Student name: Omena Ejekpokpo

Student ID: ____________________

Parkinson’s Disease A.

B.
Risk factors:
Age: Average age of onset of 50-60 years old (Beitz)
Herbicide exposure (Kouli)
Pesticide - rotenone
C.

PATHOPHYSIO
LOGY

Constriction of axons a GLIAL CELL Aetiolo

DOPAMINERGIC NORADRENERGIC
PATHOPHYSIOLOG causes GENETIC PATHOPHYSIOLOG gy
MUTATIONS PATHOPHYSIOLOG Y Paraquat, when squirted on an animal…causes some of same
Y
Ischemia of axons a
1) Mitochondrial disfunction. LossY of changes as in PD induces the accumulation of misfiled alpha-
Mitochondria deficient in mitochondrial
noradrenergic Microglia
motoneurones become synuclin, which shows an age-depended increase in accumulation
complex 1
Abnormalities neurons
↓ in the activated and
of mis-folded alpha-synuclein, (Arsac)
Death of axons a in LRRK2 gene locus coeruleusin
propagation release pro-
(Gomez-B)-mitoch disfun
of action
(71). sensoryinflammatory
neurons
https://
potentials a factors, causing
www.ncbi.nlm neuroinflammatio
Abnormalities .nih.gov/ n
in SNCA gene books/ https://link.spring

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(Gomez-B)—Alphasyn
-the accumulation of mis-folded alpha- folding NBK536722/ er.com/chapter/10
synuclein
Gene that encodes protein
.1007/978-981-
α-synuclein
13-9913-8_13
Treatme
nt
Sinemet: 2 active ingredients, Levodopa and Carbidopa
Levodopa: precursor of dopamine (Canadian)
increases the amount of dopamine in brain.

3
Restores dopamine deficiency (Canadian)
oxidative stress…SPECIFIC
Carbidopa: blocks conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside
NEURON!!! CNS
↓ causes
protects levodopa from digestion in gut and also prevents nausea
↓ causes
Increases levodopa bioavailability (Canadian)

PATHOL
OGY
-degeneration and subsequent death of dopaminergic neurons
(neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons, namely the A9
neurons) in the substana nigra pars compacta Diagnos
Follow
is of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder
Society (MDS) Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s
disease (MDS-PD Criteria)
CLINICAL
1. Absence of absolute exclusion criteria eg. Unequivocal
MANIFESTATION
NON-MOTOR CARDINAL MOTOR cerebral abnormalities (eg. limb ataxia) or normal function
PRODROMAL S
Cognitive impairment Resting tremor - pill rolling? neruoimaging of the presnaptic dopaminergic system2. At least
*depression, Bradykinesia - slow movement two supportive criteria, such as presence of levodopa-induced
Constipation Dysautonomia - disfunction of
autonomic system Rigidity dyskinesia or presence of olfactory loss or cardiac sympathetic
REM disorder(proper name Postural instability
later) Dementia denervation on MIBG scintigraphy3. No red flags (eg. Recurrent
falls because impaired balance within 3 years of onset) (Postuma)

https://www.med.upenn.edu/digitalneur
opathologylab/assets/user-content/doc
Referenc
es
A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536722/

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3