HOLY ROSARY ACADEMY OF LAS PIÑAS CITY Lesson 1 -The Nature of Business Organizations
HELE/TLE/ TECHVOC DEPARTMENT
SY 2023-2024
TEACHER: MS. VIRGIE V. REYES
SUBJECT/LEVEL: BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
(GRADE 12-2ND SEM)
Lesson 1: The Role of Business in Social and Economic Development
Lesson Description- The Nature and Forms of Business Organizations and
the Purposes of establishing business enterprises
Business organizations are an important component of the modern
society. They help economies grow, offer desired products for
consumption, and create jobs for the population. In return, they make
profits when people patronize their products.
In a capitalist world, business organizations are seen only as profit
generators that have no regard for ethics. However, most organizations
do have ethics. Ethics, in the business context, is about ethical decision-
making---that is, decisions must be based on promoting the greater good
and doing what is morally right.
Course Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1) Differentiate the forms of business organizations and give
examples of each
2) Show how these organizations contribute to socio-economic
development
Content
A business organization is an entity that aims to earn a profit by
providing products to satisfy to the needs of the market.
What kinds of products – Tangible and intangible
 Tangible ( goods or commodities) such as cars, food, gadgets, etc.
 Intangible ( non-physical things, services) such as haircut, medical
consultation and legal advice , accounting work etc
Businessess need to earn profits in order to stay in the market.
Profit – the amount of money a business takes in after the expenses
needed to operate the business ( e.g. salaries, cost of raw materials,,etc)
have been deducted from the revenue
Revenue - is the total amount of money a business earns during a given
period of time by offering products to the market.
For profit organizations - have the right to keep and use their profits as
they choose—within the legal limits---because profit is the reward for the
risks they take in making and selling their products.
Non-profit organizations – these are organizations formed for the
specific purpose,to serve the common good of the public. They do not have
the fundamental purpose of earning profits
Forms of Business Organizations
According to Ownership
1) Single Proprietorship -the business is owned and operated by one
individual. The owner has full authority on the business and owns all assets
and profits, but at the same time, is personally liable for all the
obligations and losses.
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2) Partnership – two or more persons bind themselves to contribute Advancing the Economy
money, property or industry to a common fund with the intention of
 The 1987 Philippine Constitution recognizes entrepreneurship or
dividing the profits and sharing the liabilities among themselves.
putting up businesses as an engine of economic growth. Article
3) Corporations – an artificial being created by operation of the law; XII Section 1 highlights the role of private enterprises in
required to have 5 to 15 incorporators. - holds at least one share and are supporting equitable distribution of income and wealth, sustaining
bound by the article of incorporation with the SEC. production of goods and services and expanding productivity,
therefore raising the quality of
I. The Roles of Business Organization in the Society
 when people have jobs or businesses, they have disposable income
The primary objective of business organizations is to develop,
that they use to purchase more goods and services.
produce and distribute goods and services to the market in order to
generate profits.  the income that the businesses generate advances the national
economy.
But business organizations are not only meant to generate profits
for themselves. They perform important roles in the society, particularly Promoting Sustainability
in socioeconomic development.
Most CSR activities use sustainable development as a starting point for
Among these roles are : business organizations. This means that if a company takes raw materials
from the forest (e.g. timber), this will be replenished in the immediate
providing goods and services, creating employment opportunities
future through different means such as use of sustainable farming,
advancing the economy, promoting sustainability and investing in innovation
replanting, etc.
and excellence.
For most corporations, promoting sustainable development and
Providing Goods and Services
becoming environmentally sustainable make good business sense
 Companies improve the health of the citizens through the products because of the following reasons;
that they develop, produce and distribute to the market.
 Good Management Practice
 this show the importance of the products made available by business -reducing wastes, using less toxic chemicals improving energy
institution for the people. efficiency and other measures to make company environmentally
friendly have been the goals of most companies.
Creating Employment Opportunities
 Adherence to Government Policy
 business organization, whether big or small, create employment -the government set laws, regulations and guidelines pertaining to
opportunities. sustainable practices for corporations to follow. The legal costs
 when consumers patronize the product of businesses, these companies and dealing with penalties when going against these government-
commit to providing better goods and services in order for the mandated policies may cause the company losses or worse, may even
customers to continue buying their products. send the company to foreclosure

