany founded by
Walter Gropius in Weimar
(1919)
“House of construction”
Moved to Dessau (1925)
and disbanded in Berline
(1933)
Believed that all crafts
could be brought together
and be mass-produced
Art Deco
(Transitional period bet.
traditional and modern)
After WW1
Deprivations of the great
war years gave way to a
whole new opulence and
extravagance
Roaring 20s, Great Modernism Post-modernism
Depression
1922 Chicago Tribute Ornament is a crime Push beyond practical,
Headquarters (Loos) boring, muted design.
Finnish architect Eliel Replace tradition with
Saarinen submitted AD personality
design not chosen, but 1920s and became 1960s (US)
widely publicized dominant after WWII
Louis Sullivan (US) Robert Venturi
-Less whimsical and more Frank Lloyd Wright (US)
practical Otto Wagner (Austria)
-Focuses on symmetry and -Form follows function -Irreverent playfulness,
sharp angles -Minimalism complexity, whimsy
-New ways to present - Rejection of ornament -Variety of materials and
traditional shapes -Use of new and shapes, sculptural forms over
N/A innovative technologies of rigid clean lines
construction -Lots of symbolism, multiple
meanings
Rejected ornamentation of “Complexity and
earlier architectural style Contradiction in
Architecture” rebellious
manifesto against modernist

Reconcile technological
advancement and
modernization
approach
Critical response to
modernist architecture
Embraced classical
architecture and blended with
modern elements

AT & T building, Post Modernism

International Style
- First coined by henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip
Johnson in 1932 for architectural exhibition held at
MOMA
- 1920s, mainly in Europe before US
- Le Corbusier
- Emerged as a result of Art Deco, Rockefeller Center 1939
o Dissarisfaction with decorative features
o Need to build commercial and civic
buildings
o New construction techniques using steel,
RC, glass
o Strong desire to create modern style for
modern man
- Style philosophy
o High point of modernist architecture
o Indifferent to location site and climate International Style, Corbusier House, 1927
o Universally applicable
o No reference to local history or vernacular

Modernism, Unity Temple 1908 FLW

Art Nouveau, Casa Batllo 1877 Gaudi

Quiz

Bauhaus, Walter Gropius

 Rizal Theater, Manila

Post-Modernism

Modernism
Capitol Theater, Manila

Pablo S. Antonio
- Completed architecture in 3 years
- Design grounded on simplicity (no clutter)
- “For our father, every line must have a meaning, a
purpose. For him, function comes first before
elegance or form”
Post-Modernism

White Cross, San Juan | Ideal Theater, Manila

International Style

Deconstructivism
- Fragmented style believed to have developed from
post modernism
- The Dancing House, 1966, Gehry Gaeity Theater

National Artists in Architecture Leandro Locsin

- Floating volume, duality of light and heavy, massive
1. Juan Nakpil but buoyant
2. Pablo Antoni - “Philippine Architecture is the product of oriental and
3. Leandro Locsin occidental…to produce a new object of profound
4. Ildefonso P. Santos harmony”
5. Jose Maria V. Zaragoza
6. Francisco T. Manosa

Juan Nakpil
- Believed that there is such thing as “Philippine
architecture”
- Integrated strength, function, and beauty
- Founder: PH Architects Society (1933), now PH
Institute of Architects (PIA)
 Meralco Building, Pasig City

Francisco T. Manosa
- Pioneered neovernacular architecture
CCP, Pasay | Church of the Holu Sacrifice - “I design Filipino, nothing else”

Istana Nurul Man, Brunei

Idelfonso P. Santos
- Pioneer of landscape architecture practice in the
Philippines

Rizal Theater Landscape | Paco Park Quiz

Nayong Pilipino, Pasay |

Jose Maria V. Zaragoza

- Modern edifices that address spiritual and secular
requirements Juan Nakpil

Union Church Makati | Sto. Domingo Church, QC

Pablo Antonio
 International Architects

Meralco Building
IM Pei Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Gehry Le Corbusier
Zaha Hadid Renzo Piano
Philip Johnson Santiago Calatrava

IM Pei
- Pritzker Awardee (1983)
- Predilection to triangles

Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice

Arturo Luz Frank Gehry

- Deconstructivism
Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice - Pritzker awardee (1989)

- First to use thin shell construction

- First circular chapel with altar at the center
- Locsin’s first major architectural commission
- Collaboration with national artists Zaha Hadid
o Visual arts: Vicente Manansala – murals for - Queen of the curve
stations of the cross - Pritzker awardee (2004)
o Sculpture: Napoleon Abueva – marble altar
and cross (suffering and risen christ)
o Visual arts: Arturo luz – floor mural (river of
life)
 Le Corbusier
- Charles-edouard Jeanneret Gris
- Combined functionalism with bold sculptural
Philip Johnson expressionism
- First Pritzker awardee (1979)
- Contributed both “modernist” and “post modernist”
structures

Renzo Piano
- Pritzker awardee (1998)
- High tech designs

Frank Llyod Wright

- Practiced “organic architecture”
- Pioneer of the prairie school movement of
architecture
- Louis Sullivan fired FLW after learning that he had
been taking personal work in secret
- Imperial Hotel, Tokyo Japan – Arata Endo completed
this; system of gardens and sunken gardens and
terraced gardens. Nobuko was first Japanese woman Santiago Calatrava
architect (worked under FLW) - Spanish architect, structural engineer, sculptor,
painter

Quiz

Kaufmann House
 Price Tower

Paris
London Aquatics Centre (London)

IBM Somers Office Complex

Vitra Fire Station (Germany)

B. Classical education is at offs with his vision of modern

American architecture
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
National Museum of Western Art (Tokyo)