Res 3219chapter 4

Chapter 4
Reviewing and Evaluating Literature

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Intended Learning Outcomes:
Within the unit, the pre-service teacher (PST) will be able to:
At the end of the semester, the students will be able to:
a. evaluate the sources for review. (CLO 2)

b. prepare an annotated bibliography (CLO 2)
c. document sources properly using APA/MLA citation style (CLO 2)
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Picture Not Mine. Credits to the owner.
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PREPARATION
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Introductory Activity: Through a PADLET App share your views on “What do you think is the role of
reviewing literature in research?”
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PRESENTATION
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Videoclip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhAFFGXtUR0
PART 1. Reviewing and Evaluating Literature
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The

literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular
area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify
this previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author)
determine the nature of your research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed
that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and
assimilated that work into the work at hand.
A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a full understanding of
the developments in the field. This landscape informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated
all (or the vast majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his research.
"In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas
have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. The literature review
must be defined by a guiding concept (eg. your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing,
or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of
summaries.
RES-M 3219 – Research in Education. This is NOT for sale. This is for instruction purposes
only. Figures, tables, pictures and illustrations used are not mine. CREDITS TO THE OWNERS/CREATORS. No copyright infringement intended . / Suzette T. Elladora / Page 1
Review of related studies are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which
the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually unpublished
materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations.
Purposes of a Literature Review
Hart (1998) identifies the following purposes, which are not ranked in order of importance, since no one
purpose is seen as being of greater significance than another:
1. distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done;
2. discovering important variables relevant to the topic;
3. synthesizing and gaining a new perspective;
4. identifying relationships between ideas and practice;
5. establishing the context of the topic or problem;
6. rationalizing the significance of the problem;
7. enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary;
8. understanding the structure of the subject;
9. relating ideas and theory to applications;
10. identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used;
11. placing the research in a historical context to show familiarlity with state-of-the-art developments.
What Your Literature Review Should Include:
o Overview of the subject and the objective(s) of the review.

o Analysis of works in favor, works against, and works with neutral views on the subject.
These should be clearly divided.
o Explanations of the similarities and differences between the works.
o Comparison of different views held by other authors.
o Critique of the methodology.
o Examination of gaps in the research.
o Evaluation of how each study contributes to the argument in question.
o Conclusion that summarizes the literature review.
There are different types of literature reviews.

A stand-alone literature review can be a single work in its own right. Examples include
 A class assignment/essay.
 A review article
Literature reviews can also form a part of larger bodies of work. Examples include
 A thesis / dissertation/ final year project.
 An academic journal article introduction
Literature Review Guidelines
Developed by James O'Neill with assistance from Ronald Levant, Rod Watts, Andrew Smiler, Michael Addis,
and Stephen Wester.
General Considerations
 A good review should summarize the state of knowledge on a well-defined topic in the psychology
of men and masculinity in concise and clear ways. This means that the review is written with
exceptional clarity, cohesiveness, conciseness, and comprehensiveness.
 A good review should describe in detail the systematic process or method that was used in doing
the literature review. There are articulated ways to do "narrative reviews" just as there are ways
of doing experiments or meta-analyses (Baumeister & Leary, 1997; Bem, 1995).
Essential Elements for a Review
 Focus on an important, relevant, and operationally defined topic in the psychology of men and
masculinity, and make a strong case for why a literature review of this topic is important
 Include a critical and inclusive review of previous theory related to the relevant topic. "Critical"
means that the literature review reveals problems, contradictions, controversies, strengths, next
steps, and potentials in the theories. "Inclusive" means that there is an active evaluation of all of
the theory relevant to the topic
 Include a critical and inclusive review of previous empirical research related to the relevant topic
 Critically analyze the distinction between authors' interpretation of their data and the actual
empirical evidence presented. A good review critically analyses how accurately previous authors
have reported their findings and whether they have refrained from asserting conclusions not
supported by data
 Discuss the methodological diversity of studies reported in the literature review and the implications
of this diversity for new knowledge or future research
 Raise provocative and innovative questions on the topic not discussed before in the literature
 Write the review so that theoretical knowledge and empirical research is significantly advanced in
the psychology of men and masculinity, and that there is an overall contribution to the field's
theory, research, and clinical practice
 Include many "take home messages" (Sternberg, 1991) that generate new theories and empirical
research
Sections That Might Be Included in a Review
 Provide a historical account or background of the development of the theory or research program
reviewed
 Include persuasive arguments and articulated points of view on the topic from both theoretical and
empirical perspectives
 Propose novel conceptualizations or theories based on reviews of previous theories and empirical
research
 Propose new research paradigms or testable hypotheses that advance future research
 Propose new therapeutic paradigms or testable hypotheses that advance clinical