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 Public Opinion
-a company that practice sustainable business methods maintains a
good image in the eyes of the public.
-it is important for the business organization to takes care of its
public image, as it equates to how credible the company is.
 New Opportunities
-adapting to sustainable business practices may open up new business
opportunities for companies. Automobile manufacturers now offer
more energy-efficient cars and have developed hybrid cars that can
run on both gas and electricity.
Investing in Innovation Excellence
 Companies often look for a "gap" in the market--- a need that is
currently not being served--- in order to offer a product that would
respond to this need.
 A real entrepreneur will always finds ways to innovate and address an
opportunity or a demand gap in the market need.
 Innovation is the product of consumer research and a good
understanding and analysis of market need.
 Companies pour a lot of investment to make products that are new,
differentiated, or an improvement of what the consumers are
currently enjoying.
Lesson 2: Core Principles in Business Operations
Course Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students is expected to:
1) Explain the core principles of fairness, accountability and
transparency in its relation in the socioeconomic development of a
country
2) Give examples of how fairness, accountability and transparency is
practiced in business and non-profit organizations
3) Explain "Ethics" and its application in business
Content
Core Principles in Business Operations
Business leadership affects the moral capability and performance
of organizations. Business leaders influence the scope and character of
formal ethics programs and the integration of ethics into everyday
organizational life.
Ethical business leadership creates an environment where ethical
behaviour is encouraged -----good people are able to do good and bad
people are prevented from doing bad.
Accountability – what it is :
FAIRNESS - It is the quality of making judgments that are free from
discrimination.
 Comes from the old English faeger , meaning pleasing,
attractive"
In the context of a business organization – fairness involves balancing the
interests involved in all decision-making including any decisions related to
hiring, firing (including the investigatory process) and the compensation
and rewards system.
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ACCOUNTABILITY
 To be accountable is to be liable to explain or justify one’s action
and decisions
 Accountability is the process of explanation and justification
 Accountability implies responsibility: it is reasonable only
to hold people to account for those things for which they
are responsible
 Accountability - is the ability to account for your actions
and performance to your stakeholders.
•Accountability is also a management process that ensures employees
answer to their superior for their actions and that supervisors behave
responsibly as well.
•Accountability addresses both the organization ‘s expectation of the
employee and the employee’s expectation of the organization. It is also
being responsible for one’s own work and answering for the repercussions
of one’s own actions.
TRANSPARENCY
 Is about information.
 It is about the ability of the receiver to have full access to the
information he wants, not just the information the sender is willing
to provide. Transparency embodies honesty and open
communication because to be transparent someone must be willing
to share information when it is uncomfortable to do so.
 Transparency is an individual being honest with himself about the
actions he is taking.
 Transparency is also the organization being upfront and visible
about the actions it takes, and whether those actions are
consistent with its values.
STEWARDSHIP
 It refers to the responsibility that companies have to understand
and manage their impacts on the environment in any number of
ways. Practicing stewardship can help a business find sustainable
practices, improve its reputation among consumers and even save
money.
Lesson 3: Common Practices in Business Organization
Course Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1) Shre observations on business policies and practice
2) Distinguish between good policies/practices and morally
unacceptable policies/practices
Content
