1. What is Disaster Management?

Disaster Management involves preparing, responding, and recovering from

natural or manmade catastrophes to minimize damage and aid affected
communities.

2. List out the factors affecting climate changes in disaster

Factors influencing climate related disasters include greenhouse gas
emissions, deforestation, urbanization, and changes in sea levels.

3. Differences between Natural and Manmade disaster

Natural disasters stem from natural phenomena like earthquakes and floods,
while manmade disasters result from human activities such as industrial
accidents or conflicts

4. Define Risk assessment.

Risk assessment evaluates potential hazards, their likelihood, and impact to
determine measures to reduce or manage risks effectively.

5. Write any three importance of disaster management.

Importance of disaster management includes saving lives, minimizing damage,
fostering community resilience, and ensuring swift recovery.

6.List out Disaster Management Plan

Disaster Management Plans outline strategies for response, evacuation,
resource allocation, and coordination during emergencies
7.Distingush Preparedness and Mitigation

8.Tell the responsibility of Disaster Management Act2005

The Disaster Management Act2005 outlines legal frameworks for disaster
response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness, assigning roles and
responsibilities to various authorities.

9.NDMA What does it represent?

NDMA stands for National Disaster Management Authority, representing the
apex body in India responsible for disaster response, policy, and coordination.

10. Define Disaster Communication

Disaster communication involves sharing timely and accurate information
before, during, and after a disaster to ensure public safety and effective
response efforts.
 15 Mark
1 .Explain Disaster Management cycle with neat sketches.

1. Mitigation:
Mitigation focuses on reducing the vulnerability to disasters and lessening
their impact. This phase involves various strategies, including structural
changes, land-use planning, enforcing building codes, promoting hazard-
resistant construction, and implementing early warning systems. The goal is
to minimize the occurrence of disasters and reduce their severity.

2. Preparedness:
Preparedness involves planning, training, and organizing resources to
effectively respond to disasters. It encompasses creating emergency response
plans, conducting drills and exercises, establishing communication networks,
training emergency responders, stockpiling essential supplies, and educating
the public about potential risks and necessary actions to take during
emergencies. The aim is to enhance the readiness of communities and
response agencies before disasters occur.
3. Response:
The response phase occurs when a disaster strikes. It involves immediate
actions to save lives, prevent further damage, and meet the basic needs of
affected individuals and communities. Emergency services, search and rescue
operations, medical assistance, evacuation procedures, and the activation of
emergency response teams and facilities are critical components of this phase.
The primary goal is to provide immediate assistance and support to those
affected by the disaster.

4. Recovery:
Recovery starts after the immediate crisis has been managed. It involves
restoring affected areas to their pre-disaster state or better. This phase
includes rebuilding infrastructure, rehabilitating communities, providing
financial assistance to affected individuals and businesses, restoring essential
services like water and electricity, and implementing long-term measures to
enhance resilience against future disasters. Recovery may take months or even
years, depending on the scale and severity of the disaster.
2. Describe the detailed case study for any one type of Natural disaster
with neat sketches (15)
Case Study: Flood Disaster

Impact Assessment
Affected Areas: Low lying residential zones, farmlands, and infrastructure
near the river.
Damage: Houses submerged, crops destroyed, roads and bridges washed
away.
Human Impact: Displacement of residents, injuries, loss of livelihoods.

Factors Contributing to the Disaster:

Hydrology: River overflowing due to excessive rainfall and snowmelt.
Topography: Low lying areas susceptible to inundation.
Infrastructure: Inadequate drainage systems and poorly designed flood
defense exacerbated the impact.