practice/psychoeducational programming with men
 Address the frequent gap between reporting theory/research and interpreting the meaning of the
theory and research
It is not expected that reviews will be able to meet all of the above-listed criteria but authors should meet
many of them.
TIPS TO EVALUATE SOURCES

Criteria to evaluate sources:
 Authority: Who is the author? what is his/her credentials--what university he/she is affliliated?
Is his/her area of expertise?
 Usefulness: How this source related to your topic? How current or relevant it is to your topic?
 Reliability: Does the information comes from a reliable, trusted source such as an academic
journal?
Criterion #1: AUTHORITY

1. Is it clear what organization, company, or individual is sponsoring or responsible for the page?
2. Is there a link to a page describing the goals or purpose of the organization? If it is a company, is
there a link to a page where you can find out the nature of the company, who owns it, or what
its products are?
3. Is there a way of verifying legitimacy? That is, is there a phone number or postal address to
contact for more information? (An email address is not enough). Is there a way of verifying the
legitimacy of an individual? (Because it is difficult to verify the legitimacy of an individual,
personal home pages may be a useful source for personal opinion, but use extreme caution when
using them as a source for factual information).
4. Is there a statement that the content of the page has the official approval of the company or
organization?
5. If it is an organization, is it clear whether this is a page from the national or local chapter of the
organization?
6. If it is a company, is there a way to determine the stability of the company?
7. Is there a statement giving the organization or company name as copyright holder?
8. For news pages:
o Is there a non-Web equivalent version of this material that would provide a way of
verifying its legitimacy?
o If the page contains an individual article, do you know who wrote the article and what his
or her qualifications are for writing on this topic?
o Is it clear who is ultimately responsible for the content of the material?
9. For informational and individual pages:
o Is it clear who wrote the material and are the author's qualifications for writing on this
topic clearly stated?
o If the material is protected by copyright, is the name of the copyright holder given?
o
Criterion #2: ACCURACY
1. Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so they can be verified in another
source? (If not, the page may still be useful to you as an example of the ideas of the
organization, company, etc. but it is not useful as a source of factual information).
2. Is the information free of grammatical, spelling, and other typographical errors? (These kinds of
errors not only indicate a lack of quality control, but also can produce inaccurate information).
3. If the page belongs to a company, does the page provide a link to outside sources such as
product reviews or reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission that can be used
to verify company claims?
4. For news pages, are there editors monitoring the accuracy of the information being published?
5. For informational pages: is it clear who has the ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of the
content of the material?
6. If there are charts or graphs containing statistical data, are the charts or graphs clearly labeled
and easy to read?
Criterion #3: OBJECTIVITY
1. Are the biases of the organization or individual clearly stated?
2. If there is any advertising on the page, is it separate from the informational or opinion content?
3. Is the company's motivation for the information clear?
4. For news pages, are the editorials and opinion pieces clearly labeled?
5. For informational pages: is the information provided as a public service?
6. Is the information free of advertising?
Criterion #4: CURRENCY
1. Are there dates on the page to indicate
o when the page was written, and/or
o when the page was last revised?
Criterion #5: COVERAGE

1. Is there an indication that the page has been completed and is not still under construction?
2. Is it clear what topics the page intends to address?
3. Does the page succeed in addressing these topics or has something significant been left out?
4. Is the point of view of the organization or company presented in a clear manner with well
supported arguments?
5. For a company:
o Does the page include an adequately detailed description of any product?
o Are all of the company's products described with an adequate level of detail?
o Is the same level of information provided for all sections or divisions of the company?
6. For news pages:
o Is there a link to an informational page that describes the coverage of the source?
o If you are evaluating a newspaper page and there is a print equivalent, is there an
indication of whether the Web coverage is more or less extensive than the print version?
7. For informational pages:
o If there is a print equivalent to the Web page, is there a clear indication of whether the
entire work is available on the Web?
8. If the material is from a work with an expired copyright, has there been an effort to update the
material to make it more current?
PART 2: PLAGIARISM OVERVIEW
Plagiarism is using someone else’s ideas or words without giving them proper credit. Plagiarism
can range from unintentional (forgetting to include a source in a bibliography) to intentional (buying a
paper online, using another writer’s ideas as your own to make your work sound smarter). Beginning
writers and expert writers alike can all plagiarize. Understand that plagiarism is a serious charge in
academia, but also in professional settings.
If you are...
 a student — consequences can include failing grades on assignments or classes, academic