Business Practice- Is a method, procedure, process, or rule employed
followed by company in the pursuit of its objective.
Decorum
 An individual’s attitude and deportment exhibit just as must about
his seriousness as his wardrobe does.
 Excessive use of slang, profanity, and other offensive language is
an immediate sign of unprofessionalism.
 Additionally, the spreading of gossip and communication of private
or confidential information does not win him any points with
colleagues and customers (Henderson, 2016)
Ex. Avoid nervous habit such as tapping a pen on a table, making audible
noises from your mouth, rustling papers, or tapping your feet on the floor.
(Root lll, 2016)
On Being on Time (Punctuality)
 An easiest way to exhibit professionalism is to consistently be
punctual.
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  Perhaps the easiest way to exhibit professionalism is to
consistently be punctual. On daily basis one must arrive at office
on time she must be ready to work. She must also be prompt when
meeting with others: supervisors and clients and prospective
employees. Excessive tardiness means that non-offending parties
must wait, often at expense of their own promptness to their next
appointment
 A professional who is regularly late for appointments gives the
impression that she does not respect the value of other's people
time.
On Basic Courtesy and Respect
 One of the most basic elements of business etiquette is courtesy,
or respect, which should be displayed to the people you work with,
including your customers, no matter what. You should consider the
feelings of others and address conflicts in a straightforward and
impersonal manner (Magloff, 2016).
 Good etiquette involves showing respect not only to your superior
but also to your peers and subordinates; in other words, to
everyone. If you treat everyone with respect, you will avoid costly
mistakes and experiencing discomfort by accidentally treating a
superior in a disrespecting way.
On Greetings
 Standard greetings are an exchange of handshakes and a smile. In
formal situations, the oldest or the important person is greeted
first. Women who know each other well may embrace or give each
other a kiss.
On Handshake
 The rules on handshake are about at the same as in the West,
although Filipinos may use little more contacts. If there is a clear
differential, or you are meeting a senior executive, it maybe be
best to let him/her to offer the handshake first (Henderson,
2016).
On Body Language
 Filipinos have a fascinating nonverbal language, and much of it
involving facial expressions. Lifting the eyebrows without smiling
means no-but lifting the eyebrows while smiling is used to greet a
friend.
 Pointing your finger is a definite no-no , and you should avoid "too-
direct“ eye contact.(Henderson,2016).
On Formal and Informal Address
 Start out by addressing a new business acquaintance by his or her
family name.
"Mister" is obviously proper for men, while many married Filipinas
prefer "Mrs.".
 Filipinos are status conscious so be quick to use formal titles such
as Dr. or Atty.
 Avoid using someone's first name until they've known you for a
while ,or until they ask you to be more informal (Henderson,2016).
Protocol - In general, protocol means the rules or guidelines that are
every culture or unwritten peculiar to organization, and are supposed to be
observed by all parties in the conduct of business, entertaining,
negotiating, politics, etc.
The Basics of Protocol
 The purpose of business protocol is to encourage all employees in
a company to act in a uniform manner.
 Business protocol helps to ensure that all of employees understand
their role in the company, the task and challenges they face and
how to execute them as quickly and accurately as possible
(Monet,2016)
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Ethical leadership and management network because all the employees of the ABGM network give a very high
regard to punctuality. Although there is no formal log-in process, all
There is no doubt that the leaders of a business organization
employees still come on the time.
serve as the role models of the beliefs, values, and behavior that are
accepted from someone who represents the company. The top management
sets the tone of the corporate culture, and this has to be consistently
Lesson 4: CODE OF ETHICS
adopted throughout the firm.