Response and Recovery:

Emergency Response: Evacuation efforts, rescue operations, provision of
temporary shelters.
Recovery Efforts: Rehabilitation of infrastructure, restoration of utilities,
assistance programs for affected communities.
Long Term Mitigation Measures:
Flood Management: Construction of higher embankments, levees, or
floodwalls.
Land Use Planning: Zoning regulations to limit construction in flood prone
areas.
Education and Awareness: Public education on flood preparedness and
early warning systems.
3.Explain the Types of risk, Risk identification and Steps to identify risk
assessment in detail
Types of Risks:
1. Strategic Risks: Associated with the organization’s longterm goals, such as
market shifts, competition, or changes in regulations.
2. Operational Risks: Arise from internal processes, systems, and people,
including failures, human error, and supply chain disruptions.
3. Financial Risks: Related to financial markets, currency fluctuations, credit
risks, or investment failures.
4. Compliance Risks: Stemming from violations of laws, regulations, or
industry standards.
5. Reputational Risks: Threats to the organization’s image due to negative
public perception, scandals, or customer dissatisfaction.
6. Security Risks: Concerns related to cyber threats, data breaches, or
physical security vulnerabilities.

Risk Identification:
1. Brainstorming Sessions: Engaging stakeholders to identify potential risks
across all areas of the organization.
2. Documentation Review: Analyzing past incidents, reports, and data to
recognize recurring issues or trends.
3. SWOT Analysis: Assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats to pinpoint risks.
4. Checklists and Templates: Using predefined checklists or risk templates
tailored to specific industries or processes.
5. Expert Judgment: Seeking input from experts or consultants
knowledgeable in risk management.

Steps for Risk Assessment:

1. Risk Identification: Identifying potential risks using the methods
mentioned earlier.
2. Risk Analysis: Evaluating and prioritizing risks based on likelihood and
impact.
3. Risk Evaluation: Assessing the significance of risks and their potential
consequences on objectives.
4. Risk Treatment: Developing strategies to manage, mitigate, transfer, or
avoid identified risks.
5. Monitoring and Review: Continuously monitoring identified risks,
reassessing their impact, and updating risk management plans accordingly.

4.Describe climate changes in disaster and explain the Impacts of climate

changes
Climate change has led to significant alterations in weather patterns, resulting
in various natural disasters and profound impacts on the environment,
societies, and economies worldwide.

Climate Change Induced Disasters:

1. Increased Frequency and Intensity of Extreme Weather Events:
Heatwaves: Prolonged periods of extreme heat leading to health risks,
droughts, and wildfires.
Intense Storms: More frequent and severe hurricanes, cyclones, and
typhoons, causing flooding, infrastructure damage, and loss of life.
Erratic Precipitation Patterns: Resulting in heavy rainfall, floods, or
extended periods of drought.

2. Rising Sea Levels:

Coastal erosion and inundation of low lying areas, threatening communities
and infrastructure.
Saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources, impacting agriculture and
ecosystems.

3. Melting Ice and Glaciers:

Diminished ice caps and glaciers, contributing to rising sea levels and
altering water availability.
Disruption of ecosystems dependent on cold environments.

4. Changing Ecosystems:
Shifts in habitats and species distributions due to altered temperature and
precipitation patterns.
 Threats to biodiversity and ecosystems, affecting food chains and natural
resources.

5. Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security:

Changes in growing seasons, reduced crop yields, and decreased food
production due to extreme weather events.
Disruption of food supply chains leading to increased food insecurity.

6. Health Risks:
Increased heatrelated illnesses, respiratory problems due to air pollution,
and the spread of diseases in changing environments.
Mental health impacts due to displacement, loss of livelihoods, and
community disruptions.

7. Economic and Societal Disruptions:

Infrastructure damage leading to economic losses.
Displacement of populations, loss of homes, and livelihoods impacting
communities.

Impacts of Climate Change:

1. Environmental Impact:
Loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, and disruption of natural
cycles.
Threats to water resources, impacting both availability and quality.

2. Social Impact:
 Increased vulnerability of marginalized communities to climaterelated
disasters.
Forced migration and conflicts over resources due to climateinduced
displacements.

3. Economic Impact:
Costly damages to infrastructure, agriculture, and industries.
Impacts on tourism, trade, and global supply chains.