probation, and even expulsion.
 a researcher — plagiarism can cause a loss of credibility, legal consequences, and other
professional consequences.
 an employee in a corporate or similar setting — you can receive a reprimand or lose your job.
It is important to recognize that standards and conventions for citing sources vary from the classroom to
scholarly publishing to the professional sphere, sometimes very widely, but in all situations, we must
attribute other people’s words and ideas to their appropriate source.
Intellectual Challenges in Academic Writing
There are some intellectual challenges that all students are faced with when writing. Sometimes
these challenges can almost seem like contradictions, particularly when addressing them within a single
paper.
For example, teachers often instruct students to:
 Develop a topic based on what has already been said and written, BUT write something new and
original.
 Rely on experts’ and authorities’ opinions BUT build upon and/or disagree with those opinions.
 Give credit to previous researchers BUT make your own significant contribution.
 Improve your English to fit into a discourse community by building upon what you hear and
read BUT use your own words and your own voices.
This may sound confusing, however, something simple to keep in mind when it comes to research is:
You are not reinventing the wheel, you are simply contributing in a significant way. For beginners, this can
be a challenge, but once you start to see that there is a pattern that is unique to you, you will find that
plagiarism is not needed. Remember — your professor or your supervisor want your ideas to what is
already established or familiar and NOT to simply repurpose someone else’s ideas and calling it your own.
Why is understanding this so important? Plagiarism is not a victimless crime. Someone, including
yourself, will get hurt.
PART 3. PURPOSE OF CITATIONS, WHEN AND WHAT TO CITE
Why Cite?
There are four main reasons:
 To acknowledge the author(s) of the work that you used to write your paper.
 To provide context to your research and demonstrate that your paper is well-researched.
 To allow readers to find the original source and learn more about some aspect that you mentioned
only briefly in the document.
 To enable further research by letting others discover what has already been explored and written
about on a given topic.
What and When to Cite?
You should always cite other people's words, ideas and other intellectual property that you use in your
papers or that influence your ideas. This includes but isn't limited to books, journal articles, web pages,
reports, data, statistics, speeches, lectures, personal interviews, etc. You should cite whenever you:
 use a direct quote
 paraphrase
 summarize
 use facts or statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly to your argument.
Stable Links
With so many sources available only online, it is important to find the right link to use in your
citations' bibliography/reference list/worked cited.
A stable link is a web address that will consistently point to a specific information source such as
an e-book, an article, a record in the catalog, a video, or a database. A stable link may also be called a
permalink, document URL, persistent URL, or durable URL depending on the resource. You may also use
a DOI (digital object identifier) found in many databases.
When citing online references your citation should look something like this:
Rivera Villegas, Carmen M. "La loca de la casa" de Marta Aponte Alsina: Reinvenciones romanticas
de un canon fundacional.” Confluencia: Revista Hispanica de Cultura y Literatura, vol. 23, no. 1,
2007, p. 62, www.jstor.org/stable/27923253. Accessed 20 May 2009.
or
Rivera Villegas, Carmen M. "La loca de la casa" de Marta Aponte Alsina: Reinvenciones romanticas
de un canon fundacional.” Confluencia: Revista Hispanica de Cultura y Literatura, vol. 23, no. 1,
2007, p. 62, JSTOR, doi:10.1353/mfs.1997.0056.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Sometimes people confuse Literature Reviews with Annotated Bibliographies but they are quite
different in format but they are similar in purpose, to survey the literature.
So what is an annotated bibliography? "... is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents.
Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality
of the sources cited.”
Definition from Cornell University Library, available
at http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill28.htm <Accessed July 9, 2018>
To write a good annotated bibliography you need to be:
 Concise: Get to the point of what the book/article is about, in few words, summarize.
 Evaluative: Determine who is the author, what is his/her expertise in the topic, how reliable is
the information
 Critical: Reflect on what is the strength and weakness of the work, what is missing, etc.
 Comparative: Describe how the book/article compares to other similar works
WHAT IS APA STYLE?
APA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning:
 the organization of content