There are two recognized types of corporate culture : Objectives

A) Compliance -based culture (traditional approach) and
B) Value-based culture (integrity-based)
Compliance-based culture - Focuses on following rules, laws, policies,
and regulations as the primary responsibility of ethics. It empowers legal
counsel and auditing/accounting firms.
Example:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. Share observations on business policies and practices and code of
conduct
2. Craft a simple code of ethics
3. Differentiate code of ethics from code of conduct
4. Discuss and give examples of ethical issues

GHI bank in Muntinlupa City was cited by internal audit because it was not Content
able to follow the company’s policy of dual control, that is, there should BASIS OF CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT
always be two persons entering the vault. The CCTV footages showed that COMPARISON
there were two instances in May 2017 that the branch manager entered MEANING An aspirational A directional document
the vault alone. document, issued by containing specific
the board of directors practices and behavior,
Value-based culture - Reinforces a particular set of values rather than a
containing core ethical that are followed or
particular set of rules. It is presumed that a company with a
values, principles and restricted under the
values-based culture adopts its code of conduct with more regard for
ideals of the organization
ethical values. organization
Values-based culture also recognizes that despite the rules set NATURE General Specific
by the company code of conduct, there are situations where can be applied SCOPE Wide Narrow
so the organization will have to rely on the personal integrity of its GOVERNS Decision making Actions
workforce when decisions are to be made . LENGTH Short Comparatively longer
DISCLOSURE Publicly disclosed Employees only
Example:
FOCUSED ON Values or principles Compliance and rules
Tina Garcia, a known actress of ABGM network, always goes to her
teleserye tapings on time all the time. She got these values from the TV
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  Is a list of guidelines and protocols based on the organization’s
value.
 It articulates how an employee should behave and imbibe the
values of the organizations at all times, and it also serves as a
reference when decisions are to be made.
Guidelines in Developing a Code of Conduct for an Organization
1.Understand the mission and vision of the organization. This will set the
tone of required conduct and behavior that by heart.
2.Identify the values that the organization lives for.
3.Spell out of the different behaviors and values that an employee
maintain the ethical values of organizations.
4.Ensure proper enforcement of the code of conduct in order to make
within the organization.
5.Outsiders, such as suppliers, distributors, subcontractors and customers
must also understand the organization’s code of conduct in order to avoid
presenting the employees with actions that go against the code.
SAMPLE CODE OF CONDUCT:
Baby Food Corporation upholds the distribution of healthy and safe baby
products (clothes, bath and body products and accessories) in the market.
This code of conduct is drafted to strengthen the company's ideal in
serving our customers well and in giving only the best products to our
most important customers, the babies.
COMPANY VALUES:
Customers-centered – We strive to provide the best service and products
to our customers.
Safety – We assure that are products are safe from harmful chemicals.
Integrity – We practice integrity in all our actions, and we promise an
honest and fair service to all our employees, customers, and suppliers
CODE Of CONDUCT:
Employee Decorun
1. Employees must always practice mutual respect to one other. The
company does not tolerate spreading of rumors and stories that may taint
the reputation of its employees.
2.Employees must practice professional tone in communicating with
colleagues, whether oral or written communication.
USE OFCOMPANY PROPERTY
1.Employees must only use company properties for official business
functions and not for personal gains.
2.Company properties are the employees' resources. Everyone must
engage proper use, care, maintenance, and operation of these properties.
Ethical Issues
At any given time, an organization may be confronted with ethical issues.
An Ethical Issue is an identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that
requires a person to make an action or decision based on several options-
whether right or wrong, ethical or unethical.
It usually concerns financial matters in a business setting.
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Examples of Common Ethical Issues in Business Organizations Content

Misrepresenting the overstating a product’s benefits in order to
benefits of a product make a sale is often committed by sales
personnel or even marketing officers
Misuse of company some employees may engage in activities that
time and resources are not related to the job.
For example, an employee is browsing or posting
in social media during working hours.
Abusive behavior Harassing a colleague by using physical threats,
harassment, false accusations, profanity, yelling,
and unreasonableness may result in conflicts
within the department or organization.
Conflict of Interest It happens when an employee is presented with
a dilemma of whether to advance personal gain
or interests or that of the company's.
The unexamined life is not worth living- Socrates
Socrates (469-399 BCE) Is one of the few individuals whom one could
say have shaped the cultural and intellectual development of the world
that, without him, history would be profoundly different.
Socrates through to the Entrepreneur
the Socratic method is the way of thinking that allows individuals to
define their own purpose of learning and exploring its purpose through
open-minded questioning of what they hold to be true.
 Does your organization encourage independent thinkers and people
who follow their conscience?
 Does it allow people to give critical feedback to managers?
 Does it create opportunities for good people to blow the whistle on
bad behavior?