4. Health Impact:
Risks to physical and mental health due to extreme weather events and
changing disease patterns.

Addressing climate change and its impacts requires global efforts to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to changes, and build resilience in
communities and ecosystems.

5.Discuss about the role of Remote and GIS Disaster management.

Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play crucial roles
in disaster management by providing valuable data, aiding in analysis,
decisionmaking, and response efforts.

Remote Sensing:

1. Early Warning Systems: Remote sensing technologies like satellites can

monitor environmental changes, detect anomalies, and forecast
disasters like hurricanes, floods, or wildfires.
 2. Damage Assessment: Post-disaster, remote sensing helps assess the
extent of damage by capturing high-resolution imagery or data. This
assists in understanding the affected areas, infrastructure damage, and
the scope of the disaster.

3. Resource Allocation: It aids in identifying areas that need immediate

attention, allowing authorities to allocate resources efficiently.

4. Monitoring Environmental Changes: Remote sensing enables

continuous monitoring of environmental factors like land use changes,
deforestation, or coastal erosion, providing insights into longterm risk
factors.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS):

1. Data Integration: GIS integrates various spatial data (topography,

infrastructure, population density) to create comprehensive maps that
aid in disaster planning, response, and recovery.

2. Risk Assessment: GIS tools analyze spatial data to assess vulnerability,

exposure, and potential impacts of disasters, helping in risk
identification and mitigation planning.

3. Decision Support: GIS allows stakeholders to visualize data layers,

enabling informed decision-making during emergencies, such as
determining evacuation routes or setting up emergency shelters.
 4. Post-Disaster Recovery: GIS assists in monitoring recovery progress,
managing resources, and planning reconstruction efforts by providing
detailed spatial information.

Combined Role:
 Early Response Planning: Integrating remote sensing data into GIS helps
in pre-disaster planning and preparedness, facilitating rapid response
actions when disasters occur.
 Communication and Coordination: GIS-based maps derived from remote
sensing data provide a common visual language for different agencies
and stakeholders involved in disaster response, improving coordination
and communication.

Both Remote Sensing and GIS technologies provide critical support

throughout the disaster management cycle, from preparedness and response
to recovery and rebuilding, by offering comprehensive and spatially accurate
data for decisionmakers and responders.

6.Elaborate the Do's and Don'ts of any one disaster as you like.
Do's for Flood Disaster:

1. Stay Informed: Keep updated on weather forecasts, flood warnings, and

evacuation orders through reliable sources.
2. Prepare an Emergency Kit: Have essentials like food, water, medications,
flashlight, first aid supplies, and important documents ready in a waterproof
container.
3. Create an Evacuation Plan: Know evacuation routes and have a plan in
place for your family and pets.
4. Secure Your Home: Use sandbags, elevate valuables, and consider
waterproofing to minimize flood damage.
5. Turn Off Utilities: Shut off electricity, gas, and water mains to prevent
accidents during flooding.
6. Move to Higher Ground: Evacuate to higher ground if advised or if water
levels rise rapidly.
7. Stay Safe During Evacuation: Follow official instructions and avoid
walking or driving through floodwaters.
8. Check on Neighbors: Offer assistance to neighbors who might need help
evacuating or securing their property.
9. Contact Emergency Services: Call for help if trapped or in danger due to
flooding.
10. Post-Flood Safety: Be cautious of potential hazards after the flood, such
as contaminated water and damaged infrastructure.