 writing style
 citing references
 and how to prepare a manuscript for publication in certain disciplines.
WHY USE APA?
Aside from simplifying the work of editors by having everyone use the same format for a given
publication, using APA Style makes it easier for readers to understand a text by providing a familiar
structure they can follow. Abiding by APA's standards as a writer will allow you to:
 provide readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate
information of interest to them
 allow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar formatting
 and establish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your audience
and their needs as fellow researchers.
WHO SHOULD USE APA?
APA Style provides fairly comprehensive guidelines for writing academic papers regardless of subject or
discipline. However, traditionally, APA is most frequently used by writers and students in:
 Social Sciences, such as Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, Education and Criminology
 Business
 Nursing
If you are a student, consult with an instructor to learn what style your discipline uses before using APA
Style in your work. If APA Style is appropriate for your writing project, use the links below to learn more
about APA and how to follow its rules correctly in your own work
Citation and reference page guideline changes:

 The label “DOI:” is no longer required in online resource/website citations, and DOIs can now be
represented as URLS (htttps://doi.org)
 For an APA in-text citation for a work with three or more authors/contributors, only write the first
author’s name and then include the abbreviation “et al.” for the rest.
 Example: (Johnson et al., 2019)
 The label “Retrieved from” no longer needs to come before URLs in an APA website citation.
 You no longer need to include the location of a source’s publisher.
 Example: “Atlanta: Random House” would just become “Random House.”
 The format of an ebook (e.g., Kindle, Nook, etc.) is no longer needed in citations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ WORKS CITED/REFERENCES/LIST
All the cited books, periodicals and newspapers, and documents that are used in the preparation of a research
paper are listed separately at the end portion of the paper. Traditionally, this list of sources of information, when using
footnotes, is called BIBLIOGRAPHY, but when using the MLA (Modern Language Association) citations, this is called WORKS
CITED and when using the APA (American Psychological Society) citations, this is called REFERENCES (Pesirla, 2003).
Persirla (2003) gave the following samples of bibliography using the MLA format of WORKS CITED and the APA
format of REFERENCES.
REFERENCES (APA Format)
Gonzales, A.B., F.S.C. (1985). Bilingual Communities: national/regional profiles and verbal repertories.
Annual review of applied linguistics, 6.
Lingan, A. (1980, May 9). Sociolinguistic survey on the effects of the implementation of bilingual education
in region 11, SY 1979-1980. Annual convention, linguistic society of the Philippines, Manila.
MacFarland, C. (1994). Subgrouping and number of the Philippine languages or how many languages are
there? Philippine journal of linguistics 25, 1-2: 75-84.
Otanes, F. & Sibayan, B. (1969). Language policy survey of the Philippines. Manila: LSC, PNU.
Pascasio, E. (1978, Amy 29-June 3). Where is sociolinguistics now and in the Philippines and what is its
direction?” First Philippine linguistic congress, U.P. Diliman, Quezon City.

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Chapter 4

Reviewing and Evaluating Literature

At the end of the semester, the students will be able to:

a. evaluate the sources for review. (CLO 2)

PART 1. Reviewing and Evaluating Literature

What is a literature review?

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The

Purposes of a Literature Review

What Your Literature Review Should Include:

o Overview of the subject and the objective(s) of the review.

There are different types of literature reviews.

Essential Elements for a Review

Sections That Might Be Included in a Review

 Propose new therapeutic paradigms or testable hypotheses that advance clinical

TIPS TO EVALUATE SOURCES

Criterion #1: AUTHORITY

Criterion #5: COVERAGE

PART 2: PLAGIARISM OVERVIEW

 a student — consequences can include failing grades on assignments or classes, academic

Intellectual Challenges in Academic Writing

For example, teachers often instruct students to:

PART 3. PURPOSE OF CITATIONS, WHEN AND WHAT TO CITE

There are four main reasons:

What and When to Cite?

 use a direct quote

WHAT IS APA STYLE?

APA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning:

 the organization of content

WHY USE APA?

WHO SHOULD USE APA?

Citation and reference page guideline changes:

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