Leaders and employees must know how to deal with ethical issues like
these. The code of conduct and the company culture must be strong
enough for the leaders and employees to choose to do the right things.
Plato -
"Good people do not need laws to tell them act responsibly, while bad
people will find a way around the laws" -Plato

Plato (427-347 B.C.E) is one of the world’s best-known and most widely
Lesson 5: Foundations of the Principles of Business Ethics- The read and studied philosophers.
Classical Philosophies and the Implications on
Plato thinks that a child's education is the last thing that should be left to
Business Principles and Practices
chance or parental whim since the young mind is so easily molded.
Course Objectives Having been inspired by the field of mathematics. Plato held that moral
values are objective in the sense that they exist in a spirit--like realm
At the end of the lesson, students is expected to:
beyond subjective human conventions. He held that they are absolute, or
external, in that they never change, and also that they are universal
1.Compare and contrast classical philosophies in relation to the business
insofar as they apply to all rational creatures around the world and
setting
throughout time. When we look at numbers and mathematical relations,
2. Identify the classical philosophies and their implication for business such as 1+1=2, they seem to be timeless concepts that never change and
principles and practices apply everywhere in the universe. Humans do not invent numbers and
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humans cannot alter them. Plato explained the eternal character of
mathematics by stating that they are abstract entities that exist in a
spirit like realm. He noted that moral values are also absolute truths and
thus are also abstract, spirit-like entities. In this sense, for Plato, moral
values are spiritual objects. Plato largely shares the teaching of his
master, Socrates, to make all virtue intellectual.
Aristotle-
"Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim, and
end of human existence”
Aristotle
Aristotle was born in 384/3 BC at Stageira in Thrace, and was the son of
Nicomachus,a physician of the Macedonian king, Amyntas II. When he was
about seventeen years old, Aristotle went to Athens for purposes of study
and became a member of the Academy in368/7 BC, where for over twenty
years he was in constant dialogue with Plato until the latter's death in
348/7 BC. He thus entered the Academy at the time when Plato's later
dialectic was being developed and the religious tendency was gaining
ground in the great philosopher's mind.
Aristotle argued that virtues are good habits that we acquire, which
regulate our emotions. For example, in response to a natural feeling of
fear, one should develop the virtue of courage, which allows a person to be
firm when facing danger or fear.
Analyzing 11 specific virtues (namely: courage, temperance, liberality,
magnificence, honor, good temperfriendliness, truthfulness, wit,
friendship, and justice), Aristotle argued that most virtues fall at a mean
between more extreme character traits. With courage, for example, if
one does not have enough courage, he/she will develop the disposition of
cowardice, which is a vice. If one has too much courage, he/she will
develop the disposition of rashness, which is also a vice. According to
Aristotle, it is not an easy task to find the perfect mean between
extremec haracter traits. In fact, everyone needs assistance from reason
to do this (Fieser, 2003).
Implication of Business
Aristotle concludes that the role of the leader to create life.
Aristotle Business Ethics Questions
What form of social contract would allow all our members to develop their
full potential in order that they may each make their greatest
contribution to the good of the whole?
Am I behaving in a virtuous way?
How would I want to be treated if I were a member of his organization?
Immanuel Kant
Kant was born at Königsberg on April 22, 1724, and a son of a saddler.
Both as a child at home and at the Collegium Fridericianum, where he
studied from 1732 until 1740, he was brought up in the spirit of the
pietist movement. He continued to appreciate the good qualities of sincere
pietists throughout his life, but it is evident that he reacted rather
sharply against the religious observances to which he had to conform at
the college. In March 1770, he was appointed "ordinary" professor of logic
and metaphysics at Konigsberg.
Kantian Ethics emphasizes a single principle of duty. Influenced by
Pufendorf, Kant agreed that we have moral duties to oneself and others,
such as developing one's talents, and keeping our promises to others.
However, Kant argues that there is a more foundational principle of duty
that encompasses our particular duties.
Duty based ethics
The First Maxim -An action can only be considered ethically correct if it
can be accepted or made into a universal law
The Second Maxim -A person should be treated as an end and not the
means to achieve an end
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The Third Maxim -Everyone should, as a member of an ideal kingdom, were people regardless of their religious viewpoints. (Hartman, Desjardins,
he or os both the ruler and subject at the same time. MacDonald, 2014)

“The end justifies the means” Study the following statements.

Jeremy Bentham 1. I will donate to Yolanda victims to help them rebuild their lives.