Don'ts for Flood Disaster:

1. Don't Ignore Warnings: Take flood warnings seriously and avoid

underestimating the situation.
2. Don't Wait Until It's Too Late: Act promptly when advised to evacuate;
delaying can be dangerous.
3. Avoid Flooded Areas: Stay away from flooded roads, bridges, and streams,
as water levels can rise rapidly.
4. Don't Use Electronics in Water: Avoid using electrical appliances or
devices in flooded areas to prevent electrocution.
5. Don't Drink Contaminated Water: Refrain from drinking or using
floodwater as it may contain harmful contaminants.
6. Don't Drive Through Floodwaters: Avoid driving through flooded roads as
the depth and current can be deceptive and dangerous.
7. Avoid Walking in Floodwaters: It's risky due to potentially hidden hazards
or strong currents.
8. Don't Forget Your Pets: Include pets in evacuation plans and never leave
them behind during floods.
9. Don't Reenter Flooded Areas Prematurely: Wait for authorities to
declare it safe before returning home.
10. Don't Spread Rumors: Share only verified information from reliable
sources to prevent panic or misinformation.

7.Narrate about Disaster Management Act and Polley and also other
related polioles, programmes and legislation,
The Disaster Management Act (2005) in India was enacted to address disaster
management comprehensively. It laid down policies, guidelines, and roles for
various stakeholders in handling disasters efficiently. Under this act:

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Established to

formulate policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management at the
national level.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA): Set up in each state to
implement policies and plans for disaster management.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA): At the district level,
responsible for implementing disaster management plans.

Other Related Policies, Programs, and Legislation:

1. National Policy on Disaster Management (2009): Provides a

comprehensive framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
and response.
2. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): Specialized force to respond
to natural and manmade disasters.
3. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030): Global
agreement focusing on reducing disaster risk and enhancing resilience.
4. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): An insurance scheme to
mitigate financial risks for farmers due to natural disasters.
5. Flood Management and Border Area Development Programme: Aims to
mitigate floodrelated disasters and develop border areas.
6. Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project: Focuses on reducing the vulnerability of
coastal communities to cyclones.
7. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): Regulates and ensures safety in
nuclear and radiation facilities to prevent disasters.
8. Environment Protection Act (1986): Enforces regulations to protect the
environment, which indirectly contributes to disaster prevention.
(OR)
The Disaster Management Act of 2005 in India represents a pivotal legislation
aimed at addressing the challenges posed by various natural and manmade
disasters. This Act provides a comprehensive framework for disaster
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Its primary
objective is to effectively manage disasters while minimizing their impact on
life, property, and the environment.

Under this Act, several key elements and authorities were established:

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):

The NDMA, headed by the Prime Minister, is the apex body responsible for
formulating policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management at the
national level.
It coordinates efforts for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and response
across various ministries, departments, and agencies.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
In each state, the SDMA is responsible for implementing policies and plans for
disaster management.
It coordinates and oversees disaster response activities within the state.

District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):

At the district level, the DDMA is responsible for implementing and
coordinating disaster management plans.
It ensures effective response mechanisms and coordination with local bodies
for quick and efficient relief operations during disasters.

Apart from the Disaster Management Act, several other policies, programs,
and legislations are crucial in disaster management:

National Policy on Disaster Management (2009): This policy provides a

comprehensive framework for disaster risk reduction, emphasizing the
importance of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The specialized force is

dedicated to responding swiftly and efficiently to various types of disasters
across the country.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030): An

international agreement focusing on reducing disaster risk, enhancing
resilience, and developing strategies for disaster risk reduction globally.
 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): This insurance scheme aims
to mitigate the financial risks faced by farmers due to natural calamities,
ensuring their economic stability.

Flood Management and Border Area Development Programme: It focuses

on mitigating flood related disasters and developing the infrastructure of
border areas.

Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project: Specifically designed to reduce the

vulnerability of coastal communities to cyclones through various measures,
including early warning systems and infrastructure development.

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): This body regulates and ensures
safety in nuclear and radiation facilities, significantly reducing the risk of
disasters in this sector.

Environment Protection Act (1986): While not directly focused on disaster

management, this Act ensures regulations and safeguards to protect the
environment, indirectly contributing to disaster prevention.