Utilitarianism 2. I will donate to Yolanda victims because God expects me to help

other people.
-Revolves around the concept of the “end justifies the means”
Both involved the same action, but the first statement is a philosophical
It believes that outcomes as a result of an action has a greater value
justification for an ethical judgment, while the second statement is
compared to the latter
primarily religious reasoning behind the action.

Several frameworks may guide a person's action, based on the source of

Lesson 6: Foundations of the Principles of Business Ethics - part 2 moral activity.

Three Ethical Frameworks

Course Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Compare and contrast the three ethical framework

2. Provide examples on real life application of the three ethical
framework
Content

Facing an ethical dilemma is oftentimes an uncomfortable situation.

in worse case it may compromise your credibility and dignity. it can make
you lose face or lose your job, in times when you need to asses a situation
if you are about to do the right thing, most people would naturally find the
answer in their religious beliefs or value system they grew up with.
UTILITARIANISM: A CONSEQUENTIALIST (Results-based)
However, this is a relative viewpoint, because if ethics is based on
APPROACH
religion, and if different cultures have differing religious beliefs, then
what ethically wrong in one belief may be ethically right in another. Utilitarianism holds that an action is justified based on its overall
consequences.
Unlike religious ethics, which explains human well-being in religious terms,
philosophical ethics provides justification that should be applicable to all

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Utilitarianism is also called "Consequentialist" approach to ethics and
social policy- that each one should act in ways that produce "Better
consequences" or "results", regardless of the means taken to reach those
results.

“Better consequences” are the result that promote human well being such
as:

 Happiness

 Dignity

 Health

 Integrity

 Freedom

 Respect for all the people involved and affected

This approach also upholds the following principles:

1. A decision is morally right if it promotes the greatest good for the

greatest number of people. UTILITARIANISM AND BUSINESS DECISIONS

2. It is morally right if the net benefit over cost are greatest for all Utilitarianism answers the fundamental question ‘What should we do?’
people affected, compared with the net benefit over cost of all other which is applicable in business because of the many decisions that need to
possible choices. be done.

3. It is morally right if it's benefit are greatest for each individual
and if these benefits out weight the cost and benefits of alternatives.
2 TYPES OF UTILITARIANISM
Business organizations can use utilitarianism by identifying the different
stakeholders that will be affected by a decision, calculate the costs and
benefits for each group, and decide on a course of action that will
generate the greatest good for the greatest number.

By assessing the effect utilitarianism will have on the different

stakeholders involved, the management or the governing body can take
action on the situation.

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However, there are also challenges in using utilitarianism in making
decisions.
There really is no exact definition of ‘good’ for all concerned, and there is
no agreement on who decides, whose interests are prioritized in decisions,
and for whose good it is that has to be considered.
It will be hard to quantify the costs of nonmonetary stakes and long-term
effects of an action.
While utilitarianism considers the collective interest, there are times
when individual interest may need to be prioritized.
ETHICS OF PRINCIPLE AND RIGHTS
Considering the greatest good in decision-making is definitely an ethical
way of arriving at a decision, but it is also important to consider principles
and not just consequences.
Example:
Paying a bribe to customs will promote greater good for the stakeholders,
as follows:
1. The Company will be able to process the raw materials immediately
so they can be turned into products.
2. The Consumers will not experience delay in enjoying the products.
3. The Customs Official will receive additional compensation that
they can use to feed their families.
However the Philippine Constitution Republic Act No.3019 or the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, prohibits public officials from receiving
any gift in exchange for a favor. Thus, paying a bribe is not ethical based
on ethics of principles and rights.
Aside from the law, there are also rules, duties and guidelines set by the
organizations and institutions which a member must follow.
1. As a student, it is your duty to pass your subjects, and not cheat
on the exams.
2. As a daughter or son it your duty to follow the instructions of your
parents.
3. As a friend, you are not to spread gossip about your friends.
4. As a church member you follow the rules on dress code or proper
conduct during a church service.
5. Employees of an organization also follow set of rules and
regulations formulated by the company.
Lesson 7: Foundations of the Principles of Business Ethics - Impacts
of Different Belief Systems and Filipino Value System
on Business Setting and Ethics
Course Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
1. Give examples of how belief systems affect business practices
2. Describe various belief systems and their similarities and
differences in relation to the business settings
3. Analyze simple business situations as they are affected by the
Filipino value system and recommend ways of confronting ethical
challenges in the business setting
Content
IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT BELIEF SYSTEMS ON BUSINESS ETHICS
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Human beings have different personalities, goals, values and thus have
different belief systems..
 Companies with cultural diversity welcome people with different
backgrounds from different cultures. These different
backgrounds, especially religious orientations or belief systems,
and these have the impacts on business ethics.
 BUDDHISM
 A religion that originated in India.
 It is a flexible system of beliefs.
 Centered the five precepts or training rules to help promote
peaceful coexistence and harmony in the society
These are the minimum moral obligation of Buddhists which they fulfill by
refraining from:
1. Harming or taking lives of beings;
2. Taking what is not given;
3. Engaging in sexual misconduct;
4. Lying or spreading gossip; and
5. Taking intoxicating substances such as alcohol or drugs.
In this sense, business must be conducted in consideration of the five
precepts. For example, in conducting its business, an organization must
ensure that sustainable use of natural resources, so as to not to endanger
lives and harm the environment.
 ISLAM
 Shariah, the Islamic religious law based on the Qur’an.
 Shariah Law is the legal authority.
 Islam favors trading or business but it has to obey rules be
guided by honesty.
 Cheating or deception is condemned.
 Possible gains from the trade or business shout not result in
materialism
 CHRISTIANITY
 Beliefs are all based on the Bible.
 Christians who considered that God called them to a particular
occupation or were naturally concerned that their actions
involving their work or business must be conducted in an ethical
manner and for the good of community, by DePaul University.
 Stewardship is another Christian concept where Christians see
themselves as stewards of resources or responsibilities,
stewardship to other people (leading them to the right path) or
using and caring for the environment
IMPACTS OF FILIPINO PRACTICES AND BELIEF SYSTEMS
 Filipinos have their own unique culture and practices.
 These form part of our identity as a nation and our character as a
race.
 With very rich cultural heritage, we enjoy a value system that is
diverse and different but some of our practices may have an impact
on business organization.
 FILIPINO TIME
 Have already coined the term “Filipino Time”, means to being late.
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  Reflects unprofessionalism and lack of respect for other people’s  For instance, a person may be forced to try smoking because his or
time. her barkada asked him or her to. In the business setting a person
may do a favor for another out of pakikisama.
 Business productivity is lost when someone is late.

 When you are trying to strike a deal with a company and you are
late in a meeting you may be seen as unprofessional and may
reflect to deliver goods or services on time
 BAHALA NA/MAÑANA HABIT
 Bahala na is leaving everything to chance, while mañana (mamaya
na) habit is delaying to do things instead of doing things now.

 PADRINO SYSTEM  Mañana habit is destructive because an employee may produce

mediocre outputs due to doing everything haphazardly. Instead
 Padrino system or patronage happens when one gains favor,
of having enough time to work on a task, the employee will cram
promotion, political position through family affiliation or
with the limited time he or she has, because he or she did not
friendship, as opposed to earning it due to one’s own skills and
work on the task ahead of time.
abilities.

 FILIPINO HOSPITALITY
 UTANG NA LOOB
 Filipinos are known worldwide for their excellent hospitality,
 Utang na loob or indebtedness in gratitude is the concept of
known as Filipino hospitality.
‘paying’ back a person in nonmonetary terms.
 This trait works best in the hospitality and tourism industries
 The good deed that has been received will be paid back with a
such as hotels, resorts, airlines, travel agencies and the like.
good deed as well.
 Showing Filipino hospitality to foreign visitors make them enjoy
 In a business setting it may cause ethical dilemmas such as giving
more their stay in tourist destinations.
a promotion.

 PAKIKISAMA

 Pakikisama is a Filipino trait that describes how Filipino take care of

their interpersonal relationships by agreeing to what the majority
wants or by getting alone with others.

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