These policies, programs, and legislations collectively form a robust

framework for disaster management in India. They emphasize proactive
measures, risk reduction, efficient response mechanisms, and rehabilitation
efforts to build a more resilient society in the face of diverse disaster
challenges. These policies, programs, and legislations collectively aim to
enhance disaster preparedness, mitigate risks, improve response mechanisms,
and ensure effective management during and after disasters.

8.Describe about the importance of components of Disaster Relief like

Water, Food, Sanitation, Shelter, Health, Waste Management,
Importance of Components in Disaster Relief
Disasters, whether natural or manmade, pose significant challenges to
communities, often disrupting basic necessities. Components such as water,
food, sanitation, shelter, health, and waste management play pivotal roles in
mitigating the aftermath and aiding recovery:

Water: Immediate access to clean water is critical. Disasters often

contaminate water sources, heightening the risk of waterborne diseases.
Provision of clean water prevents dehydration, ensures proper hygiene, and
sustains life, particularly for vulnerable populations like children and the
elderly.

Food: Adequate nutrition is vital for survivors. Disasters disrupt food supplies,
leading to shortages. Providing nutritious food helps maintain health, boosts
immunity, and supports physical and mental resilience during trying times.

Sanitation: Disasters compromise sanitation systems, increasing the risk of

disease transmission. Access to proper sanitation facilities, hygiene education,
and sanitation kits are crucial to prevent the outbreak of diseases like cholera
and typhoid.

Shelter: Displaced individuals need safe and secure shelter. Temporary

housing or tents protect from the elements, provide privacy, and offer a sense
of stability, essential for emotional wellbeing during times of upheaval.

Health: Immediate medical attention saves lives. Injuries, illnesses, and

trauma are common postdisaster. Quick deployment of medical personnel,
supplies, and facilities are vital to address urgent medical needs and prevent
further health crises.
Waste Management: Disasters generate substantial waste, increasing
environmental health risks. Proper waste disposal and management prevent
the spread of diseases, maintain hygiene, and facilitate a cleaner environment
for recovery.

Failure to address any of these components could exacerbate the impact of a

disaster, prolong recovery, and result in further health and humanitarian
crises. Coordinated efforts focusing on these components are crucial for
effective disaster relief, promoting resilience, and aiding in community
recovery.
(OR)
Water:
Immediate provision of clean water prevents dehydration and waterborne
diseases. Often, disasters compromise water sources, making access to safe
drinking water a priority. Establishing water purification systems, distributing
water purification tablets, and setting up temporary water supply stations are
crucial interventions.

Food:
Ensuring a consistent supply of nutritious food is essential for the physical and
mental wellbeing of survivors. Collaborating with local communities, relief
organizations provide food rations, readytoeat meals, and emergency food
kits. Nutritional assessments and specialized diets for vulnerable groups like
children and pregnant women are equally important.

Sanitation:
Restoring and maintaining proper sanitation facilities is crucial to prevent the
outbreak of diseases. Provision of toilets, sanitation kits, hygiene education,
and waste disposal guidance mitigate health risks. This also involves
establishing handwashing stations and promoting good hygiene practices
within affected communities.
Shelter:
Temporary shelters like tents or transitional housing are vital to provide
safety and privacy for displaced individuals. Ensuring these shelters are
weatherresistant, structurally sound, and equipped with basic amenities is
crucial. Addressing specific needs of vulnerable groups, such as elderly or
disabled individuals, is also a priority.

Health:
Immediate medical assistance is critical postdisaster. Establishing field
hospitals, deploying medical teams, and distributing essential medical
supplies are primary tasks. Mental health support is equally important to
address trauma and emotional distress caused by the disaster.

Waste Management:
Managing waste effectively prevents secondary health hazards. Disasters
generate large volumes of waste, requiring organized disposal methods.
Establishing temporary waste collection points, promoting recycling where
feasible, and implementing safe disposal practices limit environmental
contamination.

Each component demands a multifaceted approach, involving logistical

coordination, community engagement, and timely interventions to ensure the
holistic wellbeing of those affected by disasters.